Effect of some environmental factors on the appearance of “June Yellows” in strawberries and its significance for the development of a test method

Summary The symptoms of June Yellows in strawberries only appear in spring and autumn, and vary in extent from year to year. In order to find a test method for June Yellows which would make it possible to produce yellows symptoms independently of the weather conditions, an investigation of the climatic factors favouring the appearance of yellows was started.It proved possible to produce in apparently normal plants of the varieties Auchincruive and Blakemore symptoms of both Transient Yellows and Streak by growing them at 5°C and providing artificial light of about 7000 lux for at least 12 hours per day.For plants from an environment with a relatively low temperature a treatment of about two months proved sufficient to produce a maximum effect. For plants from an environment with a relatively high temperature a treatment of about three months was necessary to obtain a maximum reaction.

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Samenvatting De symptomen van voorjaarsbont bij aardbeien treden uitsluitend op in het voorjaar en najaar, maar in verschillende jaren in verschillende mate. Teneinde de beschikking te krijgen over een toetsmethode op Voorjaarsbont, waarbij onafhankelijk van toevallige weersomstandigheden bontsymptomen kunstmatig geproduceerd kunnen worden, is een onderzoek ingesteld naar klimaatsfactoren welke het optreden van bont begunstigen.Het bleek mogelijk om bij uiterlijk normale planten van de rassen Auchincruive Climax en Blakemore symptomen zowel van Transient Yellows als van Streak te voorschijn te roepen door ze te plaatsen in een omgeving met een temperatuur van 5°C en een belichting van ±7000 lux gedurende minstens 12 uren per etmaal. Voor planten afkomstig uit een koude omgeving bleek een behandeling van ongeveer twee maanden voldoende te zijn om een maximaal effect te bereiken, bij planten uit een warme omgeving was voor een maximale reactie een behandeling van ongeveer drie maanden nodig.

     

Numerical Analysis of Diffusion Characteristic in the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

A two-dimension,steady-state,multi-component transport model is presented to investigate the cathode performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell with an interdigitated gas distributor.Darcy law is used to describe the flow in the porous media.Subsequently,the model is applied to predict the pressure,velocity and mass fraction distributions in the electrode and explore the effect of the change of differential pressure between the inlet and the outlet,electrode thickness and rib width on the performance of fuel cell.The results show that: current density creases with the higher differential pressure between the inlet and outlet,but the increment is diminishing;electrode thickness has an optimum value which depends on the electrode morphology and the gas distributor design parameters;using narrower electrode rib can improve the performance of fuel cell.     

“Time” in the Process of Building Formation

Looking for the “soul” the buildings have lost, and considering the meaning of the society and culture for the building formation on a particular site, there are rigorous and urgent tasks in construction development nowadays to transfer theoretical unders     

The use of the „studentized range” in connection with an analysis of variance

Summary A numerical example is given of the analysis of variance applied on yields per cabbage.After having concluded from a F-test, that the varieties show significant differences, a discussion is given of a new method to decidewhich varieties are different.The t-test though in frequent use, gives wrong conclusions. The method indicated in this article diverges from those discussed byNewman andTukey and is I suppose the more plausible.Samenvatting Het gebruik van de studentized range in verband met de variatieanalyse Een rekenvoorbeeld wordt gegeven van de variatieanalyse toegepast op spitskoolopbrengstcijfers.Na op grond van een F-test te hebben geconcludeerd dat de rassen duidelijke verschillen tonen, wordt een nieuwe methode besproken om uit te makenwelke rassen verschillen. Hoewel de t-test hiertoe geregeld gebruikt wordt geeft deze verkeerde uitkomsten. De aangegeven methode wijkt af van die welke doorNewman enTukey worden besproken en lijkt mij de meest voor de hand liggende van de drie.     

