开食料中玉米和全脂大豆的蒸汽压片或膨化处理对犊牛瘤胃挥发酸比例和细菌区系的影响

试验选用12头荷斯坦公犊((21±3)d)研究开食料中玉米和全脂大豆的蒸汽压片或膨化处理对犊牛瘤胃发酵和细菌区系的影响。犊牛随机分为3组,采食3种开食料。开食料原料组分相同,据其中玉米和大豆的加工方式分为3个处理组:膨化处理组(PCON)、蒸汽压片组(SFCS)及常规粉碎组(对照组,NCON)。试验期为10周,每周或每2周采集犊牛瘤胃液测定pH和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量及其组成,并用变性梯度凝胶电泳法(PCR-DGGE)测定细菌区系的组成。结果表明,瘤胃中总VFA浓度在第6和第9周受日粮中原料加工方式的影响,但未达显著水平(P0.05)。SFCS组犊牛瘤胃中的丁酸摩尔比例在第5和第11周较其它2组犊牛高(P0.05)。PCR-DGGE结果表明,3组犊牛瘤胃中的细菌种群随年龄增长的组成情况基本一致,但SFCS组犊牛瘤胃中细菌的组成较其他2组相对复杂。结果提示:与其它2组相比,蒸汽压片处理有助于犊牛瘤胃的发酵和发育。     

开食料促进早期断奶犊牛瘤胃发育的研究

试验研究开食料中添加苜蓿叶粉和膨化玉米粉对犊牛瘤胃发育的影响.试验选用16头荷斯坦公犊牛,随机分为2组,试验组饲喂添加苜蓿叶粉和膨化玉米的1号开食料和2号断奶过渡料,对照组饲喂未添加苜蓿叶粉和膨化玉米的3号开食料.犊牛饲喂60日龄后,每组屠宰3头犊牛,对瘤网胃质量、瘤网胃容积、瘤胃乳头高度和瘤胃乳头宽度等进行了测定分析,并进一步观察瘤胃表面形态及细微结构.结果显示:试验组的瘤网胃质量较对照组提高了65.9％(P＜0.05);瘤网胃容积较对照组提高29.4％(P＜0.05);试验组瘤胃乳头高度较对照组提高99.5％(P＜0.05);瘤胃乳头宽度较对照组提高25.0％(P＜0.05).结果表明:试验组7～40日龄饲喂1号开食料,41～60日龄饲喂2号断奶料在一定程度上促进犊牛瘤胃组织的发育.     

不同颗粒开食料对早期断奶犊牛瘤胃发育及生长性能的影响

本试验将16头荷斯坦公犊牛随机分为两组:试验组饲喂添加苜蓿叶粉和膨化玉米的一号开食料和二号断奶过渡料,对照组饲喂未添加苜蓿叶粉和膨化玉米的三号开食料。60日龄时对犊牛生长性能进行测定分析,每组屠宰3头犊牛,测定瘤网胃重及容积、瘤胃乳头高度及宽度,结果显示:试验组的瘤网胃重及容积、瘤胃乳头及宽度高于对照组,差异显著(P<0.05);试验组犊牛日增重和体尺与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。提示在7~40日龄饲喂一号开食料、41~60日龄饲喂二号断奶过渡料在一定程度上促进了犊牛瘤胃组织的发育。     

结构性饲料对哺乳期和断奶应激期犊牛采食量和生长性能的影响

试验旨在研究群饲犊牛自由采食酸化奶的条件下,结构性饲料对哺乳犊牛和断奶应激期犊牛生长性能的影响。选择3～5日龄、体重相近犊牛300头,随机分为6栏,每栏50头,随机选择3栏饲喂常规颗粒犊牛开食料(颗粒料组),其余3栏饲喂结构性犊牛开食料(结构料组)。两种日粮的配方完全一致。颗粒犊牛料中所有物料均经粉碎、混合、制粒,制成颗粒料。将饲粮配方中玉米和大麦取出,换为蒸汽压片玉米和带壳大麦,其余物料粉碎、混合、制粒,为颗粒浓缩料,再将颗粒浓缩料与蒸汽压片玉米、带壳大麦混合,制成结构性饲料。整个试验分为哺乳期和断奶应激期共计90 d,哺乳期试验第1 d饲喂酸化奶,第15 d供应开食料。颗粒料组犊牛在哺乳期饲喂开食料,断奶后补饲苜蓿干草。结构料组犊牛断奶后饲喂结构性生长料。将结构性开食料与20%苜蓿干草混合,制成结构性生长料。结果表明:哺乳期间,结构性饲料采食量比颗粒料组高40%(P<0.05),日增重高19%(P<0.01);断奶应激期间,结构性饲料采食量比颗粒料组高29%(P<0.01),日增重高25%(P<0.01),饲料利用效率高11%(P<0.05);试验结束时,结构料组犊牛体重更高(P<0.05)。综上所述,在哺乳期自由饮用酸化奶的条件下,结构性饲料在哺乳期和断奶应激期的效果均优于传统颗粒开食料,可促进犊牛生长,缓解断奶应激。     

