冬季淹水稻田CH4排放通量及其δ13C的时间变化特征

通过田间试验研究了持续淹水稻田冬季休闲期和水稻生长期CH4排放通量及其稳定性碳同位组成的时间变化。结果表明:CH4排放在冬季休闲期从4月份呈逐渐上升趋势,至6月份出现排放峰,为CH46.4 mg m-2h-1;水稻移栽后则迅速增加,于7月和8月出现两个排放峰,分别为CH423.1 mg m-2h-1和CH429.8 mg m-2h-1,此后急剧下降,末期稻田排水落干期间出现一个排放峰。冬季休闲期CH4排放总量为CH43.3 g m-2,占全年排放总量的8.9%。稻田排放的δ13CH4在冬季休闲期后期逐渐从-51‰上升至-44‰,然后下降至-56‰。水稻移栽后,δ13C值从-62‰迅速降至-68‰,然后慢慢上升至-60‰,并在较长一段时间内保持不变,后期再次富集13C。末期排水落干对排放δ13CH4影响显著。排放δ13CH4在水稻生长期较冬季休闲期低得多,原因在于冬季休闲期的CH4氧化率很高(60%～90%),而水稻生长期的CH4氧化率相对较低(10%～80%)。全观测期内,CH4排放通量的季节变化均与土壤温度显著正相关(p<0.01),与土壤Eh显著负相关(p<0.01),与δ13CH4呈显著负相关(p<0.05)。     

稻田CH4和N2O排放对大气CO2浓度升高响应的研究进展

大气CO₂浓度升高是全球气候变化的主要驱动力,可直接或间接影响陆地生态系统碳氮循环。阐明稻田生态系统CH₄和N₂O排放对大气CO₂浓度升高的响应及其机制,是农业生产应对全球气候变化的重要组成部分。本文综述了国内外不同大气CO₂浓度升高模拟技术平台条件下稻田CH₄和N₂O排放的响应规律,进一步讨论分析了大气CO₂浓度升高影响CH₄和N₂O排放的相关机制,并展望了今后稻田CH₄和N₂O排放对大气CO₂浓度升高响应的主要研究方向,以期为应对全球气候变化提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

水分管理对水稻生长期CH4排放的影响

通过温室盆栽试验研究相同施肥条件下,不同水分管理(持续淹水,分蘖肥后提前烤田、正常烤田和推迟烤田)对水稻生长期CH4排放的影响。结果表明,对烤田处理而言,CH4的排放峰值出现在烤田期间,在此期间CH4排放量占季节排放量的38.75%～52.21%。烤田初期出现排放高峰,然后急剧下降,烤田结束前接近于零;水稻生长后期干湿交替阶段只有少量CH4排放。提前烤田、正常烤田和推迟烤田3个处理水稻生长期CH4平均排放通量依次为0.86、0.96、1.45mg/(m2·h),烤田开始越晚,CH4排放越多。土壤Eh是影响不同烤田处理水稻生长期CH4排放的主要因素。持续淹水处理水稻移栽30天后的CH4排放通量与土壤温度呈显著性相关(r=0.682**,p<0.01)。持续淹水处理CH4排放通量是烤田处理的12～20倍。     

中国常年淹水稻田CH4排放量估算

A special kind of rice field exists in China that is flooded year-round. These rice fields have substantially large CH4 emissions during the rice-growing season and emit CH4 continuously in the non-rice growing season. CH4 emission factors were used to estimate the CH4 emissions from year-round flooded rice fields during the rice-growing season in China.The CH4 emissions for the year-round flooded rice fields in China for the rice growing season over a total area of 2.66 Mha were estimated to be 2.44 Tg CH4 year^-1. The uncertainties of these estimations are discussed as well. However,the emissions during the non-rice growing season could not be estimated because of limited available data. Nevertheless,methane emissions from rice fields that were flooded year-round could be several times higher than those from the rice fields drained in the non-rice-growing season. Thus, the classification of “continuously flooded rice fields”in the IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories is suggested to be revised and divided into “continuously flooded rice fields during the rice growing season” and “year-round flooded rice fields”.     