Dynamics of ascorbic acid in ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Gala’ apples during on-tree development and storage in atmospheres conducive to internal browning development

The underlying causes as well as chemical and biochemical alleviation for CO₂-induced browning in apple fruit are poorly understood. Ascorbic acid (AsA) dynamics in ‘Braeburn,’ a susceptible cultivar, and ‘Gala’, a resistant cultivar, were evaluated during on-tree development and storage at 0.5 °C in air or controlled atmospheres (CA) containing 1 kPa O₂ and 1, 3 or 5 kPa CO₂. ‘Braeburn’ fruit treated with diphenylamine (DPA) was also stored for 1 month to determine effects on browning incidence and AsA concentration. ‘Braeburn’ apples had significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) AsA levels than ‘Gala’ during on-tree development, and storage. No correlation between AsA and maturity/ripening indices for ‘Braeburn’ or ‘Gala’ was apparent. Histochemical localization of fruit AsA showed a staining intensity consistent with the quantity analytically determined, and showed that AsA is diffusely distributed throughout the cortex in both cultivars during on-tree development. During storage, AsA was localized to the periphery of brown tissue in ‘Braeburn’ and to the coreline and cortex proximal to the peel in ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Gala’ tissues. DPA decreased browning development during storage, however, no correlation between DPA treatment and AsA quantity in healthy or brown cortex tissue was observed. The results indicate AsA quantity alone is not an indicator of CO₂ sensitivity in these two cultivars.     

Stress Measuring during the Construction Monitoring of Weisheng River Bridge in Guangzhou

In this paper,the simulation calculation of Weisheng River Bridge was firstly conducted.Based on it,the measuring points and methods for stress measuring and calculation approach for real stress were introduced.The measured results matched the calculated results very well.Stress measuring during the construction monitoring can serve as references and guides of the structural situations during the different bridge construction process.     

Realization of Flash Stimulation with PWM in the Extraction of Visual Evoked Potential

Evoked EEG signal can be obtained by flash stimulation in the extraction of flash visual evoked potential(FVEP).Experiments show that the width,frequency and flash times of flash pulses will play key role for extracting FVEP.Aims at the feature of VEP extraction and its correlation factors,the flash stimulation method with pulse width modulation(PWM) technology has been discussed,and the realization methods based on hardware and software are studied,then the output of precise PWM with special integrated circuit is realized.So the parameters of flash stimulation can be adjusted based on the material conditions of FVEP extraction,then VEP can be extracted effectively.Experiments show that it is of better effectiveness for FVEP extraction by using the method based on the output of precise PWM to control the flashing stimulation.     

“Prototype”Analysis of Waterfront Spaces in Ancient Towns in South of the Yangtze River

On the basis of architecture typology theory, this paper explored the waterfront building layout and space in Prototype, conducted a fi eld trip research on Ancient Fengjing Town, with empirical analysis on the impact of Prototype due to natural conditions in South of Yangtze River. This study also analyzed and verified the continuous space section presented as the main features of waterfront space by using visualized approaches.     

Numerical Simulation of the Flow Resistance in TWC with Guiding Components

The steady flow resistance in the Three Catalytic Converters(TWC) with guide components of CNG(Compressed Natural Gas)cars is simulated.The location set guide flow equipment has great impact on pressure losing which can be adjusted to the optimal while adopting some measures.Pressure losing by adding combination flow-guide plate which can evidently improve flow field uniformity has a little impact on engine.Pressure losing will be small while adopting optimal location and guiding-flow construction.     

The industries of the future in Mexico: Local and non-local effects in the localization of “knowledge-intensive services”

The current characteristics in the global economy have defined “knowledge-intensive services” (KIS) as part of the so-called “industries of the future” due to the attributes of their employment and central function in the development processes in science, technology, art, and culture. This study outlines as a central hypothesis that the localization of KIS depends on different factors according to the type of knowledge being developed (analytical, synthetic, and symbolic). The main objective in this work is to explore the spatial economic factors associated with the localization and changes (positive and negative) when using KIS in the “national urban system” in México between 2004 and 2014. To do so, the services sector is defined according to the “intensity” and the “types” of knowledge that they develop. An analysis of spatial econometrics is carried out that distinguishes between the geographic (local) effect and the spatial (non-local) effect of the independent variables using data and microdata from the period 2004 to 2014. The results partly correspond with the central hypothesis of the study and offer possibilities of public policies to take advantage of and to promote the benefits of KIS, especially regarding cities in developing countries looking to become part of the 21st century economy.     

Exploration of Feasible Path for the“New Urbanization”in Practices

This paper introduced problems in the current construction of new urbanization from four perspectives, namely making new countryside planning, but not eliminating countryside, protecting architectural cultures, avoiding pursuit of grandiose western-style projects. In addition, solutions to the problems were proposed, the necessity and urgency of promoting new urbanization scientifi cally and reasonably was stressed, the feasible approach for the construction of new urbanization was explored.     