玉米不同加工方法对初生犊牛生长特点、瘤胃发育及瘤胃参数的影响

用初生的荷斯坦犊牛作为试验动物,在开食料中分别添加33%整粒玉米( WC)、干滚玉米( DRC)、湿滚压玉米( RC)或蒸汽压片玉米( SDC) ,研究玉米不同加工方法对初生犊牛采食量、生长发育、瘤胃及血液代谢产物和瘤胃发育的影响。试验一,选用92头2±1日龄的荷斯坦犊牛(公犊5 2 ,母犊4 0 )开始饲喂开食料,试验期4 2 d。每天测定开食料干物质( DM)采食量和排粪量,每周测定犊牛生长情况及血液指标。4周龄时,采用安乐死的方法屠宰12头小公牛( 3头/组) ,取瘤胃组织,测定上皮发育情况。试验二,选用7日龄(±1d)荷斯坦小公牛做瘤胃瘘管,2～6周中连续取血样和瘤胃液样品进行测定。在试验一,犊牛在断奶前及整个试验期,DRC组干物质采食量显著高于RC组和SFC组,而WC组显著高于SFC组。DRC组犊牛断奶乳后平均日增重显著高于SFC组。SFC组犊牛血液中挥发性脂肪酸的浓度显著高于其它各且。SFC组与DRC组或WC组相比,4周龄犊牛瘤胃粘膜乳头长度及瘤胃壁厚度均有明显增加。在试验二,WC组与其它各组相比,有效提高了瘤胃PH,降低了挥发性脂肪酸的浓度;SFC组显提高了瘤胃中丙酸的产量;而RC组瘤胃丁酸的产量明显提高,表明玉米不同加工方法影响采食量、生长速度和瘤胃参数。RC组犊牛体重、饲喂效率和瘤胃发育的情况与其他组无差异,但促进了     

开食料中玉米加工方式对羔羊血清生化指标和瘤胃代谢组的影响

本试验旨在研究含不同加工方式玉米(粉碎玉米和蒸汽压片玉米)的2种开食料对羔羊血清生化指标和瘤胃代谢组的影响。选取24只体重相近的8日龄湖羊公羔24只，随机分为2组(每组12只),分别饲喂含粉碎玉米和蒸汽压片玉米的开食料。每组分别在断奶前(21日龄)、后(42日龄)随机选取6只羔羊，采血(每组6个样本)测定血清生化指标，随后屠宰收集瘤胃内容物(断奶前每组5个样本，断奶后每组6个样本),采用液相色谱-质谱联用技术进行代谢组学分析，并结合主成分分析和偏最小二乘判别分析，以变量投影重要度(VIP)>1.0、差异倍数(FC)>2或FC<0.5且P<0.05为标准筛选2组羔羊瘤胃内的差异代谢物，用KEGG数据库研究差异代谢物的功能和代谢通路，以P<0.05作为关键代谢通路的判别标准。结果显示：蒸汽压片玉米组羔羊血清中尿素氮和β-羟丁酸的浓度在断奶前、后均显著高于粉碎玉米组(P<0.05)。2组羔羊在断奶前、后共有862个代谢物发生显著变化(P<0.05),蒸汽压片玉米组分别有458(高于)和404个(低于)代谢物的相对浓度与粉碎玉米组显著不同(P<0...     

