The effects of Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium L. crude leaf extracts on the toxicity, development, feeding efficiency and chemical activities of small cabbage Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

The biological effects of two important medicinal plants, Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium (L.) (viz, mortality, growth, and feeding indices as well as enzyme and non-enzymatic activities) were studied on small white Pieris rapae L a deleterious pest of cruciferous plants under controlled conditions (16:8 h L:D at 25 ± 1 °C and 65 ± 5% RH). The LC₅₀ and LC₂₅ values were 9.387% and 3.645% for A. annua L. and 4.19% and 1.69% for A. millefolium (L.), respectively. At the lowest concentration (0.625%), the deterrency was 29.826% and 44.185% for A. annua L. and A. millefolium (L.), respectively. Feeding indices were variously affected with changes in a number of parameters and an increase in larval and pupal duration. The activity level of alkaline phosphatase increased sharply while alanin and aspartate aminotransferases showed a sharp decrease. For non-enzymatic compounds, the amount of glucose and uric acid increased, but total protein and cholesterol decreased. These results indicate that these two medicinal plants might possess potential secondary metabolites that may be useful for controlling potential insect pests.     

常用杀虫剂对异色瓢虫的毒力及其保护酶的影响

为明确杀虫剂对异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)幼虫、成虫的毒力及其体内保护酶的影响,采用喷雾法测定了7种杀虫剂对异色瓢虫3龄幼虫和成虫的毒力,同时测定了3种杀虫剂对3龄幼虫和成虫体内超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase)和过氧化氢酶(catalase)活性的影响。结果显示:7种杀虫剂对3龄幼虫的毒力大小为阿维菌素、啶虫脒吡虫啉、虫酰肼哒螨灵噻嗪酮吡蚜酮,对成虫的毒力大小为阿维菌素、啶虫脒虫酰肼、吡虫啉哒螨灵噻嗪酮吡蚜酮,吡蚜酮对异色瓢虫最安全。亚致死浓度LC10药剂可促进保护酶活性的提高,但随着浓度提高和处理时间增长,3种酶的活性总体呈逐渐下降趋势,表明低浓度的杀虫剂对异色瓢虫体内酶活性存在一定的不利影响。     

Biological and biochemical responses of Biomphalaria alexandrina to some extracts of the plants Solanum siniacum and Artemisia judaica L.

The molluscicidal activity of cold water, boiled water, methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform extracts of Solanum siniacum and Artemisia judaica L. plants against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails was carried out. The tests revealed plant’s ethanol extract was more toxic to the snails than the other tested extracts. Therefore, it was tested against snails’ fecundity (M_x), reproduction rate (R₀) and their infection with Schistosoma mansoni miracidia. In addition, biochemical parameters and the activities of some enzymes in tissues of snails treated with the two tested plants were determined. As well, glucose concentration in snails’ hemolymph was evaluated. Exposure of B. alexandrina snails to plant’s ethanol extract led to a significant reduction in their survival and snails’ fecundity, reproduction rate. In addition, it caused a considerable reduction in the infectivity of S. mansoni miracidia to the snails. Also, it caused a reduction in number of cercariae per snail during the patent period and in the period of cercarial shedding. The results revealed that the glucose concentration in hemolymph and Lactate level in soft tissues of treated snails were increased (P < 0.001) while glycogen, total protein, the lipid content and the pyruvate level in snail’s tissues decreased (P < 0.001). The activities of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), pyruvatekinase (PK) and cytochrome oxidase (CY) enzymes in homogenate of snail’s tissues were reduced (P < 0.001) in response to treatment with the two tested plants while protease (PR) activity increased (P < 0.001). It is concluded that the application of LC₂₅ of ethanol extract of S. siniacum and A. judaica L. may be helpful in snail control as it interferes with the snails’ biology and physiology.     

寄生Q型烟粉虱的丽蚜小蜂生长发育特性

为了阐明丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa对Q型烟粉虱的寄生特性及寄主植物携带病毒对其寄生的影响,采用微虫笼饲养法研究了寄生Q型烟粉虱的丽蚜小蜂生物学特性。结果显示,丽蚜小蜂寄生Q型烟粉虱3龄若虫时,其生长发育显著优于寄生Q型烟粉虱2龄若虫。丽蚜小蜂在感染黄化曲叶病毒（TYLCV）番茄和健康番茄上寄生Q型烟粉虱（分别为VW和NVW）3龄若虫时,其生长发育特性发生了明显变化。丽蚜小蜂以VW若虫为寄主时的寿命为10.25 d,显著长于寄生NVW的丽蚜小蜂寿命（5.90 d）;对VW和NVW后代3龄若虫的寄生率分别为23.81%和17.62%,致死率分别为38.95%和26.52%,差异均显著;而丽蚜小蜂的羽化率和发育历期不存在显著差异。说明丽蚜小蜂寄生Q型烟粉虱3龄若虫时更适宜其生长发育,寄主植物番茄携带TYLCV显著提高丽蚜小蜂对烟粉虱的寄生效果。     

