不同基质对越南抱茎茶容器苗生长的影响

研究不同栽培基质对越南抱茎茶生长的影响,结果表明:基质4作用下的越南抱茎茶的地径、苗高、叶数等生长状况表现最好,其次为基质3和基质2;不同配比栽培基质作用下,基质4能显著促进苗木高生长,其次是基质3和基质2.不同基质配比对苗木叶量的生长差异影响不显著.综上所述,基质4(V河沙∶V椰糠=2∶1)基质配比较适合越南抱茎茶的生长,其次为基质3(V赤红壤∶ V椰糠∶ V泥炭土=5∶4∶1)和基质2(V赤红壤∶V泥炭土=2∶1).     

Influencing in vitro clonal propagation of Chonemorpha fragrans(moon) Alston by culture media strength,plant growth regulators,carbon source and photo periodic incubation

Chonemorpha fragrans is an endangered medicinal woody climber,regarded among alternative plant sources of camptothecin.Camptothecin is a monoterpene indole anti-cancer alkaloid with annual trade value of over three billion U.S.dollars in the recent,and is used in the production of its analog drugs approved for the chemotherapy of cancer of varied types.Effects of plant growth regulators,culture media strength and photoperi-odic duration on the micropropagation ef ciency of C.fragrans from nodal segment explants were studied on Murashige and Skoog(MS)medium amended with Thidiazuron(TDZ),Benzylaminopurine(BAP)or Kinetin(Kin).Thidiazuron was more ef cient over BAP and Kin when half basal MS medium was used over full or quarter strength.Results of carbon source experiment showed sucrose as the most effective over glucose,fructose,and maltose in the clonal production.Studies on the photope-riodic incubation duration showed 12 h as the best light period and sub or supra-optimal resulted in the production of abnormal and albino micro shoots.Experimental results on the evaluation of physiological,biochemical parameters showed the role of pigment molecules and antioxidant systems in the production of albino micro shoots.     

The effects of different rearing diet media on the irradiated pupae and adults of flour beetle,Tribolium confusum (J. du val)

In this study, gamma radiation was applied between 10–120 Gy at 10 dose levels for 2–4 days-old pupae; 10–150 Gy at 11 dose levels for 12–14 days-old adults ofT. confusum. All experiments were carried out in incubators maintained at 27±0.5°C and 70±5% relative humidity. The development of adults reared on different flours from irradiated pupae was not prevented by exposing these stages investigated doses. Rapidly developing confused flour beetle were more susceptible to killing by gamma radiation. Adults that emerged from treated pupa had elytral and other deformities. In barley flour, rate of deformed individuals were higher than the other rearing media. LD₅₀, LD_99,9 and SD_99,9 values for wheat flour were high compared with both barley and maize flour. For adult treatment, there were differences in survival among rearing diets especially at doses of 40, 50 and 60 Gys. But there were no differences for LD₅₀ and LD_99,9 values at adult stage, indicating little influence of rearing medium on susceptibility of adults. On the other hand, there were little differences between rearing diets for SD₅₀ and SD_99,9.With 6 tables and 4 figures     

曼地亚红豆杉愈伤组织诱导试验

以5年生曼地亚红豆杉当年生枝条的茎段、芽苞、叶片和幼嫩根为外植体,以MS添加不同质量浓度的2,4-D,NAA,KT为培养基进行愈伤组织诱导试验。结果表明:曼地亚红豆杉愈伤组织诱导培养基中生长素与细胞分裂素的比例应在10∶1左右;2,4-D与NAA的比例应在2∶1左右。当年生茎段是进行曼地亚红豆杉愈伤组织诱导的较好外植体,诱导率高,愈伤组织生长也较好。暗培养条件更有利于愈伤组织的诱导,诱导率高,且诱导出的愈伤组织质量好。35℃温水浸泡30 min的处理对抑制褐化有理想的效果,外植体褐化现象得到了极大抑制。     