开食料中粗蛋白质水平对荷斯坦犊牛瘤胃发育的影响

本试验旨在研究开食料中粗蛋白质水平对断奶犊牛瘤胃发酵、微生物酶活性及瘤胃发育的影响.试验选取15头荷斯坦公犊牛,分别饲喂粗蛋白质水平为16.22%、20.21%和24.30%的开食料.开食料采用限饲,试验在犊牛的8～16周龄进行.在犊牛12周龄晨饲3 h后通过瘤胃导管、16周龄晨饲前通过屠宰采集瘤胃液以研究瘤胃发酵、吸收能力和微生物酶活性.16周龄时对犊牛进行屠宰,取瘤胃组织样晶以研究瘤胃上皮细胞发育情况.结果表明,高蛋白质组的瘤胃液pH在12周龄时较低,但在16周龄时则较高.高蛋白质组的氨态氮浓度和挥发性脂肪酸浓度要高于其他2组(P>0.05).中蛋白质组的α-淀粉酶活性要低于其他2组(P>0.05).蛋白酶和纤维素酶活性随开食料中粗蛋白质水平的升高而升高,同一组16周龄时要高于12周龄(P>0.05).瘤胃发育结果表明,犊牛在16周龄时,中蛋白质组的瘤胃相对重量在3个组中最低.低蛋白质组的瘤胃乳头长度和黏膜厚度要高于中蛋白质组和高蛋白质组(P>0.05),但足中蛋白质组的瘤胃乳头宽度在3组中最大.由以上结果可知,开食料中粗蛋白质水平对8～16周龄犊牛瘤胃发酵、微生物晦活性和瘤胃发育没有显著影响(P>0.05),但高水平的粗蛋白质有提高瘤胃的发酵能力和微生物酶活性的趋势.     

不同加工方式玉米的干物质和淀粉瘤胃降解率及过瘤胃淀粉含量的测定

为测定三种不同加工方式玉米的干物质及淀粉的瘤胃降解率并计算各自的过瘤胃淀粉含量,以3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的利木赞×鲁西黄牛杂交阉牛为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法对常用的破碎玉米、膨化玉米、蒸汽压片玉米瘤胃降解率进行测定,并计算出三种不同加工方式玉米的过瘤胃淀粉含量.结果破碎玉米、膨化玉米和蒸汽压片玉米的干物质瘤胃有效降解率(%)依次为48.11、77.16和72.72,淀粉瘤胃有效降解率(%)依次为64.37、87.05和82.76;过胃淀粉含量(g/kg)依次为216.22、89.13和121.50.     

玉米不同处理方式对泌乳奶牛瘤胃降解规律的影响

为了研究不同加工处理方法对玉米在奶牛瘤胃内降解率的影响,本试验选用5头荷斯坦泌乳牛利用尼龙袋法测定玉米渣、膨化玉米、玉米片和蒸汽压片玉米的干物质和淀粉在泌乳奶牛瘤胃中的降解率．．结果表明,48h的瘤胃降解率规律为：玉米片〉膨化玉米〉蒸汽压片玉米〉玉米渣。瘤胃内可降解干物质为：膨化玉米和玉米片〉蒸汽压片玉米和玉米渣;而可降解淀粉则为：膨化玉米〉玉米片〉蒸汽压片玉米〉玉米渣,以上结果表明,加工过程中温度湿度和压力的作用下,玉米籽实的结构发生变化,改变了瘤胃微生物接触淀粉的机会,从而影响玉米在瘤胃内的降解率。     

