小反刍兽疫病毒重组N蛋白抗原制备及间接ELISA检测方法的建立

将编码小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV)N蛋白的基因全长克隆到pBacPAK9载体中,并在昆虫细胞中进行表达。对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE分析,并用PPRV阳性血清进行了Western blot鉴定。用Ni-IDA亲和柱对组氨酸融合表达的N蛋白进行了纯化,并对纯化产物进行了理化性质和抗原活性分析。最后以表达的N蛋白作为包被抗原,建立间接ELISA检测方法,临床检测137份山羊血清并与IDvet公司的商品化PPRV抗体检测试剂盒进行比较。结果表明,制备的PPRV N蛋白抗原在溶液中以单体形式存在,具有非常好的抗原活性。用该蛋白建立的间接ELISA检测方法与IDvet试剂盒符合率为956%。本研究为小反刍兽疫病毒重组N蛋白抗原制备相关质量标准的建立奠定了基础,同时建立的ELISA抗体检测方法可以很好地用于小反刍兽疫的临床诊断。     

Experimental infection of alpine goats with a Moroccan strain of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV)

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) recently caused a serious outbreak of disease in Moroccan sheep and goats. Alpine goats were highly susceptible to PPRV with mortality rates approaching 100%, as opposed to local breeds of sheep which were less susceptible to the disease. The relative susceptibility of alpine goats was investigated through an experimental infection study with the Moroccan strain of PPRV. Severe clinical signs were observed in the alpine goats with virus being excreted through ocular, nasal and oral routes. No difference in the severity of the disease in goats was observed with different inoculation routes and transmission of the virus by direct contact was confirmed. This study confirmed the susceptibility of the alpine goat to PPRV infection and describes a challenge protocol that effectively and consistently reproduced severe clinical signs of PPR in experimentally infected goats.     

Fine mapping and conservation analysis of linear B-cell epitopes of peste des petits ruminants virus nucleoprotein

Nucleoprotein (NP) is the most abundant and highly immunogenic protein of morbillivirus, and is presently the basis of most diagnostic assays for peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). In this study, fine epitope mapping and conservation analysis of linear B-cell epitopes on the PPRV NP has been undertaken using biosynthetic peptides. Nineteen linear B-cell epitopes were identified and their corresponding minimal motifs were located on the NP of PPRV China/Tibet/Geg/07-30. Conservation analysis indicated that ten of the 19 minimal motifs were conserved among 46 PPRV strains. Peptides containing the minimal motifs were recognized using anti-PPRV serum from a goat immunized with PPRV vaccine strain Nigeria 75/1. Identified epitopes and their motifs improve our understanding of the antigenic characteristics of PPRV NP and provide a basis for the development of epitope-based diagnostic assays.     

小反刍兽疫病毒H基因的原核表达与鉴定

根据GenBank中已发表的小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV)Nigeria 75/1株的H基因序列,设计上下游引物并添加BamH I酶切位点,以含有小反刍兽疫病毒H基因的Topo-PPRVH质粒为模板进行PCR扩增,扩增产物克隆于pEASY-T载体中,用BamH I单酶切后将目的片段连接到原核表达载体pET-32a(+)中,核酸序列分析证明.成功构建了PPRV H原核表达质粒pET-32a-H.将pET-32a-H重组质粒转化大肠杆茵 BL21(DE3)进行融合表达.经SDS-PAGE电泳,可见H蛋白获得了高效表达,融合蛋白的分子量约为87 Ku,表达产物以包涵体的形式存在,其表达量达到茵体总蛋白的38%,占包涵体蛋白的80%以上.Western blot鉴定表明,所表达的重组蛋白能被抗组氨酸单抗、抗PPRV标准阳性羊血清及抗PPRV疫苗的羊血清所识别,具有良好的免疫原性.     

Comparative nucleotide sequence analysis of the phosphoprotein gene of peste des petits ruminants vaccine virus of Indian origin

The nucleotide sequences of the phosphoprotein (P) gene of peste des petits ruminants (PPRV) vaccine virus (PPRV Sungri/96) belongs to Asian lineage have been determined and the deduced amino acid sequences were compared with another vaccine strain PPRV/Nigeria75/1 and with those of the other morbilliviruses. The 1652 nucleotides of the P gene encode a phosphoprotein of 509 amino acid residues (from nucleotide numbers 60 to 1587), which is 91% identical to that of PPRV/Nigeria75/1. The C protein consists of 177 amino acid residues and is 91% identical with that of PPRV/Nigeria75/1. The conserved mRNA editing site (5'TTAAAAGGGCACAG) was present at positions 742-756 in the P gene, which is conserved in all other morbilliviruses. The CTT trinucleotide sequence is present at the N/P and P/M intergenic region, which is totally conserved in morbilliviruses. This will be the third sequence for the P gene of PPRV since that of the vaccine strain and a wild-type Turkish isolate has been published already.     