水稻植株对稻田CH4排放日变化的影响

2005年采用静态箱法,在水稻分蘖期天气晴朗的条件下,全天观测了有、无水稻植株两种情况下稻田CH4的排放.结果表明:无论水稻种植与否,稻田CH4排放通量的昼夜变化均表现为单峰模式,极大值出现在下午14点;稻田CH4排放的昼夜变化与5cm处土温存在显著正相关关系(p＜0.05);有水稻植株处理稻田CH4日平均排放通量显著高于无水稻植株处理(p＜0.05);有水稻植株处理的稻田CH4排放通量最佳观测时间在上午8～10点,无水稻植株处理的最佳观测时间则在傍晚18点左右.     

太湖地区不同集约化栽培模式下稻田CH4排放

采用静态暗箱—气相色谱法对太湖地区水稻生态系统甲烷(CH4)排放进行田间原位观测,共设置无氮(NN)、常规(FP)、增产增效(YE)(增产10%～15%,氮肥利用率(NUE)提高20%～30%)、再增产(HY)(增产30%～40%)、再增效(HE)(NUE提高30%～50%)和保产增效(IE)(产量不变,NUE提高20%～30%)六种不同的栽培模式。结果表明,稻田CH4排放具有明显的季节变化,在水稻生长期间先升高后降低,从水稻移栽至抽穗期CH4排放通量占全生育期的93%～98%。不同栽培模式间CH4累积排放量差异显著(p<0.05),HY处理高达258.8 kg hm-2,显著高于未施有机肥各处理;单位稻谷产量CH4排放量差异不显著,平均为CO2 0.60 kg kg-1,提高稻谷产量的模式不会显著影响CH4排放;其中YE处理单位稻谷产量CH4排放量最低,为CO2 0.49 kg kg-1,可以同时实现增产、增效和减排,值得推广。     

中国稻田水稻生长季N_2O排放估算

由于土壤水分状况的不同,水稻生长季土壤N2O排放量明显不同于旱地作物。基于多元统计模型,通过多点代面的方法进行尺度扩展,并应用蒙特卡洛方法模拟影响因素的变异程度,模拟了中国稻田水稻生长季的N2O排放情况。所模拟的378个点的水稻生长季N2O排放通量为6.0～74.3μgN.m-2.h-1,其均值接近于原始观测结果;378个点位的N2O排放通量空间分布不均,排放量较高的点位于北纬20°到30°之间;378个点中单季稻、稻-旱轮作中的水稻和双季稻的生长季N2O平均排放量分别占年总排放量的53%、34%和59%。多点代面的尺度扩展结果显示2008年中国稻田水稻生长季N2O排放量均值为22.48Gg,其95%的概率区间为20.5～24.8Gg;化肥氮的N2O排放系数为0.27%,与IPCC缺省值0.3%接近。用秩相关关系表征影响因子对中国稻田水稻生长季N2O排放量的不确定性的贡献,结果表明水分管理类型、有机肥类型、土壤属性、氮用量等对结果均有显著影响。     

土壤水分状况对CH4氧化,N2O和CO2排放的影响

实验室培育试验表明，土壤氧化ＣＨ４，排放Ｎ２Ｏ和ＣＯ２的最佳水分含不量。水稻土氧化ＣＨ４的最佳水分含同于半干旱草地土壤，均接近于土壤环境常年水分含量。水稻土Ｎ２Ｏ排放量随着水分含量的下降而增加，半干旱草地土壤则随着水分含量的下降而减少，表明背离土壤环境上水分含量越远，Ｎ２Ｏ的排放量越大。因而，ＣＨ４氧化和Ｎ２Ｏ排放对土壤水分含量的反应呈极显著的负相关性。ＣＯ２排放的最佳水分含量接近或高于ＣＨ４氧化     

