Effects of dichlorvos on lipid peroxidation in mice on subacute and subchronic periods

In this study, the effects of dichlorvos to lipid peroxidation were investigated at subacute and subchronic periods. Dichlorvos was given with drinking water to Swiss Albino male mice in three dosage levels as 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg b.w. Lipid peroxidation was evaluated by determining the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in plasma, determining the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in erythrocytes. The analysis of these enzymes was done in blood samples collected from mice on the days 15 and 45. The results showed that MDA levels increased in dichlorvos treated groups. Actually MDA levels in control and dichlorvos treated groups were determined (as nmol/ml) 10.49, 13.83, 14.30, and 14.50, respectively, at subacute period; 7.77, 8.15, 10.88, and 12.33, respectively, at subchronic period. Catalase activity in erythrocytes decreased at subacute and subchronic periods in dichlorvos treated groups. At subacute period CAT activities were determined (as k/mg Hb) in control and dichlorvos treated groups, 563.45, 532.11, 524.76, and 497.08, respectively; 660.53, 588.84, 525.85, and 512.01, respectively, at subchronic period. When subacute and subchronic periods were compared with each other; it was shown that SOD and CAT activities increased at subchronic period.     

渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲景观格局动态变化及其对生态系统服务功能的影响

利用渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲1989年、2001年和2007年的遥感影像数据,分析了1989～2007年间渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲景观结构变化规律,并讨论了由此带来的生态系统服务价值的变化。结果发现:在1989年～2007年间,研究区林地、草地、盐碱地和水域在减少,其中林地减少最多,草地和盐碱地其次,水域面积减少最小。耕地、建设用地和沙砾在增加,耕地增加最多,建设用地其次,沙砾变化较小;在整个研究期内,研究区生态系统服务总价值呈下降趋势,从1989年的5744.1×106元,分别下降为2001年的5543.0×106元和2007年的4540.2×106元;在生态系统各单项服务功能价值中,气体调节、授粉、生物控制和食物生产所占比例在1989年～2007年间呈增长趋势,干扰调节、水分调节、营养循环和废物处理所占比例则在减少,气候调节、水分供应、侵蚀控制、原材料和休闲娱乐变化较小,土壤形成、栖息地、基因资源和文化服务所占比例则基本保持不变。     

黑河湿地自然保护区调洪蓄水与提供水源功能价值评估

张掖黑河湿地国家级自然保护区地处内陆干旱区,是西北典型的内陆河流湿地生态系统,具有多种重要的生态服务功能,其中湿地提供水源与调洪蓄水功能尤为显著。文中运用市场价值法和影子工程法,对黑河湿地自然保护区调洪蓄水和提供水源生态功能的价值进行估算。结果表明:研究区湿地调洪蓄水价值为10.86亿元,提供水源价值为3.82亿元。直观的货币价值使人们认识到该保护区的重要性,也为该地区水资源的分配、合理定价及湿地的保护与合理利用提供了科学依据和理论支持。     

Effects of paclobutrazol on the physiological characteristics of Malus halliana Koehne Seedlings under drought stress via principal component analysis and membership function analysis

To study the effect of paclobutrazol (PBZ) on Malus halliana seedlings under water stress, principal component analysis (PCA) and membership function analysis (MFV) were employed to evaluate the effects of PBZ on gas exchange, fluorescence, and physiological characteristics. M. halliana seedlings, each with approximately ten leaves, were subjected to drought conditions and different concentrations of exogenous PBZ (CK, C0, C1, C2, C3, and C4) were then applied in pot experiments. The results showed that the effects of PBZ were concentration dependent. Compared to the CK treatment, the use of PBZ increased the intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), nonphotochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ), peroxidase activity (POD), relative electrical conductivity (REC), and proline (Pro) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. The POD activity was higher by 124.24, 132.26, 93.75, 77.42, 85.29, and 90.63% in the CK, C0, C1, C2, C3, and C4 groups, respectively, at 15 days than at 0 day. The decrease in the net photosynthetic rate (P_N), stomatal conductance (g_s), transpiration rate (E), maximum quantum yield of PS2 (Φ_PSII), maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (F_v/F_m), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were effectively controlled. The g_s of the CK and C2 groups at 15 days were reduced by 55.74% and 22.55%, respectively, compared to that of the treated seedlings at 0 day. In summary, the results of the evaluation by PCA and MFV showed that the effect of PBZ on M. halliana seedlings under water stress was most significant when the concentration was 100?mg L^?1.     

Mathematical modeling and an application of the filled function method in entomology

Macrosiphum rosae (L.) is one of the most destructive pests for Rosa damascena (Miller) when it is found in high numbers. In order to understand the population dynamics of this pest, our priority should be the determination of what extent environmental factors affect the pest population. In this study, we apply fuzzy logic modeling to visualize the population variations, which depends on the environmental factors (temperature and humidity), by using the data obtained from the field studies. After that, we determine the values of temperature and humidity that makes the number of M. rosae maximum by using the filled function method as a global optimization technique.     

渭干河—库车河三角洲生态系统服务功能及敏感性分析

本研究利用渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲1989年、2001年和2007年的遥感影像数据,分析了1989～2007年间研究区生态系统服务功能价值变化和生态系统敏感性.结果发现:在整个研究期内,研究区生态系统服务总价值呈下降趋势,从1989年的115.49×108元,分别下降为2001年的106.83×108元和2007年的94.47×108元;在生态系统各单项服务功能价值中,各单项服务功能差异显著,生态服务功能总体呈下降趋势.18 a来,水源涵养功能缺失最为明显,服务价值减少了4.64×108元,而食物生产功能变化最小,其价值增长仅为0.60×108元;同时,通过各单项服务功能在各研究阶段的价值变化情况来看,食物生产功能的生态服务价值增幅明显,水源涵养功能价值下降显著,而娱乐文化功能的价值变化最小;通过对生态系统敏感性指数分析,发现各景观生态系统敏感性指数都小于1,说明研究区生态系统服务总价值对生态价值系数是不敏感的,缺乏弹性.     