Biological activity of the essential oil from the leaves of Piper sarmentosum Roxb. (Piperaceae) and its chemical constituents on Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Hispidae)

The results showed that the essential oil from Piper sarmentosum has strong antifeedant and toxicity effects on Brontispa longissima. The best antifeedant and contact toxicity effects were observed in the 1st-2nd instar larvae. The essential oil also displayed a notable fumigation effect on the eggs and pupae of B. longissima. It took the control-treated insects 43.34 d to complete one generation, while the insects treated with 2000 mg/L essential oil needed 73.58 d. The essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and 41 components were identified. Myristicin (65.22%) and trans-caryophyllene (13.89%) were the major components. Myristicin exhibited strong antifeedant and contact toxicity effects on both the 3rd instar larvae and the imagoes of B. longissima, when it showed a significant fumigation effect on the eggs and pupae of B. longissima. Another P. sarmentosum essential oil and myristicin all showed a strong inhibiting effect on the growth and development of B. longissima along with the activity of AChE, CarE, GSTs and Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase in B. longissima larvae.     

氯虫苯甲酰胺和氟虫双酰胺对不同虫态甜菜夜蛾的毒力作用

采用浸叶法、点滴法、夹毒叶片法、成虫药膜法、饲喂毒营养液法测定了氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟虫双酰胺对甜菜夜蛾卵、2~4龄幼虫、成虫的活性和对4龄幼虫的拒食活性,以明确氯虫苯甲酰胺和氟虫双酰胺对不同虫态甜菜夜蛾的毒力作用。结果表明,两种杀虫剂均不具有杀卵活性,但可以明显降低初孵幼虫存活率;氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟虫双酰胺均对2龄幼虫活性最高,分别为3龄幼虫的1.50、6.17倍和4龄幼虫的22.25、44.95倍,对4龄幼虫胃毒活性分别为触杀活性的14.10、8.44倍;氯虫苯甲酰胺对甜菜夜蛾成虫毒力为氟虫双酰胺的25.53~34.19倍。氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟虫双酰胺对甜菜夜蛾幼虫表现出较强的拒食作用, 至处理后48 h拒食率达到最高, 分别为 82.73%、84.15%,显著高于对照药剂甲维盐各浓度处理,处理试虫虫体皱缩、体节缩短,体重增加率明显低于对照和甲维盐各处理。     

不同辣椒品种对烟夜蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

为探明烟夜蛾在辣椒碱含量不同的辣椒品种上生长发育和繁殖的差异,在室内条件下,通过选择性取食试验和构建种群生命表,比较了辣味程度依次下降的豫优鲜辣2号、豫艺绿冠、豫艺墨秀大椒和豫甜椒12号对烟夜蛾幼虫的取食选择性、生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,烟夜蛾初孵、3龄和5龄幼虫在豫甜椒12号上的取食量比率分别为33．33％、34．22％和36．82％,均显著高于豫优鲜辣2号。在豫甜椒12号上的世代存活率为25．00％,显著高于豫艺绿冠和豫优鲜辣2号。取食豫甜椒12号时,种群加倍时间最短,仅需7．3290天;内禀增长率是取食豫优鲜辣2号的2倍;6龄幼虫对该品种的食物利用率和转化率均显著高于其它3个品种。说明豫甜椒12号品种更适宜烟夜蛾的生长发育和繁殖。     

Effects of different treatment methods of the fungicide jinggangmycin on reproduction and vitellogenin gene (Nlvg) expression in the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera:Delphacidae)

Jinggangmycin is an antibiotic fungicide against the rice sheath blight, Rhizoctonia solani, in China. Previous investigations have shown that jinggangmycin leaf spray stimulated the fecundity of Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera:Delphacidae), but the effects of different application methods and concentrations of jinggangmycin on the reproduction of N. lugens have not been investigated. Here, we investigated three treatment methods (foliar and stem sprays and topical treatment) and four concentrations (100, 200, 400 and 800 ppm) of jinggangmycin on the reproduction of adult female N. lugens. The results showed that leaf spray significantly stimulated the fecundity of N. lugens and increased the vitellin content in female ovaries and the gene expression level of vitellogenin (Nlvg), but there was no significant effect on reproduction found for stem spray. In four concentrations of jinggangmycin, leaf sprays at concentrations of 100, 200 and 400 ppm and topical treatments of 100 and 200 ppm significantly increased the number of eggs laid, the vitellin content and the gene expression level of Nlvg compared to the control. Therefore, we suggest that stem spray at high concentration should be applied (if possible) when jinggangmycin is used against rice sheath blight to facilitate harmonious control of rice pests.     