三江平原寒地稻田CH_4、N_2O排放特征及排放量估算

利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,于2003-2006年对三江平原寒地稻田CH4、N2O通量进行了为期4年的田间原位观测研究.结果表明:三江平原寒地稻田CH4和N2O排放具有明显的季节变化,水稻生长季淹水期是CH4排放的强源,稻田排水后CH4排放显著下降,休闲期CH4排放微弱或呈弱吸收汇,整个生长季CH4排放呈现单峰型态,并随水稻植株生长和叶面积指数而变化;水稻生长季和休闲期N2O排放通量都很小,冬季休闲期有时还出现微弱的吸收现象.生长季一般在施肥和表土落干时都会出现不同强度的排放峰,除了几次比较显著的排放峰值外,其它淹水状态下N2O排放很弱;温度和土壤水分状况是影响稻田CH4和N2O排放的重要因子,稻田积水深度和气体排放无明显的相关性;水稻植株对稻田土壤CH4排放起促进作用而对稻田土壤N2O排放起抑制作用;稻田氮肥用量增加可以降低土壤CH4排放,但却增加了N2O的排放.根据试验数据对三江平原地区寒地稻田CH4和N2O排放总量估算值分别为0.1035 Tg/a和0.0021 Tg/a.     

水稻秸秆添加对不同种稻年限黑土CH4排放特征的影响

  目的  评估水稻秸秆添加对东北地区不同种稻年限黑土CH₄的排放的影响,以期为黑土水稻田秸秆还田提供理论依据。  方法  不同种稻年限（0、12、35、62和85 a）黑土,分别设不添加（CK）和添加1%水稻秸秆（S）处理,进行淹水培养试验（培养温度为20 ℃,淹水层为1 cm）,测定土壤CH₄排放通量及累积排放量,比较不同种稻年限土壤对水稻秸秆添加响应的差异。  结果  在淹水培养期间（150 d）,添加水稻秸秆处理各种稻年限土壤CH₄排放通量（0.00 ~ 3.33 mg kg?1 d?1）显著（P > 0.05）高于未添加秸秆处理（0.00 ~ 0.13 mg kg?1 d?1）,未添加和添加水稻秸秆处理土壤CH₄排放主要集中于淹水培养的前80 d和60 d。未添加水稻秸秆处理土壤CH₄累积排放量为0.04 ~ 4.45 mg kg?1,不同年限稻田土壤CH₄累积排放量差异不显著（P > 0.05）。添加水稻秸秆处理土壤CH₄累积排放量为29.64 ~ 91.08 mg kg?1,显著高于未添加水稻秸秆处理（P < 0.05）,且12 a和35 a土壤CH₄累积排放量显著高于0 a、62 a和85 a（P < 0.05）。未添加和添加水稻秸秆处理土壤CH₄累积排放量与土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳氮和铵态氮含量呈显著正相关（P < 0.01）。添加水稻秸秆处理土壤CH₄累积排放量还与土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶活性呈显著负相关（P < 0.05）,土壤CH₄累积排放量增量也与土壤有机碳含量也呈显著线性正相关（P < 0.01）。水稻秸秆添加后土壤可溶性有机氮含量是影响土壤CH₄排放的直接因素,土壤可溶性有机碳和铵态氮含量及β-葡萄糖苷酶活性是影响土壤CH₄排放的间接因素。  结论  水稻秸秆添加显著促进了黑土不同种稻年限土壤CH₄排放,种稻年限越长,水稻秸秆添加后土壤CH₄排放量越少。本试验条件下,黑土种稻年限大于35年时,水稻秸秆还田带来的土壤CH₄排放量相对较小。     

Methane emission from paddy fields in Taiwan

 In order to investigate the effect of environmental conditions on CH₄ emission from paddy fields in Taiwan, four locations, two cropping seasons and two irrigation systems were studied. CH₄ emission was high at the active tillering and the booting stages in the first cropping season, whereas it was low at the transplanting and the ripening stages with an intermittent irrigation system. CH₄ emission was high at the transplanting stage in the second cropping season, and decreased gradually during rice cultivation. Daily temperature and light intensity increased gradually during rice growth in the first cropping season (February–June), while it was reversed in the second cropping season (August–December). The seasonal CH₄ emission from paddy fields ranged from 1.73 to 11.70 g m^–2, and from 10.54 to 39.50 g m^–2 in the first and second cropping seasons, respectively. The seasonal CH₄ emission in the second cropping season was higher than that in the first cropping season in all test fields. The seasonal CH₄ emission was 32.65 mg m^–2 in the first cropping season of the National Taiwan University paddy field with continuous flooding, and it was 28.85 mg m^–2 in the second cropping season. The annual CH₄ emission ranged from 12.3 to 49.3 g m^–2 with an intermittent irrigation system, and the value was 61.5 g m^–2 with a continuous flooding treatment. The annual CH₄ emission from paddy fields was estimated to be 0.034 Tg in 1997 from 364,212 ha of paddy fields with an intermittent irrigation system, which was less than the 0.241 Tg calculated by the IPCC method with a continuous flooding treatment Received: 23 February 2000     

