Content and quality of protein in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) varieties

Proso millet belongs to the oldest cereals that human is using. Eight varieties of proso millet were cultivated in Ceske Budejovice from 1998 to 2000 and Cerveny Dvur from 1999 to 2000. The crude protein content was determined according to Kjehladl method and amino acid content was determined chromatographically after acid and oxidative acid hydrolysis. Although the protein content of proso (11.6% of dry matter) was similar to wheat, the grain of proso was significant richer in essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, methionine) then wheat. Hence, the protein quality of proso (Essential Amino Acid Index) was higher (51%) compared to wheat. The proso grain contained about 3.3 g kg(-1) of the limiting amino acid-lysine. Significant differences in protein and its quality were found among the evaluated proso varieties. The varieties Toldanskoe and Lipetskoe were the most different from the others in protein and amino acid content and Amino Acid Score of individual acids. They had the lowest content and quality of protein. The seed coat of these varieties was red. The amino acid and protein content was significantly influenced by weather during the year. Dry conditions caused an increase of protein but its quality was decreased.     

Content and Quality of Protein in Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) Varieties

Proso millet belongs to the oldest cereals that human is using. Eight varieties of proso millet were cultivated in Ceske Budejovice from1998 to 2000 and Cerveny Dvur from 1999 to 2000. The crude protein content was determined according to Kjehladl method and amino acid content was determined chromatographically after acid and oxidative acid hydrolysis. Although the protein content of proso (11.6% of dry matter) was similar to wheat, the grain of proso was significant richer in essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, methionine) then wheat. Hence, the protein quality of proso (Essential Amino Acid Index) was higher (51%) compared to wheat. The proso grain contained about 3.3 g kg⁻¹ of the limiting amino acid-lysine. Significant differences in protein and its quality were found among the evaluated proso varieties. The varieties Toldanskoe and Lipetskoe were the most different from the others in protein and amino acid content and Amino Acid Score of individual acids. They had the lowest content and quality of protein. The seed coat of these varieties was red. The amino acid and protein content was significantly influenced by weather during the year. Dry conditions caused an increase of protein but its quality was decreased.     

糜子高产栽培技术

糜子是北方旱作农业重要杂粮作物之一,具有耐旱、耐瘠、适应性广,生育期短等特点。葫芦岛连山区中西部山区气候温和、积温高、日照充足适宜糜子生长,是辽西地区糜子主栽区之一。发展糜子生产对改善人民的膳食结构,增加农民收入具有重要作用。我区近几年来通过引入更新糜子品种,调整种植布局,改进栽培技术,使糜子生产走出历史低谷,实现了长途发展。由过去零星分散的种植格局逐步趋向集中连片;由过去自给自用型转入商品输出型;由过去产品初加工出现了小型的龙头企业。2005-2009年全区糜子种植面积大约稳定在150-195 hm2。产量水平由过去每公顷不足1 500 kg,提高到3 000-3 750 kg。如2005年全区糜子面积195 hm2,单产3 150 kg/hm2;2006-2009年面积150-185 hm2,单产3 050-3 710 kg/hm2;2007年6 hm2高产示范田单产5 037.5 kg/hm2,连山区农业中心示范基地种植的0.07hm2辽糜107,单产7 440 kg/hm2,创全区糜子历史最高水平。     

Physiological and anatomical changes in two rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) genotypes under drought stress conditions

Understanding the mechanisms of drought resistance in crop species is crucial for the selection and breeding of tolerant rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) varieties. The present study aimed to assess the physiological and anatomical responses of two rapeseed genotypes, P287 (drought-tolerant) and T88 (drought-sensitive) under three intensities of drought stress. All physiological and anatomical parameters related to drought acclimation were significantly altered in both genotypes under stress conditions. At the fourth-leaf stage, the relative water content, chlorophyll content, protein content, malondialdehyde content, and the activities of peroxidase and catalase in P287 were significantly higher than those in T88, particularly under severe drought conditions. After rehydration, all physiological indexes recovered rapidly, especially in P287. In addition, under drought stress, compared with T88, P287 had thicker palisade tissue, thinner spongy tissue, higher ratio of chloroplast length to chloroplast width, higher stomatal density and stomatal closure rate. Overall, the interaction between physiological and anatomical features improved the drought tolerance of P287 under drought stress conditions.     