不同水平苜蓿添加量对犊牛生长发育、营养物质消化率和瘤胃发酵参数的影响

文章旨在研究犊牛开食料中添加不同含量的苜蓿干草对犊牛生长发育、营养物质消化率和瘤胃发酵参数的影响。试验选择45头刚出生的中国荷斯坦母犊牛,按照体重划分区组,采用完全随机区组试验设计,将新生犊牛分配到3个处理组中,每组15头犊牛。对照组犊牛开食料中不添加苜蓿干草;在试验组Ⅰ犊牛开食料中添加10%的苜蓿干草(干物质基础);试验组Ⅱ犊牛开食料中添加20%的苜蓿干草(干物质基础)。犊牛在60日龄断奶,断奶结束后试验继续进行20 d。试验期间,1～50 d为哺乳期,犊牛饲喂常乳(正常饲喂量)+开食料;51～60 d为断奶过渡期,犊牛饲喂常乳(减量)+开食料;61～80 d为断奶后期,犊牛饲喂开食料。犊牛7日龄时开始饲喂开食料,犊牛14日龄时,在开食料中开始添加苜蓿干草。每天记录开食料采食量,分别于试验第1天、第50天、第80天在早晨饲喂前称重犊牛体重,分别于第50天和第80天在犊牛采食开食料3 h后采集瘤胃液,测定挥发性脂肪酸浓度和NH3-N浓度。于试验最后3 d,采集粪便进行消化试验,测定营养物质消化率。试验结果表明,犊牛开食料中添加苜蓿干草显著提高了犊牛体重、平均日增重和干物质采食量,而且与添加剂量呈线性相关,以20%的添加量组犊牛具有最佳的生长性能,而对犊牛的饲喂效率没有显著影响。犊牛开食料中添加苜蓿干草显著改善了瘤胃发酵功能,增加了瘤胃液pH,提高了瘤胃液乙酸与丙酸的比值。苜蓿干草对犊牛的营养物质表观消化率没有显著影响。因此,本试验结果表明,犊牛开食料中添加20%的苜蓿干草显著提高了犊牛生长性能,改善了犊牛瘤胃发育和发酵功能。     

Physiological Changes in the Concentrations of Biotin in the Serum and Milk and in the Physical Properties of the Claw Horn in Holstein Cows

Physiological changes in the concentrations of biotin in the serum and milk and in the physical properties of the claw horn were examined in Holstein cows. A lower concentration of biotin in the serum and a higher concentration of biotin in milk were found during early and late lactation and during the dry period, and a significant (p<0.05) inverse correlation was found between serum and milk biotin concentrations. A high moisture content and a low level of hardness of the claw horn were found during mid-lactation. Our results indicate that change in the serum biotin concentration probably results from the loss of biotin in the milk of cows during each stage of lactation and also confirm that the moisture content and hardness of the claw horn undergo physiological changes.     

Relation between the concentration of sodium and potassium in the erythrocytes of dairy cows and the concentration of these elements in the plasma and urine and the level of blood glucose

Blood and urine samples of 180 dairy cows from 12 herds were examined. Sodium and potassium concentrations were determined in erythrocytes, whole blood, plasma, urine, and glucose concentration in blood: the interrelations were compared. Sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes were 85.15 +/- 11.45 mmol/l, and 25.93 +/- 7.81 mmol/l, respectively. A statistically significant relation was found between sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes (r = 0.3467+++) and the content of electrolyte in blood cells and in whole blood (Na: r = 0.5336+++; K: r = 0.3561+++). No statistically significant relation of intraerythrocyte concentration of both electrolytes was confirmed with respect to the other characteristics (sodium and potassium concentrations in plasma and urine, and glucose concentration in blood). In the conditions of routine laboratory diagnostics in clinically healthy cows, determinations of intraerythrocyte sodium and potassium do not broaden possibilities of evaluating the metabolic state of these electrolytes and cannot be used as the characteristics of energy insufficiency. The cannot replace the analyses performed in serum and urine.     

Modelling the transmission of Echinococcus granulosus in dogs in the northwest and in the southwest of Morocco

Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) infection was studied in 151 dogs in two regions of Morocco: 68 dogs in the northwest (Loukkos) and 83 dogs in the southwest (Tiznit). The mean prevalence rates of echinococcosis in dogs were 58.82% (46.23-70.63%) in Loukkos and 55.42% (44.10-66.34%) in Tiznit and the mean abundances of E. granulosus per dog were 75 (59-93) and 547 (504-595), respectively. The mean abundance of E. granulosus in dogs was fitted to a negative binomial distribution by the maximum likelihood techniques to define parameters. E. granulosus was aggregated in dogs in the two regions. The prevalence of infection and the abundance of E. granulosus in dogs were fitted to mathematical models in order to determine if the parasite population is partly regulated by definitive host immunity. The best fit was obtained with the models assuming the presence of immunity. The mean time of exposure to infection was similar in the two regions and ranged from 8 months to about 2 years. The infection pressures (number of E. granulosus) obtained per dog each year were 65 (8-294) in Loukkos and 476 (316-886) in Tiznit. The proportion of dogs susceptible to infection was still high along the life of the dogs in Loukkos, while it was not different from zero in old dogs of Tiznit.     