昆明山海棠杀虫活性成分雷公藤定碱和雷公藤次碱的触杀作用及对Na+ -K+ -ATP酶活性的影响

为进一步探讨杀虫植物昆明山海棠根皮中分离出的雷公藤定碱和雷公藤次碱的杀虫作用机理,采用微量点滴法处理3龄粘虫前胸背板,观察发现试虫均在2 h左右表现出中毒麻醉,8 h后完全恢复,24 h后重新表现为中毒麻醉,48 h后部分死亡。进一步的触杀毒力测定结果表明,雷公藤定碱和雷公藤次碱对3龄粘虫幼虫的24 h麻醉中量分别为8.82 μg/头和 4.58 μg/头,对3龄小菜蛾幼虫的麻醉中量分别为4.71 μg/头和3.46 μg/头。离体和活体条件下测定了雷公藤定碱和雷公藤次碱对5龄粘虫幼虫头部Na+-K+-ATP酶活性的影响,结果表明,两种药剂对粘虫幼虫神经系统Na+-K+-ATP酶活性均有一定的抑制作用,且该抑制作用具有一定的浓度依赖性,推测Na+-K+-ATP酶可能是雷公藤定碱和雷公藤次碱的一个重要作用靶标。     

昆虫病原线虫对小地老虎的致病力测定及防治效果

为探讨应用昆虫病原线虫防治小地老虎技术的可行性,采用培养皿滤纸法比较9个品系的昆虫病原线虫对小地老虎幼虫的致病力,同时通过盆栽试验验证了斯氏线虫属小卷蛾斯氏线虫Steinernema carpocapsae NC116品系、芫菁夜蛾斯氏线虫S.feltiae SF-SN品系和异小杆线虫属嗜菌异小杆线虫Heterorhabditis bacteriphora H06品系的保苗效果和防治效果,并测定了苦参碱与NC116品系混用对小地老虎3龄幼虫的联合作用效果。结果表明,NC116品系对小地老虎3龄幼虫致病力最高,其对3龄、4龄和5龄的LD50分别为2.4、7.5、和31.2条/头,表明随小地老虎幼虫龄期递增,其致病力下降。盆栽玉米苗上分别施用线虫100~200条/头时,对玉米保苗效果及对小地老虎3龄幼虫的控制效果依次为NC116H06SF-SN。0.8 mg/L苦参碱和NC116品系混用后,可使小地老虎3龄幼虫死亡率提高109.89%,二者表现增效作用。     

玫烟色棒束孢的生物学特性与其对小菜蛾致病力的相关性

测定了玫烟色棒束孢原始亲本菌株PFCF-O、退化亲本菌株PFCF-D和单孢分离子菌株PF-CF-D58、PFCF-D20、PFCF-D50的菌落生长速率、产孢量、孢子萌发率和胞外蛋白酶水平等生物学指标以及各菌株对小菜蛾2龄幼虫的校正死亡率。结果表明,菌株PFCF-O的生长速率呈先快后慢的趋势,产孢量为2.7×107个/mL,孢子萌发率为62.59%,胞外蛋白酶水平为1.16,对小菜蛾2龄幼虫校正死亡率达97.74%。而菌株PFCF-D、PFCF-D20、PFCF-D50和PFCF-D58间平均生长速率和孢子萌发率无显著差异,产孢量变化范围为1.05×107~2.34×107个/mL,胞外蛋白酶水平变化范围为1.02~1.07,各生物学指标及其对小菜蛾2龄幼虫的校正死亡率(19.86%~51.44%)都显著低于菌株PFCF-O。相关性分析结果显示,玫烟色棒束孢对小菜蛾的致病力与菌株生长初期的生长速率、产孢量、孢子萌发率和胞外蛋白酶水平呈极显著的正相关关系,与菌株生长后期的生长速率呈极显著负相关关系。     

溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对三种鳞翅目害虫的毒力作用比较

为比较溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎的作用差异,采用浸卵法、浸叶法、饲喂毒营养液法等测定了溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对3种害虫的卵、3龄幼虫和成虫的毒力,以及对其3龄幼虫的拒食活性。结果表明,溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺均无杀卵作用,但能降低初孵幼虫存活率。溴氰虫酰胺对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎3龄幼虫的LC₅₀值分别为0.11、0.05和0.13 mg/L,相对毒力分别是氯虫苯甲酰胺的2.8、2.7和5.1倍。溴氰虫酰胺对3种害虫成虫的LC₅₀值分别为0.11、0.09和0.22 mg/L,相对毒力分别是氯虫苯甲酰胺的3.9、3.8和2.7倍。溴氰虫酰胺在亚致死浓度0.10、0.05和0.14 mg/L的剂量下分别对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎3龄幼虫表现出较强的拒食作用,处理48 h后达到最高,拒食率分别为85.58%、81.91%和86.11%。药剂处理试虫虫体皱缩,体节缩短,体重增加率明显低于对照处理。表明溴氰虫酰胺对3种鳞翅目害虫的毒力作用比氯虫苯甲酰胺好,可作为氯虫苯甲酰胺的替代药品。     

噻虫胺等药剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的致毒效应

为了明确新烟碱类药剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的毒力,采用管测药膜法和药液定量滴加法测定了噻虫胺等6种药剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊不同虫态的毒力,并研究了噻虫胺、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和辛硫磷亚致死浓度对其4龄幼虫生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,新烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫胺、吡虫啉和噻虫嗪对成虫的击倒毒力均较高,分别是阿维菌素的5.75、3.86和3.51倍;6种药剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊卵的毒力均较低;对2龄和4龄幼虫的毒力,均以噻虫胺最高,LC₅₀分别为0.339 mg/L和1.020 mg/L,分别是阿维菌素的27.00倍和25.23倍。用噻虫胺亚致死剂量处理韭菜迟眼蕈蚊4龄幼虫,其发育历期和蛹期延长,蛹重、化蛹率、成虫羽化率、单雌产卵量和卵孵化率均降低。     

The role of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase in the different responses to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl in annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) and short awned foxtail (Alopecurus aequalis Sobol.)

Herbicide resistance or tolerance in weeds mediated by cytochrome P450 monooxygenase is a considerable problem. However, cytochrome P450 mediated resistance or tolerance in weeds was less studied. Thus, in this work, the role of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase in the different responses of Poa annua and Alopecurus aequalis to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl was studied. We found that the effect of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl could be synergized by piperonyl butoxide (PBO) in P. annua, but not by malathion. After being treated with fenoxaprop-P-ethyl (containing mefenpyr-diethyl), the contents of cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b₅ in P. annua increased significantly compared to plants treated with mefenpyr-diethyl only or untreated plants. However, the increase was less in A. aequalis, which was susceptible to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl. The activities of ρ-nitroanisole O-demethylase (PNOD), ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), ethoxycoumarin oxidase (ECOD) and NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 reductase mediated by cytochrome P450 monooxygenase increased in P. annua after treatment with fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, especially the activities of ECOD and cytochrome P450 reductase. Besides this, cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity toward fenoxaprop-P-ethyl in P. annua increased significantly compared to untreated or treated with mefenpyr-diethyl plants and treated or untreated A. aequalis. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase may play an important role in the different responses to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl in P. annua and A. aequalis.     

利用管氏肿腿蜂防治光肩星天牛技术研究

光肩星天牛Anoplophora glabripennis是我国重大的森林害虫,对我国造林绿化和林业生态工程建设造成了严重危害。由于其为蛀干害虫,隐蔽性生活,难以防治。利用天敌开展生物防治是控制天牛的重要措施,作者研究探讨了利用管氏肿腿蜂Sclerodermus guani防治光肩星天牛技术。测定了管氏肿腿蜂对光肩星天牛1~3龄幼虫的室内控制作用,研究了林间防治防治技术。结果表明,在室内试验条件下,管氏肿腿蜂由于是抑性外寄生性,其产卵之前的刺蛰可造成天牛幼虫直接死亡,对1、2、3龄幼虫的平均致死率分别为100%、92.10%和87.29%;可寄生3龄天牛幼虫。在管氏肿腿蜂防治光肩星天牛小幼虫的林间试验中,管氏肿腿蜂对光肩星天牛小幼虫的致死率为27.79%~37.87%,平均为32.51%,放蜂比例以蜂虫比8~10:1的寄生率最高。     

Methoxyfenozide and pyriproxifen alter the cellular immune reactions of Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) against Beauveria bassiana