小反刍兽疫病毒新疆株的N基因序列分析

为了分析小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV)新疆株的分子演变特点,从Gen Bank数据库中下载所有国家全部PPRV的N基因全序列,应用DNAStar软件进行序列分析。结果显示:PPRV中国新疆株,与中国内地流行毒株核苷酸同源性最高,为99.2%~99.9%;与之前中国西藏毒株核苷酸同源性为98.1%;与中国所用疫苗株核苷酸同源性为93.6%。与其他国家毒株相比,核苷酸同源性最低的是韩国毒株,同源性最高的是印度毒株。N基因系统进化关系分析显示,PPRV中国新疆株属于基因Ⅳ系。N蛋白氨基酸同源性结果与核苷酸比对结果相似。PPRV中国新疆株存在一定程度变异,可能为周边国家传入。     

小反刍兽疫病毒N基因部分序列分子演化规律

为分析中国小反刍兽疫的流行特点,本研究采用生物信息学方法,从NCBI下载小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV)N基因,以最大似然法建立分子进化树。结果显示,中国PPRV流行株分布于Ⅳ系,有2个分支,2007-2008年中国西藏流行株与2003年印度毒株遗传关系最近,2013-2015年中国西藏流行株与2012年巴基斯坦毒株遗传关系最近。中国小反刍兽疫主要发生于山羊,2015年新疆巴州毒株来自阿尔卑斯野山羊,与2013年以来的毒株在同一分支。China-BJ_2014与China-XJBZ_2015的遗传距离为0.011 7。中国两簇PPRV分支均与西部邻国毒株遗传关系最近,目前出现多宿主和变异性的流行特点,本研究为有效防控PPRV疫情提供基本的科学依据。     

经密码子优化的小反刍兽疫病毒H蛋白在昆虫细胞中的表达

小反刍兽疫病毒(peste des petits ruminants virus,PPRV)属于副黏病毒科、麻疹病毒属成员。本实验室已经证明,该病毒的囊膜糖蛋白H蛋白在未经密码子优化条件下难以在昆虫细胞中表达。本研究首先对其密码子进行优化,然后构建了在昆虫细胞中表达该蛋白的重组杆状病毒。经Western-blot和间接免疫荧光试验表明,该重组杆状病毒在昆虫细胞中能够表达H蛋白,但表达量相对较低。     

经密码子优化的小反刍兽疫病毒H蛋白在昆虫细胞中的表达

小反刍兽疫病毒（peste des petits ruminants virus,PPRV）属于副黏病毒科、麻疹病毒属成员。本实验室已经证明,该病毒的囊膜糖蛋白H蛋白在未经密码子优化条件下难以在昆虫细胞中表达。本研究首先对其密码子进行优化,然后构建了在昆虫细胞中表达该蛋白的重组杆状病毒。经Western-blot和间接免疫荧光试验表明,该重组杆状病毒在昆虫细胞中能够表达H蛋白,但表达量相对较低。     

小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV)N蛋白的表达与ELISA检测方法的建立

通过对下载的16株小反刍兽疫病毒（PPRV）N基因片段进行序列分析,合成了PPRV N基因。用NP1和NP2引物扩增。纯化的PPRV N基因在T4DNA连接酶的作用下,和PET32-a载体进行连接反应构建重组质粒pET-a-PPRV-N。经诱导表达和纯化后,得到了大量的PPRV N蛋白。用PPRV N蛋白制备免疫血清,经国际标准血清标化后作为参考阳性血清,同时以PPRV N蛋白为抗原建立间接ELISA（I-ELISA）方法。对山东省的467份羊血清检测,使用S/P（样品值/阳性值）平均值加3倍标准差的方法,计算出其临界点为0.28。应用间接ELISA和针对H蛋白的单抗为基础的C-ELISA检测来自于疫区的69份血清,结果两者的符合率为79.7%。     

Sero-epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in Pakistan

A sero survey was conducted during 2005-2006 to estimate the sero prevalence of PPR in the small ruminant population of Pakistan. A total of 2798 samples were collected including goats (1979) and sheep (819) from villages in 27 randomly selected districts. These were tested by cELISA for PPRV and true prevalence estimates were calculated by Rogan and Gladen estimator. Overall, 1273 (45.5%) were found positive; 980 (49.5%) of 1979 samples from goats and 293 (35.8%) of 819 serum samples from sheep were positive. The true sero-prevalence of PPR was estimated to be 48.5% (95% CI, 46.6-50.3), and 52.9% (95% CI, 50.7-55.1) and 37.7 (95% CI, 34.4-41.0) for goats and sheep, respectively. PPR virus is widely distributed all across Pakistan and has become an endemic infection of small ruminants. Since it is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in small ruminants, it poses a serious threat to food security and the rural economy in Pakistan.     