Response of chickpea genotypes to low temperature stress during reproductive development

Low temperature at flowering is a major constraint to improved yield of chickpea in many regions of the world. In particular, cool dryland environments such as southern Australia, parts of the Indian sub-continent and the Mediterranean would benefit from cultivars with the ability to flower and set pods early in the growing season before soil moisture becomes a limiting factor. This paper demonstrates that low temperature (less than 15 °C) affects both the development and function of reproductive structures in the chickpea flower. Aspects of the male and the female gametophyte phases of development are described. Comparisons between chilling sensitive genotypes are made to identify the likely causes of flower abortion. The function of pollen derived from chilling sensitive plants is clearly affected most by low temperature stress, particularly the growth of the pollen tubes down the style before fertilisation occurs. In contrast, pollen tubes derived from chilling tolerant plants continue to grow down the style under low temperature stress. Although other stages of development and function were affected by low temperature, including sporogenesis, pollen germination, and the stigma, none were correlated to the phenotype of the mother plant. The implications of the findings for chickpea improvement programmes are discussed.     

甘蓝型油菜不同基因型幼苗磷营养差异的研究

以对低磷敏感性不同的甘蓝型油菜进行营养液培养，研究施磷和不施磷条件下不同基因型油菜苗期生长及磷营养等方面的差异。结果表明，在不同施磷处理中，不同基因型油菜外部形态，生物量和根冠比存在明显差异；磷营养影响不同基因型油菜的磷吸收和分配，以及地上部氮，钾，钙，镁的吸收。     

花生根际土壤细菌群落对干旱和盐胁迫的响应

为明确旱、盐及旱盐双重胁迫对花生根际土壤细菌群落的影响,本研究采用盆栽试验,通过16S rRNA基 因测序技术,研究了花生开花期干旱、盐胁迫及旱盐双重胁迫下花生根际土壤细菌群落结构的变化。结果表明,花 生根际土壤细菌群落均以放线菌纲（Actinobacteria）、α-变形菌纲（Alphaproteobacteria）、未分类菌目（norank_p__Sac⁃ charibacteria）、蓝藻纲（Cyanobacteria）、酸杆菌纲（Acidobacteria）、芽单胞菌纲（Gemmatimonadetes）和β-变形菌纲 （Betaproteobacteria）7个优势菌纲为主。干旱和盐胁迫处理均不同程度提高了α-变形菌纲和蓝藻纲的含量,且对蓝 藻纲的诱导效果较显著,推测蓝藻纲在提高花生胁迫耐受性方面具有重要功能。非生物胁迫影响根际土壤微域环 境,对花生根际土壤细菌群落结构具有调控作用。调节微生物群落结构,改良土壤微域环境,是提高植物胁迫耐受 性的有效途径。     

Plant regeneration from leaf tissues of four North Dakota genotypes of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

An efficient plant regeneration system was developed fromin vitro leaf tissues of four North Dakota potato genotypes. The best medium for genotype ND860-2 was Murashige and Skoog medium with 20.0 μM IAA and 11.4 μM zeatin riboside. Two to three weeks of initial dark treatments had a significant effect in reducing the time for shoot regeneration and increasing the number of regenerated shoots. Four antibiotics commonly used inAgrobacterium- mediated transformation were tested for their effects on shoot regeneration. Shoot induction was completely inhibited by kanamycin at 15 mg/L and hygromycin at 4 mg/L or higher, but not by carbenicillin (except at 1000 mg/L) and cefotaxime. Hygromycin significantly stimulated shoot induction at 1 mg/L.     

