选育适合北方气候条件的光温敏核不育水稻的技术探讨

 分别在沈阳设置盆栽人工控制光长试验和连云港进行分期播种试验，研究了农垦58S、培矮64S、衡农-1S和衡农-3S对光温的反应。参试的两用核不育水稻的育性表达对光长核温度的反应不同。一类为高温条件下不育，低温条件下可育；；另一类为高温下可育，低温下不育。北方的低温加大了选育实用型光温敏核不育水稻的难度。提出了辽宁以北地区实用型两用不育系的选育策略核光温临界指标。     

标记两用核不育水稻M2S的花药培养及遗传分析

利用花药培养技术对籼型两用核不育水稻的杂种F1进行花药培养,获得了大量的绿苗,从组合M2S / 培矮S中选育出一批带淡绿叶标记的籼型两用核不育DH品系,选择部分DH系进入人工气候箱鉴定其光温反应特性,结果表明DH系之间的光温反应特性差异较大。通过亲本、F1、F2和BC1世代的遗传研究表明,两用核不育基因从感光的晚粳农垦58S转导至弱感光的籼稻M2S后,表现为由2对主基因控制,微效基因的修饰作用明显;淡绿叶性状由1对基因控制,两用核不育基因与淡绿叶基因之间不存在连锁。还对两用核不育基因的遗传分析条件、花药培养效果及其在两用核不育系选育中的作用进行了讨论。     

两系法杂交水稻研究和应用中若干问题的思与行

指出了当前我国两系法杂交水稻研究和应用中面临的主要问题,即两系法杂交水稻体系中不育系的称谓和分类不规范,生产上利用的水稻两用核不育系育性温光反应特性研究不清楚,水稻两用核不育系繁殖和两系法杂交稻制种基地选择不当等。针对当前情形,结合多年育种实践,提出了解决这些问题的对策及措施。建议将水稻两用核不育系分为长光高温不育型、高温不育型、短光低温不育型、低温不育型等四种类型。提出了水稻光温不育机理设想,即水稻光温敏核不育系育性转换是主效不育基因与其位置相近的发育感光基因或(和)发育感温基因相互作用的结果,微效不育基因可影响两用核不育系的不育起点温度。只有深入研究光温敏型不育系育性的光温组合效应,且获得具体的光温指标,才能更好地指导两系法杂交水稻制种和不育系繁殖。提出了水稻两用核不育系育性光温特性的鉴定方法以及两系法杂交稻种子生产应根据不育系育性温光特性和历史气象资料来合理安排基地和时段。     

水稻两用核不育系渝924S的选育

渝924S是重庆市农业科学院利用高配合力两用核不育系Y58S与优质保持系渝805B杂交,然后再与低不育起点温度两用核不育系C815S复交选育而成的一个中籼迟熟型两用核不育系,具有不育起点温度低、配合力好、综合抗性好、米质外观品质优等特点,2018年通过重庆市技术鉴定。     

两系杂交稻在雷州半岛繁制种可行性分析

雷州半岛的光温条件。适宜开发利用温敏型或以温敏为主的两用核不育系，其可育临界低温值为日平均温度２６℃以下，日最低温度２３℃以下的温敏型核不育系都可以应用。现有的Ｗ６１５４Ｓ、安农Ｓ－１等温敏型不育在雷州半岛早春繁种，晚季制种是可行的。     

超短光照和光强对籼型光温敏核不育系育性的影响

研究了水稻籼型光温敏核不育系培矮６４Ｓ、ＧＤ２Ｓ、Ｎ１２Ｓ、Ｎ１８Ｓ和１３３Ｓ在不同光长和光强条件下的育性表现，结果表明：８ｈ超短光照能明显提高光温互作型核不育系Ｎ１２Ｓ和温敏型核不育系１３３Ｓ的花粉可染率和自交结实率；对温敏型核不育系培矮６４Ｓ和ＧＤ２Ｓ也有影响，但不显著，可能由于高温效应掩饰了超短光长的作用。用不同光强对两用核不育系进行处理，结果发现不同光强下的育性变化不明显，说明在自然光照条件下，籼型两用核不育系的育性变化与光强关系不大。     

对水稻两用雄性核不育系的认识与思考

论述了水稻两用雄性核不育系的育性不稳定性;光（温）诱导育性转换的累积效应,营养生长期光温条件对育性转换的影响,提出选育带标记性关的实用两用系以及合理利用生态资源的和系列用策略。     

实用籼型水稻温敏核不育系种质创制进展及未来主攻方向

不育系是杂交水稻的“芯片”,不论三系法还是两系法,品种的不断突破都取决于不育系种质的发现与持续创新。自水稻光敏核不育种质农垦58S被发现以来,水稻两系法杂种优势利用研究已历经50年,目前两系法杂交水稻已占据我国杂交水稻半壁江山。作者通过总结我国水稻光温敏两用核不育系选育历程、取得的主要成就,以及作者团队在制种安全实用籼型水稻温敏两用核不育系创制方面取得的一系列进展,提出未来实用型水稻两用核不育系育种的主攻方向。     

以淡绿叶为标记的籼型光-温敏核不育系M2S的选育

 以淡绿叶标记基因系IGM19与籼型光-温敏核不育系8902S杂交，再用8902S回交1次，通过多代选育获得了带淡绿色叶隐性标记性状，且育性转换特性与8902S明显不同的籼型光－温敏核不育系M2S。在杭州（30°05’N）自然条件下，M2S具有连续30 d以上的不育期（不育度＞99.5%），在秋季正常情况下，结实率可达51.8%。人工气候箱控制条件下，M2S在短日适温时结实正常，在长日（15.0 h）与所有处理温度（30.1℃、24.1℃和23.1℃）、高温（30.1℃）与所有处理日长（15.0 h、14.0 h和12.5 h）的光温组合下均完全不育或高度不育。结实率的方差分析结果表明，其育性转换的温度效应和光周期效应均不显著，仅光温工作效应显著，属典型的光温互作雄性不育系。M2S本身较稳定的不育性和带有隐性淡绿色叶的标记性状将有利于在两系法杂交水稻中应用。     

高原粳型优质软米光温敏核不育系云粳202S的选育

云粳202S是以两用核不育系N5088S与高抗稻瘟病品种合系34杂交、回交经系谱选育而成的第1个高原粳型优质软米光温敏核不育系。不育期内花粉败育彻底、不育性稳定,在云南水富不育期达40 d左右;可育期内易于繁殖,自交结实率40%～89%之间;开花习性好,穗子不包颈,异交性好,配组优势强;稻米品质优,直链淀粉含量13.8%。2004年8月通过云南省科技厅的技术鉴定。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).