曼地亚红豆杉组织培养初探

以5 a生曼地亚红豆杉当年生枝条的带芽茎段为外植体,用MS作基本培养基,进行NAA和6-BA的单因素浓度梯度组织培养试验。结果表明:NAA对诱导愈伤组织有效,MS NAA1.5 mg.L-1培养基上,愈伤组织的诱导率最高,达61%,且愈伤组织生长良好,为浅绿色,疏松度适中。但愈伤组织经继代后没有出现器官分化。适当浓度6-BA能诱导芽的萌发。MS 6-BA0.5 mg.L-1培养基上芽的萌动率最高,达到56.2%,且最后有45.5%的萌动芽抽生出嫩叶。MS添加6-BA0.1、1.0、2.0 mg.L-1的几种培养基上芽的萌动率间没有显著差异。     

曼地亚红豆杉组织培养

为了进一步解决具有抗癌活性的紫杉醇资源短缺的问题,以红豆杉的幼嫩茎段为外植体筛选出最佳灭菌措施及继代增殖中6-BA、NAA、TDZ不同激素的最佳配比。结论如后：70%（体积百分比,后同）酒精浸泡20 s＋0.3%（体积百分数,后同）升汞浸泡6 min灭菌效果最好;最适宜腋芽继代增殖的培养基配方为MS＋6-BA 0.15mg/L＋NAA1.0 mg/L＋TDZ 0.01 mg/L＋食糖30 g/L＋琼脂8 g/L＋AC 0.4 g/L,pH值为5.8。     

油茶轻基质育苗效果

为给油茶苗木生产提供技术依据,以芽苗砧嫁接苗为试验材料,采用轻基质和苗圃土为栽培基质,分别对其苗木嫁接成活率、造林成活率、苗高、地径及根系各指标进行测定分析,评价油茶无纺布轻基质容器育苗的苗木生长效果和质量。结果表明:轻基质培育的油茶苗平均嫁接成活率为89.6%,苗高32.5 cm,地径3.57 mm,根系总长度310.29 cm,根系直径1.33 mm,根冠比0.69,造林成活率达92.5%。轻基质培育的油茶苗木各项指标均显著优于苗圃土培育的苗木,尤其在根系的各项指标上表现出更明显的优势,可在生产中大力推广使用。     

油茶轻基质容器育苗试验

为提高油茶苗造林成活率,缩短育苗周期,降低苗木运输成本,以郴2-9号油茶无性系芽苗嫁接苗为材料,采用不同的轻基质配方进行容器育苗试验.结果表明:郴2-9号油茶无性系芽苗嫁接苗在不同的轻基质配方容器中高生长和地径生长差异极显著,用(珍珠岩30％+泥炭土70％)或(锯木屑30％+泥炭土70％)做基质时,苗木高生长平均达9....     

Successive media to improve the in vitro rhizogenesis of Nothofagus nervosa (Phil.) Dim. et Mil.

In vitro rooting constitutes a difficult step during the micropropagation process of forest species. The successive media culture technique represents one way to overcome this barrier and includes modifying physical (e.g. photoperiod) and chemical (e.g. flavonoids) factors during the rooting phases. The aim of this study was to obtain a successive media protocol based on the incorporation of flavonoids during the in vitro rooting of Nothofagus nervosa. The factors evaluated were the type, concentration, and combination of flavonoids in relation to the rooting phases, the presence of IBA in the culture medium, the photoperiod, and the effect of flavonoids on total tissue peroxidase activity. The photoperiod used included a darkness period during the rooting induction stage and the presence of 0.61 µMIBA in the culture medium. The results showed that flavonoid incorporation at a concentration of 20 µM accelerated the appearance of roots and improved the quality of the already formed ones. Each type and concentration of flavonoid produced different responses, with (±)naringenin giving the best results. The latter caused a peak in the peroxidase activity that was absent in the control treatments. This work allowed identifying an optimized rooting protocol through a successive media culture technique that improved the speed of appearance, as well as the quantity and quality of roots for a single N. nervosa clone.     

曼地亚红豆杉育苗技术研究

通过对曼地亚红豆杉播种育苗,扦插育苗的关键技术与影响因子的比较研究与5年育苗实践,建立了实用的曼地亚红豆杉温室无性扦插繁育技术。该技术具有育苗速度快,成活率高,适生性强等特点。对促进曼地亚红豆杉繁育与产业化种植,推动生态建设,带动相关产业的发展,促进区域经济增长奠定了技术基础。     

Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica

The agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) under laurel (Cordia alliodora) and cacao under poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) were studied at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica. An inventory was taken of the organic matter and nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) separating the species into their compartments (leaves, branches, trunks and roots). Studies of the litter and of the mineral soil (0–45 cm) yielded these results: Patterns of nutrient accumulation are discussed in relation to the characteristics of these agroforestry systems.     