Yield response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes to drought under rainfed lowlands: 2. Selection of drought resistant genotypes

Drought frequently reduces grain yield of rainfed lowland rice. A series of experiments were conducted in drought-prone northeast Thailand to study the magnitude and consistency of yield responses of diverse, rainfed lowland rice genotypes to drought stress environments and to examine ways to identify genotypes that confer drought resistance. One hundred and twenty-eight genotypes were grown under non-stress and four different types of drought stress conditions. The relationship of genotypic variation in yield under drought conditions to genetic yield potential, flowering time and flowering delay, and to a drought response index (DRI) that removed the effect of potential yield and flowering time on yield under stress was examined.Drought stress that developed prior to flowering generally delayed the time of flowering of genotypes, and the delay in flowering was negatively associated with grain yield, fertile panicle percentage and filled grain percentage. Genotypes with a longer delay in flowering time had extracted more water during the early drought period, and as a consequence, had higher water deficits. They were consistently associated with a larger yield reduction under drought and in one experiment with a smaller DRI. Genotypes, however, responded differently to the different drought stress conditions and there was no consistency in the DRI estimates for the different genotypes across the drought stress experiments. The results indicate that with the use of irrigated-control and drought test environments, genotypes with drought resistance can be identified by using DRI or delay in flowering. However, selections will differ depending on the type of drought condition. The inconsistency of the estimates in DRI and flowering delay across different drought conditions reflects the nature of the large genotype-by-environment interactions observed for grain yield under various types of drought in rainfed lowland conditions.     

Response of maize (Zea mays L.) to post-emergence applications of topramezone

Topramezone is a new herbicide for post-emergence control of broadleaf and grass weeds in maize. Two field experiments were conducted in northern Greece in 2008 and 2009 to determine the response of grain maize to topramezone applied with the adjuvant DASH at 2–4, 4–6 and 6–8 maize leaf stage. In both years, plant height, cob number and yield were not differently affected with the use of herbicide at these growth stages, indicating no difference in selectivity and a similar response of maize to the three post-emergence applications of topramezone. Slight injury symptoms of leaf bleaching were observed in the second year, however, they were transient with no lasting injury on maize growth.     

水稻对过氧化尿素用量的响应特征

为明确过氧化尿素不同用量对根际缺氧胁迫下水稻生长的影响,通过2007年和2008年土培试验,考察了水稻的根系形态、生理性状、干物质积累、产量等对过氧化尿素不同用量的响应特征。结果表明:相对其它处理,追施2/3量的过氧化尿素土表水层较高溶氧量的持续时间较长;增施少量过氧化尿素,水稻分蘖期根系孔隙度显著降低,而随着过氧化尿素施肥量的增加,根系孔隙度有增加的趋势;根系总吸收面积和活性吸收表面积比呈现随过氧化尿素施肥量增加先增大后减小;从产量及其构成上看,适度施加过氧化尿素增氧能够提高每穗实粒数、结实率及有效穗数,进而提高作物的产量。通过不同过氧化尿素施肥量下水稻生长状况的对比,施155 kg/hm2尿素并在分蘖期和孕穗期追加480 kg/hm2过氧化尿素的增氧模式不仅有利于改善水稻淹水状况下的氧状况,同时促进了水稻根系发育、干物质积累及产量的形成。     

Reduction of leaf growth by water stress and its recovery in relation to transpiration and stomatal conductance in some potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes

Summary The effect of water stress (5 days of no watering) on leaf growth and its subsequent recovery after 5 days of watering was investigated in potted plants of eight potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes. The genotypes fell into three groups. Group A was characterized by minimum growth reduction under stress and rapid recovery on rewatering with final increase in leaf length exceeding that of the unstressed controls. In Group B, stress created moderate reduction in growth and on recovery the increase in leaf length became comparable to that of controls. Group C was characterized by large growth reduction and rewatering did not result in final leaf length increases comparable to that of controls. Statistical analysis showed a negative correlation between reduction in growth and stomatal conductance (r=−0.917;P<0.01) and between reduction in growth and transpiration (r=−0.912;P<0.01). CPRI Publication No. 812.     