Effects of the two insect growth regulators (IGRs) methoxyfenozide, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) agonist, and pyriproxifen, Juvenile hormone (JH) agonist, were examined on the cellular immune responses of the Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps versus the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. The simultaneous treatment with the IGRs and the fungal spores altered haemocyte count (total and differentiate), nodulation response and phenoloxidase (PO) activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. It was observed that different concentrations of methoxyfenozide increased total and differentiate haemocyte numbers as well as B. bassiana-induced nodulation response. In contrast with the JH agonist, pyriproxifen significantly decreased total and differentiate haemocyte numbers and inhibited nodule formation in E. integriceps adults. The 20E agonist displayed major effects when injected at the doses 2.79 and 5.59 μg/mg adult. In contrast, injecting adults by pyriproxifen significantly impaired their ability to raise an efficacious response against the fungal spores. The ability of the two IGR analogues to interfere with activity of the PO system in haemolymph of E. integriceps adults was also investigated 6 h after injection by fungal spores. Methoxyfenozide had an excitatory effect on PO activity when the 5.59 μg/mg concentration was used against adults. Conversely, pyriproxifen had an inhibitory effect on PO activity when used at 1.49 μg/mg adult concentration. These findings demonstrate that pyriproxifen may interfere with cell-mediated immunity of E. integriceps. So, pyriproxifen could be a good candidate for the integrated control of the Sunn pest.     

新烟碱类等杀虫剂对葱蝇的毒力及其对生长发育和繁殖的影响

采用定量滴加法和浸渍法测定了8种药剂对葱蝇1龄和3龄幼虫的毒力,用噻虫胺和噻虫嗪等新烟碱类杀虫剂的亚致死浓度分别处理葱蝇1龄和3龄幼虫,观察其对葱蝇生长发育和繁殖的影响,并进行了田间药效试验。结果表明,噻虫胺和噻虫嗪对3龄幼虫48 h的LC₅₀分别为14.7839 mg/L和13.3055 mg/L,毒力为毒死蜱的0.41倍和0.50倍。但LC_30-40剂量处理葱蝇3龄幼虫后,第6天存活幼虫体重分别较对照降低35.47%和36.34%,幼虫发育历期延长3.68天和3.98天,化蛹率降低71.91%和78.65%,雌蛹重降低13.36%和14.72%,雄蛹重降低15.97%和18.32%,羽化率降低12.50%和17.86%,单雌产卵量降低47.71%和51.68%。噻虫胺和噻虫嗪处理1龄幼虫,对其生长发育也有显著不利影响。田间药效试验结果显示,1 200 g/hm²噻虫胺和噻虫嗪处理后7天防效分别达98.16％和92.46％,表明这两种药剂对葱蝇防治效果高、推广应用价值大。     

螺虫乙酯对B型烟粉虱毒力及部分生物学参数的影响

为系统评价新药剂螺虫乙酯(spirotetramat)对B型烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci biotype B)的生物活性及生物学参数的影响,采用浸渍法测定了螺虫乙酯及对照药剂吡虫啉对B型烟粉虱各个虫态的室内毒力、成虫寿命、产卵量及所产卵孵化率的影响。结果表明,螺虫乙酯对2龄若虫毒力最高,LC₅₀为4.07 mg/L,为吡虫啉的2.73倍,对卵及成虫毒力较低,且显著低于吡虫啉;12.5 mg/L螺虫乙酯处理后,成虫寿命为17.3天,较空白对照显著缩短,吡虫啉与空白对照无显著差异;12.5 mg/L螺虫乙酯处理后平均产卵量为5.0粒,所产卵的平均孵化率为3.23%,显著低于空白对照和吡虫啉处理,吡虫啉与空白对照无显著差异;100 mg/L螺虫乙酯处理24 h后对烟粉虱成虫驱避率为52%,驱避效果较差。     

四种低毒杀虫剂对小菜蛾生长发育及繁殖的亚致死效应

为系统评价4种低毒杀虫剂对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella（L.）的综合控制作用,采用叶片浸渍法处理小菜蛾3龄幼虫,测定了虫酰肼、氟啶脲、茚虫威和虫螨腈的亚致死浓度（LC₂₅）对小菜蛾生长发育和繁殖力的影响。结果表明,4 种药剂亚致死浓度处理使小菜蛾3~4龄幼虫发育历期延长0.43~1.93 d,平均单头雌、雄蛹重分别减轻0.83~1.31 mg和0.19~1.09 mg ,幼虫的化蛹率及羽化率则分别降低11.2%~34.3%和21.7%~33.6%,以氟啶脲和茚虫威处理的影响较为显著。药剂处理后成虫平均产卵量减少30.15~60.21粒/雌,卵孵化率降低8.85%~19.65%,以虫酰肼效果较为明显;虫酰肼、氟啶脲、茚虫威均显著降低小菜蛾的交配成功率。