The scale Nemolecanium graniformis (Wunn) (Homoptera: Coccidae) in Greece

The phenology and natural enemies of Nemolecanium graniformis (Wunn) (Homoptera: Coccidae) in infesting Abies cephalonica, were studied in Greece during 1998?–?1999. This oviparous species develops one generation per year in Central Greece (Attica) and overwinters as 2^nd instar nymph. Young adult females appear by the end of July, and the first instar nymphs by the middle of August. By the middle of October, the whole population of the scale is recorded as 2^nd instar nymphs. The parasitoids Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker), Coccophagus Westwood sp., Aphycoides Mercet sp. and the predator Exochomus quadripustulatus L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), were observed as natural enemies of the scale. The average fecundity of N. graniformis was 188.4 eggs.     

Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) or poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica

Predictive models were developed for Cordia alliodora branch and Theobroma cacao branch or leaf biomass,based on branch basal areas (r² 0.79) but the model of C. alliodora leaf biomass, although significant, was of very low accuracy (r² = 0.09) due to annual leaf fall. At age 10 years, shade tree stem biomass accounted for 80% of the total above-ground biomass of either tree. However, between the ages of 6 and 10 years, the biomass increment of T. cacao branches (3–4t.ha^–1.a^–1) was similar to that of the shade tree stems. During the same period, the net primary productivity was 35 and 28 t.ha^–1.a^–1, for the Erythrina poepigiana and and C. alliodora systems, respectively.Cocoa production under either of the shade trees C. alliodora or E. poeppigiana was 1000 kg.ha^–1.a^–1 (oven-dry; ages 6–10 yr). During the same period, C. alliodora timber production was 9 m³.ha^–1.a^–1 whilst the leguminous shade tree E. poeppigiana does not produce timber. Litterfall over the same 5 years, including crop and/or shade tree pruning residues, averages 11 and 23 t.ha^–1.a^–1, respectively. The main difference was due to E. poeppigiana pruning residues (10t.ha^–1.a^–1).Soil organic material reserves (0–45 cm) increased over 10 years from 198 to 240 t.ha^–1 in the E. poeppigiana plots and from 168–184 t.ha^–1 in the C. alliodora plots. These values, together with the productivity indices presented, provide evidence that the systems are sustainable.For economic reasons, the use of C. alliodora is recommended under the experimental conditions. however, on less fertile soils without fertilization, the greater biomass and hence nutrient return to the soil surface under E. poeppigiana, might make this the preferable shade tree.     

HPLC法检测桔皮中橙皮甙的稳定性研究

以高效液相色谱法检测方法,对橙皮甙的稳定性进行了初步研究。结果表明：橙皮甙的耐光、耐热性能好,在碱性较强的条件下稳定存在,pH值为12时,其在溶液中的溶解度最大。     

Variation in the reproductive performance ofEpiricania melanoleuca (Fletcher) (Lep., Epipyropidae) in relation to stage and sex of the hostPyrilla perpusilla (Walker) (Hem., Lophopidae) during rearing

Rearing ofEpiricania melanoleuca (Fletcher) on adult females ofPyrilla perpusilla (Walker) augmented the productivity of the former, which is an effective nymphal and adult ectoparasitoid of the latter, in terms of yield of total and viable eggs. The applied value of this finding in field biocontrol program is highlighted.

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Zusammenfassung Wurden die ektoparasitischen Raupen vonEpiricania melanoleuca auf adulten Weibchen der Zuckerrohr-Zikade,Pyrilla perpusilla aufgezogen, vergrößerte sich die Zahl und Lebensfähigkeit der Eier, die von den daraus resultierenden Faltern abgelegt wurden. Das Ergebnis wird im Hinblick auf einen Einsatz des Parasitoiden zur biologischen Bekämpfung des Schädlings erörtert.