Ecological function regionalization of fluvial corridor landscapes and measures for ecological regeneration in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River, Xinjiang of China

The middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River are currently one of the main regions of ecological restoration in the arid areas of western China.Using the principles and method of landscape ecology,this study has chosen the fluvial corridor landscape in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River,and discusses the region’s ecologically functional regionalization system and issues related to its practical classification.On this basis the corresponding regionalizing principles and standards were developed which were used to qualitatively divide the three main landscapes as the ecologically functional areas in the drainage basin.The paper has also analyzed the characteristic of the study areas,and has put forward the measures for its ecological restoration.     

东北农牧交错带小流域不同林草植被类型水源涵养功能综合评价

以内蒙古赤峰市敖汉旗大五家流域内林草植被为研究对象,从林冠层、枯落物层、土壤层和林分生产力等方面选择评价指标,通过层次分析法确定评价指标的权重,应用主成份分析方法对不同林草植被涵养水源功能进行综合评价。旨在评价不同林草植被类型水源涵养功能的差异,为探寻低功能涵养水源型林草植被更新改造途径提供依据。研究结果表明:华北落叶松白榆混交类型涵养水源功能较高,其次是杨树柠条混交类型,油松沙棘混交类型涵养水源功能最差,在该流域应提倡营造针阔混交林。     

温度影响下斑潜蝇种间竞争取代的分子机制研究进展

斑潜蝇是一类为害园艺蔬菜作物的世界性害虫,也是我国重要的外来有害生物。斑潜蝇种类繁多,不断向世界各地入侵扩散,在其扩散过程中种间竞争取代频繁。斑潜蝇种间竞争取代机制复杂,影响种间竞争取代的因子很多,其中温度是影响斑潜蝇种间竞争取代的重要因子。该文首先以温度影响下斑潜蝇种间竞争生态学机制为切入点,分别从关键胁迫耐受性基因——热激蛋白(heat shock protein,Hsp)基因的表达、Hsp基因非编码区的特征和转录组比较分析3个层面对近缘斑潜蝇竞争取代分子机制进行总结与探讨,并从胁迫耐受性基因类型、分子生物学研究方法及种间竞争其他因子等方面对斑潜蝇种间竞争取代未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

黄土高原苹果园不同集水阻渗技术调控下土壤水分、矿质氮含量变化

以黄土高原苹果园果树为研究对象,分析不同集水阻渗技术调控下土壤水分、矿质氮含量的变化,探索适宜旱区果园可持续发展的防渗聚水技术。结果表明:起垄覆膜处理(Ⅰ)、防渗层处理(Ⅱ)和起垄覆膜加防渗层处理(Ⅲ)均能增加0～300 cm土层土壤含水量,减少土壤硝态氮含量。处理Ⅲ总体效果最好,能够增加9.60%土壤含水量,减少57.15%土壤硝态氮含量;处理Ⅰ使0～200 cm土层土壤含水量均匀增加7.73%,硝态氮含量均匀减少60.08%;处理Ⅱ能够增加0～40 cm表层土壤7.37%的土壤含水量,减少40～200 cm中层土壤74.38%的硝态氮含量。研究表明,不同集水阻渗技术通过改变水分的时空分布、减少硝铵态氮的淋溶从而提高水肥利用效率,其中起垄覆膜加防渗层处理结合了起垄覆膜与人工防渗层两种技术的优点,能够有效调控土壤水分运动,减少硝态氮深层淋溶,是黄土高原改善土壤水肥状况、增加果园产量、使果业可持续发展的可行技术措施。     

Changes in populations of the eyespot fungi Tapesia yallundae and T. acuformis under different fungicide regimes in successive crops of winter wheat, 1984–2000

Effects of regular treatments with the fungicides carbendazim and prochloraz applied to whole plots divided into subplots with different initial population mixtures of carbendazim-sensitive or carbendazim-resistant Tapesia yallundae or T. acuformis were studied in successive crops of winter wheat from 1984/85 to 1999/2000. In unsprayed and carbendazim-sprayed whole plots, a stable coexistence of about 50% each of T. yallundae and T. acuformis developed within five seasons, but in whole plots sprayed with prochloraz or prochloraz plus carbendazim, the proportion of T. acuformis increased to > 80%. A discrete time difference equation model was derived from knowledge of the biology of eyespot and competition theory to describe the population changes. The model was fitted to the data from treatments where coexistence occurred [subplots in unsprayed (1985–92) and carbendazim-sprayed (1985–89) whole plots], using nonlinear least squares regression. The optimized value of the resource overlap coefficient was small, suggesting niche differences between the two species. Populations were nearly 100% carbendazim-resistant in carbendazim-sprayed whole plots by July 1985 (one season) and in whole plots sprayed with prochloraz plus carbendazim by July 1986 (two seasons). In prochloraz-sprayed whole plots, the proportion of carbendazim-resistant isolates decreased more rapidly than in unsprayed whole plots in the 1980s, but by July 1992 a shift in populations in unsprayed and prochloraz-sprayed whole plots towards predominantly carbendazim-resistant strains had occurred.