Response of leaf carbon metabolism and dry matter accumulation to density and row spacing in two rapeseed(Brassica napus L.) genotypes with differing plant architectures

Biological yield indicates the potential for increasing yield. Leaf carbon metabolism plays an important role in the biomass accumulation of rapeseed(Brassica napus L.). Field experiments with the hybrid HZ62(with a conventional plant architecture) grown in 2016–2017, and HZ62 and accession 1301(with a compact plant architecture) grown in 2017–2018 were conducted to characterize the physiological and proteomic responses of leaf photosynthetic carbon metabolism to density and row spacing configur...     

Response of spring planted barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to mesotrione

There is little information on the response of spring planted barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to mesotrione under Ontario environmental conditions. Four field studies were conducted in Ontario, Canada over a two-year period (2008 and 2009) to evaluate the sensitivity of spring planted cereals (barley, oats, and wheat) to pre-emergence (PRE) and post-emergence (POST) applications of mesotrione at 50, 100, and 150 g ai ha⁻¹. Mesotrione applied PRE caused minimal visible injury at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after emergence (DAE) and had no adverse effect on plant height or yield of barley, oats and wheat. Mesotrione applied POST caused as much 11% injury and reduced plant height as much as 6% in spring planted cereals. Injury was higher in wheat compared to barley or oats. Mesotrione applied POST had no adverse effect on the yield of barley or oats but decreased the yield of wheat as much as 14%. Based on this study, mesotrione applied PRE at 50, 100 or 150 g ai ha⁻¹ can be safely used in spring planted barley, oats, and wheat. Mesotrione applied POST at the proposed dose of 50, 100 or 150 g ai ha⁻¹ can also be safely used in spring planted barley and oats. However, mesotrione applied POST results in unacceptable injury in spring planted wheat.     

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain proteome response to elevated [CO2] varies between genotypes

The impact of rising carbon dioxide concentration ([CO₂]) in the atmosphere on wheat grain protein concentration and proteome was investigated in this study. Wheat genotypes (H45, SB003, SB062 and Yitpi) were grown in the Australian Grains Free-Air CO₂ Enrichment (AGFACE) facility, Horsham, Victoria, Australia under ambient [CO₂] (a[CO₂], 391 μmol mol⁻¹) and elevated [CO₂] (e[CO₂], 550 ± 20 μmol mol⁻¹). Grain yield and grain protein concentration were measured. Global grain proteome comparison was carried out using stable isotope dimethyl labelling followed by liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Grain yield was significantly increased at e[CO₂], whereas protein concentration was significantly decreased and responses varied between genotypes. Proteome-wide analysis revealed that protein composition was also altered under e[CO₂]. Grain protein concentration and composition of SB003 was very responsive to e[CO₂]. Mainly storage proteins were decreased at e[CO₂] and the responses varied between genotypes. These findings suggest that e[CO₂] may have a major impact on grain protein quality and thus bread quality and human and animal nutrition. Further, these findings suggest that [CO₂] insensitive cultivars can be identified for grain quality improvement under changing climate.     