Involvement of activin and inhibin in the regulation of food and water intake in the rat

The expression of activin and inhibin has been demonstrated in the hypothalamus, but their physiological roles in the brain remain to be elucidated. In the present study, involvement of activin and inhibin in the regulation of food and water intake was examined. Male rats were deprived of food or water for 12 and 60 hr, and mRNA levels of activin/inhibin alpha, betaA and betaB subunits in the hypothalamus were estimated by RT-PCR. Gene expression of alpha subunit transiently decreased at 12 hr of food deprivation, while it did not change during water deprivation. Food and water deprivation for 60 hr increased mRNA levels of betaA and betaB subunits, respectively. These results indicated that gene expression of each subunit was independently regulated. Injection of activin A (0.5 and 4.0 microg) into the third ventricle decreased food intake. Water intake was suppressed by 4.0 microg, but not 0.5 microg, of activin A. Intracerebroventricular injection of inhibin A (0.5 and 4.0 microg) decreased water intake in a dose dependent manner without affecting food intake, suggesting that inhibin could act independently of activin. Taken together, it is suggested that activin and inhibin take part in the central regulation of nutrient and fluid balance, though further study is needed to determine precise molecular species involved.     

成都郊区苗木及草坪经济发展趋势与对策探讨

以成都郊区温江为例,利用大量的调查数据分析了该地区苗木及草坪发展的现状及面临的问题,并有针对性的提出了几点对策。     

Vitamin B12 in the blood and in the liver of normal and of totally gastrectomized pigs

The concentration of vitamin R₁₂ in the blood was studied in five totally gastrectomized pigs followed for 10–18 months, and in four controls followed for 5¼–8 months. The concentration of vitamin B12 in the liver was investigated in three pigs of each group. The content of vitamin B₁₂ in the blood was of the same magnitude in both groups. Thus, removal of the stomach does not compromise the normal presence of this vitamin in the blood. The B₁₂ content in the liver was also unaffected by the operation, whereas it was increased after simultaneous administration of vitamin B₆.     

Distribution of iron and copper in the liver and spleen of veal calves in relation to the concentration of iron in the diet

The distribution of iron and copper in the liver and spleen of veal calves was determined in a group of calves fattened with a commercial milk replacer supplemented with 5 ppm iron and in a control group fed the unsupplemented milk replacer. No marked variations were detected in the distribution of iron and copper. A liver biopsy is therefore likely to be a representative sample of the whole liver with respect to iron and copper concentration.     

Distribution of 5'-nucleotidase in the tissues of sheep and the effect of kidney and liver lesions on the activity of the enzyme in plasma and urine

The distribution of 5'-nucleotidase (5'-NT) activity in the tissues of the sheep differs from that of gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT). Nevertheless, both enzymes are released into the plasma of sheep which have been infected with Fasciola hepatica or in which the bile duct has been ligated. In a sheep dosed with sporidesmin, a fungal toxin which damages the biliary tract, there was an increase in GGT activity in the plasma and urine but no change in 5'-NT activity. Neither enzyme was released into the plasma or urine of sheep dosed with carbon tetrachloride. In sheep with renal tubular necrosis and hepatocellular necrosis caused by dosage with hexachlorobutadiene, both enzymes were released into the plasma, and GGT, but not 5'-NT activity was found in urine. In sheep with tubular necrosis of the kidney caused by the administration of mercuric chloride, GGT activity, but not 5'-NT, increased in the plasma and urine.     

瘤胃中乳酸的代谢及其调控机制

有关瘤胃酸中毒发生机制研究表明,瘤胃乳酸的累积可能对酸中毒诱导起重要作用,而高精料日粮下瘤胃乳酸累积主要取决于瘤胃乳酸产生菌和乳酸利用菌间的平衡程度。本文综述了瘤胃微生物对乳酸的代谢机制,包括主要乳酸产生菌[溶纤维丁酸弧菌(Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens)、牛链球菌(Streptococcus bovis)、乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus)]和主要乳酸利用菌[反刍兽新月单胞菌(Selenomonus ruminantium)、埃氏巨型球菌(Megasphaera elsdenii)],并简要概述了酸中毒的调控方法,旨在为反刍动物瘤胃酸中毒的乳酸中毒机制深入解析提供参考。