The Establishment of the Innovative and Practical Teaching Mode for Architecture Majors with the Help of “Schools-Enterprises-Governments-Research Institutions”

This paper focuses on the establishment of the teaching mode of innovative and practical architectural professionals, which is assisted by colleges and universities, enterprises, governments and research institutions. This paper believes that through the reform of the teaching mode, we can solve the problems such as the ivory-towered teaching of architecture in colleges and universities, the superficial teaching contents, inadequate teaching staff, students' poor innovation practice ability and tight professional funds. It is expected that this paper can provide assistance for architecture majors in the guidance of innovative ideas, the building of practical ability, and the establishment of knowledge system.     

Exploration of Feasible Path for the“New Urbanization”in Practices

This paper introduced problems in the current construction of "new urbanization" from four perspectives, namely making new countryside planning, but not eliminating countryside, protecting architectural cultures, avoiding pursuit of grandiose western-style projects. In addition, solutions to the problems were proposed, the necessity and urgency of promoting new urbanization scientifi cally and reasonably was stressed, the feasible approach for the construction of new urbanization was explored.     

Changes in the mesocarp of Annona cherimola Mill. ‘Madeira’ during postharvest ripening

Physicochemical changes during postharvest ripening of cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill. ‘Madeira’), were investigated to follow the principal modifications occurring during this process and to determine nutritional value. Fruit harvested at the mature green stage were analyzed during ripening using standard methods. Significant (P < 0.05) changes in chlorophyll, starch, titratable acidity, total free sugars and uronic acids were obtained, but no significant changes were found in ash, protein, lignin and lipid contents during ripening. The most obvious changes were chlorophyll degradation, an accentuated decrease of starch and an increase in total free sugars, with glucose the predominant sugar in the mesocarp, as revealed by GC analyses. Firmness loss was mainly attributed to depolymerization of pectin and lipid deterioration rather than hemicellulose degradation. Results also showed that the cherimoya variety evaluated in this study is a good source of minerals (mainly potassium), palmitic acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid and sitosterol.     

The Role of “Long Forest” Belief of the Dai Nationality in the Conservation of Forest Resources: A Case Study of Manjingchengzi Village in Xishuangbanna

The core ofLong Forestbelief of the Dai nationality is to protect natural forests and forests for conservation of water supply as the home of ancestral gods of the nation and to maintain the ecological balance by means ofLong Forestworship,Long Foresttaboo,the traditional customary law,and village regulation and non-governmental agreement.This paper takes Manjingchengzi Village in Xishuangbanna as an example to analyze the distribution of forest land in different periods over the past 60 years and explore the role ofLong Forestbelief in the conservation of local forest resources in a view to providing a frame of reference for regional ecological environment protection.     

Measuring development through public policy evaluation? The case of the North Province in New Caledonia

Policies designed for sustainable development are becoming ever more complex and ambiguous. Assessments should thus incorporate development representations and values, rather than only relying on economic and financial normative indicators. This paper proposes a conceptual framework that acknowledges the plurality of the various stakeholders' viewpoints. We suggest that evaluation of grassroots development policies could provide an innovative and more integrative way to measure development by broadening the scope to encompass both livelihood and welfare dimensions. Based on the assessment of a development scheme in New Caledonia, we argue that this cognitive and shared approach could be used to obtain a contextualised measurement of development. Two conditions further strengthen this approach: combining the use of different types of measurement tools, and adopting a rigorous quantitative measurement approach, in line with the collective representations. This promising approach may be applied to gain insight into the ability of implemented policies to address local development choices.     

Structural Model and Cargo-handling Technology of the Quay with High Amplitude of Water Level in Lantsang

The background of a west communication science & technology project whose topic is structural model and cargo-handling technology of the quay with high amplitude of water level in Lantsang is introduced, and its main research content, research of key technology and main findings are introduced too. Three types of structural model and cargo-handling technology which can be applied perfectly in Lantsang are put forward. The structural models include beam and slab structure with pillar supported, box bridge crane structure and reinforced earth structure, the cargo-handling technologies include vertical fixed crane technology, bridge crane technology and movable simple crane technology. Some findings have been applied in the supporting engineering-Menglun harbor.