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With one table     

ÜberEudorylas subterminalis Coll. (Dipt., Pipunculidae) als Parasit bei Cicadellidae (Homoptera) in Berlin (West)

During a staying at Berlin (West) in 1977/80 studies were conducted on the host-searching, oviposition and host-specificity ofEudorylas subterminalis, a parasitic fly species of Pipunculidae. The visual orientation of the female fly plays undoubtedly a dominant role in searching the host. The female fly usually selects for oviposition only second, third and fourth instar nymphs of the cicadellid hosts. The first instar nymph is rarely attacked, while fifth instar is not accepted at all. The female oviposits within the haemocoel between fourth and fifth tergital region of the host. The fly is unspecific and attacks species of leafhoppers belonging to the family Cicadellidae. The records of Pipunculidae and their hosts in Berlin (West) have also been stated.     

Effect of simulated acid fog on membrane-bound calcium (mCa) in fir (Abies firma) and cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) mesophyll cells

The decline of virgin fir (Abies firma) forest at Mt. Oyama has been reported. Related field observations suggest that high acidity fog is linked with its decline. However, cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) in the same area shows no symptoms of decline. For assessing effects of acid fog on membrane-bound calcium (mCa) of the leaf mesophyll cells, 9-year-old seedlings of fir (Abies firma) and 8-year-old seedlings of cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) were exposed twice a week to simulated acid fog (SAF at pH 3 with pH 5 as control) for 2 h per day in a chamber during May–December 2007 (except August). Current and 1-year-old needles were collected from seedlings and analyzed at 1-month intervals. For current-year needles of fir, mCa levels in cells exposed to SAF at pH 3 were significantly lower than in cells exposed to pH 5, especially during September 2007–March 2008. In contrast, it is noteworthy that mCa levels of cedar were maintained as virtually constant irrespective of SAF acidity, indicating that fir is more sensitive to acid fog than is cedar. Based on these results, mCa loss by acid fog might also be caused in the declining virgin fir forest at Mt. Oyama.     

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14时28分,7．8级,汶川。突如其来的一场大地震,让所有中国人感受到的不仅仅是大地的震动,更是心灵上的巨大悲怆。在此,借助媒体,我向四川地震灾区的家乡同胞祈福,向地震中罹难的同胞致哀!     

Parasitoid complex of Phyllonorycter robiniella (Clemens, 1859) (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) in Serbia

In a study of the parasitoid complex of the locust leaf miner Phyllonorycter robiniella (Clemens, 1859), 23 species of its parasitoids were recorded at 18 localities in Serbia. The parasitoid species included 2 species of the family Braconidae, 1 of the family Eupelmidae, and 20 of the family Eulophidae. The recorded species of parasitoids are polyphagous; in addition to Ph. robiniella, they also develop on other species of leaf miners as primary; primary and secondary; or primary, secondary, and tertiary parasitoids. Among the recorded species of parasitoids, the most significant were the species Pholetesor bicolor, Pholetesor nanus, Sympiesis sericeicornis, Sympiesis acalle, Minotetrastichus frontalis, Pediobius saulius, and Baryscapus nigroviolaceus. The parasitoids were found to have a strong effect on the abundance of Ph. robiniella because they reduced more than 50% of its larvae and pupae in the majority of study samples.     

Economic analysis of industrial agroforestry: poplar (Populus deltoides) in Uttar Pradesh (India)

To meet raw material requirements, Wimco, the biggest manufacturer of matches in India, has been promoting poplar-based agroforestry through an agroforestry project since 1984 approved by the National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development (NABARD) in the northern region of India. This study aims at evaluating the performance of poplar-based agroforestry in terms of income, employment and environmental impact from the farmers' perspective. Poplar-based agroforestry is economically viable and more profitable than many of the crop rotations followed in the study area. This land-use system is also capable of providing employment opportunities on farms. Sensitivity analyses indicate that this system is not highly risky. However, costs charged by Wimco for technical advice substantially reduce the income from poplar plantation. With agroforestry experience, farmers can expect high dividends in subsequent rotations. Life-time matrices developed through group interviews are useful for thorough economic analyses of agroforestry projects, particularly in cases where data over a period of time are not available.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.