西藏白菜型黄籽油菜表型多样性分析

为了解西藏黄籽白菜型油菜种质资源,以西藏主要农区采集的16份白菜型黄籽油菜农家品种为材料,采用变异系数、多样性指数、聚类分析等方法对30个表型性状进行多样性分析。结果表明：除叶柄长度、薹茎叶着生状态、分枝习性外的27个表型性状变异类型多样,平均多样性指数达1.840,高于国内白菜型油菜平均水平1.709。变异系数（3.92%～52.84%）也表明了性状变异的丰富性。基于主成分因子综合得分进行离差平方和法聚类分析,取卡方平均距离0.80为阈值,将16份白菜型黄籽油菜分为3个类群,第Ⅰ类角果最长,每果粒数最多;第Ⅱ类分枝部位最高,一次分枝数、有效角果数最多;第Ⅲ类分枝部位最低,主轴有效长度最短、有效角果数最少。此外,白菜型黄籽油菜籽粒以极大型和大型为主,种皮色泽丰富。     

Genetic diversity for grain nutrients contents in a core collection of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) germplasm

Finger millet is a promising source of micronutrients and protein besides energy and can contribute to the alleviation of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and protein malnutrition affecting women and preschool children in African and south-east Asian countries. The most cost effective approach for mitigating micronutrient and protein malnutrition is to introduce staple crop cultivars selected and/or bred for Fe, Zn and protein dense grain. Breeding finger millet for enhanced grain nutrients is still in its infancy. Analysis, detection and exploitation of the existing variability among the germplasm accessions are the initial steps in breeding micronutrient and protein-dense finger millet cultivars. Evaluation of finger millet core collection for grain nutrients and agronomic traits revealed a substantial genetic variability for grain Fe, Zn, calcium (Ca) and protein contents. The accessions rich in nutrient contents were identified and their agronomic diversity assessed. The accessions rich in Zn content have significantly higher grain yield potential than those rich in Fe and protein content. Grain nutrient-specific accessions and those contrasting for nutrient contents were identified for use in the strategic research and cultivar development in finger millet.     

Response of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Germplasm to Water Stress Under In Vitro Conditions

Chile is center of origin and diversity of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Potato yield is affected under water stress conditions, so development of varieties with better tolerance to this stress is desirable. In this study we determined the differential response of INIA-Chile potato germplasm to water stress under in vitro assays with polyethylene glycol. One-hundred-and-fourty-nine genotypes were evaluated. Polyethylene glycol 4.8 % w/v was able to distinguish genotype response by considering the morphological variables (plantlet height, leaf and root number) and fresh and dry weight. Through multivariate statistical analysis, and in comparison with their respective controls without treatment, genotypes were clustered with high (74 – 79 %), intermediate (29 – 94 %), low (29 – 57 %), and very low (4– 28 %) water stress tolerance. The high-tolerance-response cluster was mainly made up of Chilean potato landraces. These results highlight the importance of this germplasm in food security, which could be directly cultivated and/or be used as progenitors to produce new varieties with increased tolerance to water-deficit stress.     

Isolation and characterization of a 20 kD prolamin from kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum) (L.): Homology with other millets and cereals

The homologus 20 kD prolamin from kodo millet and other minor millets viz. barnyard, little and foxtail millets, were purified using preparative gel electrophoresis and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The amino acid composition of the purified 20 kD prolamin protein from different minor millets revealed higher content of glutamic acid, alanine, leucine and serine and lower quantity of lysine and methionine. They contain 55 to 58 percent of non-polar amino acids which make them more hydrophobic than other protein fractions. The total number of amino acid residues per polypeptide chain ranged from 152 to 155 based on theoretical calculation. Peptide mapping of the 20 kD prolamin hydrolyzed with trypsin gave fewer cleavage products than expected. The antigenic relationships among these minor millets and cereals viz. wheat, maize, rice, sorghum, finger millet and pearl millet were studied using the antibody raised against the 20 kD prolamin. Cross reactivity was seen in all the minor millets at the 20 kD region. But in barnyard and little millets lower molecular weight polypeptides also cross reacted with the antibody. Immunoblotting studies revealed that the prolamins from other cereals and millets are related to the 20 kD prolamin of kodo millet. Rice was the only common cereal that did not cross react immunologically with the antibody raised against 20 kD prolamin of kodo millet.