An immunohistochemical study of the pneumonia caused by peste des petits ruminants virus

Ten goats were inoculated with peste des petits ruminants virus, a paramyxovirus closely related to rinderpest virus. All goats developed severe clinical disease, 8/10 having coughing or dyspnea as prominent clinical signs. In addition, all of the goats had stomatitis and diarrhea. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical studies were done only on the respiratory tracts. Pathologic changes ranged from mild multifocal bronchiolitis and bronchitis to severe bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Lesions were more severe in anteroventral than caudal lobes. The histologic nature of the viral process in the goat lungs had many features in common with the processes of pneumonia in dogs, due to canine distemper, or pneumonia in human beings, due to measles virus. Immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded respiratory tract tissue was performed using an indirect system with rabbit anti-rinderpest virus serum, biotinylated anti-rabbit antibody, streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase, and nitroblue tetrazolium chromogen. Staining was sensitive, highlighting the presence of viral antigen in both lung and trachea of all goats. Viral antigen was found in both cytoplasm and nucleus of tracheal, bronchial, and bronchiolar epithelial cells, type II pneumocytes, syncytial cells, and alveolar macrophages. In general, the amount of staining correlated directly with the severity of the inflammatory process.     

Pathogenicity of attenuated peste des petits ruminants virus in sheep and goats

Progressive loss of virulence for goat kids was noticed when peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus was passaged in Vero cells. While goats inoculated with the 60th passage suffered from the clinical PPR disease and mortality, goats inoculated with the 80th passage did not show any sign of the disease. If the progressive loss of virulence of the virus with passage continues, it will not be long before a homologous PPR vaccine will be obtained at the National Veterinary Institute, Vom.     

Experimental studies on immunosuppressive effects of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus in goats

Effect of virulent and attenuated peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus on the immune response to nonspecific antigen (ovalbumin) was investigated. Clinical and serological responses were monitored in goats administered with ovalbumin concurrently with either PPR vaccine or virulent virus. Study showed that PPR virulent virus causes marked immunosuppression as evidenced by leukopenia, lymphopenia, and reduced early antibody response to both specific and nonspecific antigen. These observations were predominant particularly during acute phase of disease (4-10 days post-infection). On the other hand, the vaccine virus induced only a transient lymphopenia without significantly affecting the immune response to nonspecific antigen or to itself during this period. Further, the antibody levels to ovalbumin in the group administered with virulent PPRV increased significantly between days 28 and 35 post-infection in comparison to the titers in other two groups given with either ovalbumin alone or in combination with vaccine.     

小反刍兽疫病毒H糖蛋白基因原核表达载体的构建及表达

参照GenBank中小反刍兽疫病毒（PPRV）H抗原基因序列，人工合成了PPRVH基因，将其克隆至PUC18-T质粒中，转化E．coli JM109感受态细胞，构建并选择PPRVH基因克隆重组质粒，经核苷酸序列分析正确，将其克隆至pBAD／Thio—TOPO载体中，转化E．coli TOP10感受态细胞，核苷酸序列分析证实，成功构建了PPRVH基因重组表达载体。经不同浓度L-阿拉伯糖诱导，可稳定、高效地表达PPRVH抗原。SDS-PAGE分析结果表明，用终浓度为0．2g／L的L-阿拉伯糖诱导5h的表达量最高，表达蛋白为分子质量约83ku的融合蛋白；经薄层扫描分析，其表达产量约占菌体总蛋白的10％。Western-blotting检测表明，诱导的蛋白能与PPRVH蛋白单抗发生特异性反应，说明表达的融合蛋白中含有PPRVH糖蛋白抗原。     

小反刍兽疫病毒H蛋白的表达及间接ELISA方法的建立

利用原核表达系统表达了小反刍兽疫病毒(peste des petits ruminants virus,PPRV)血凝素蛋白(H)作为ELISA包被抗原,建立了PPR抗体检测的间接ELISA方法,并对所建立方法的相关条件进行了优化。优化结果显示:抗原的最佳包被质量浓度为20mg/L;血清最佳稀释度为1∶80;酶标二抗的最佳浓度为1∶20 000;抗原抗体反应时间和酶标二抗孵育时间均为45min。批内及批间重复试验结果变异系数均小于10%,说明该方法具有较好的可重复性。检测羊口疮、羊痘、蓝舌病和山羊支原体血清结果均为阴性,说明该方法具有良好的特异性。检测临床血清样品80份,并与国外c-ELISA试剂盒比较,符合率为93.75%。因此,本方法可以用于小反刍兽疫的临床血清抗体检测及流行病学调查。