水稻油菜轮作稻田甲烷排放及其总量估算

利用静态箱/气相色谱法对川中丘陵区水稻油菜轮作稻田进行水稻全生长季CH4排放观测。结果表明,稻田CH4排放有明显的季节变化,呈“前低后高”的变化趋势,CH4排放峰出现在水稻抽穗扬花期;测定期内稻田CH4平均排放通量为6.20mg/m2.h。对影响稻田CH4排放的因素分析发现,淹水条件下水稻移栽到抽穗初期,水稻植株生长是影响稻田CH4排放的关键因素;水稻抽穗期到成熟期,温度是影响稻田CH4排放的关键因素。水稻油菜轮作稻田在水稻生长季中CH排放总量为173.96kg/hm2。     

水稻植株特性对稻田甲烷排放的影响及其机制的研究进展

水稻是我国最主要的口粮作物,稻田是重要温室气体甲烷的主要排放源之一。水稻植株特性既是水稻产量形成的关键因子,也是稻田甲烷排放的主要影响因子。但是,至今关于水稻植株对稻田甲烷排放的调控效应及其机制仍存在许多不一致的认识。为此,本文从形态特征、生理生态特征、植株-环境互作等方面,对现有的相关研究进行了综合论述。水稻地上部形态特征如分蘖数、株高、叶面积等对稻田甲烷排放的影响的研究结果不尽相同,起关键作用的是地下系统。优化光合产物分配在持续淹水的情况下可以减少稻田甲烷排放。提高水稻生物量在低碳土壤增加稻田甲烷排放,但在高碳土壤下降低甲烷排放。本文还明确了相关研究现状和存在的问题。在此基础上,作者认为未来应加强水稻根系形态及其生理特征,以及水稻植株-土壤环境(尤其是水分管理和养分管理)互作对稻田甲烷产生、氧化和排放影响的研究,在方法上应加强微区试验和大田试验的结合,并开展植株和稻田的碳氮互作效应及其机制研究,为高产低碳排放的水稻品种选育和低碳稻作模式创新提供理论参考和技术指导。     

稻田温度与甲烷排放通量关系的研究

稻田温度与CH4 排放通量有密切关系 ,通过灰关联分析发现稻田 5cm深处温度与CH4 排放通量关系最密切 ,水稻抽穗期CH4 排放通量达极大值 ,而完熟期CH4 排放通量达极小值。温度对CH4 排放通量的增效应明显 ,减效应较弱。稻田温度与CH4排放通量的关系呈S型曲线相关关系。     

Effect of fertilizer application on methane emission/production in the paddy soils of Taiwan

Methane production in three types of rice paddy soil was investigated under greenhouse conditions. The amount of methane produced during the first crop season (March to July) was 2–6 times higher than that in the second crop season (August to December). Application of organic fertilizer hastened the drop in redox potential and increased methane production and emission. Methane production also increased with the depth of soil with high values in soil samples from 18 to 30cm depth. Methane production in the first crop season was 18.0, 54.3 and 49.4mgcm^–3 for 6tha^–1 straw application for Linkou, Tzawchyau and Jiaushi soils, respectively. The value was 33.4mgcm^–3 for the second crop season in Jiaushi soil. Methane emission was high during the flowering and maturity stages in the first crop season and the values were high during the tillering and flowering stages in the second crop season. Methane emission was high in Tzawchyau and Jiaushi soils in the first crop season. Methane emission rate reached a maximum from 12 noon to 3p.m. due to high temperature and a minimum at 3 to 6a.m. in both planted and unplanted soils. Received: 17 September 1996     

稳定性碳同位素方法在稻田甲烷研究中的应用

稻田甲烷产生、氧化等过程不仅影响甲烷排放量,还影响其稳定性碳同位素组成;反之,稻田所排放甲烷的稳定性碳同位素组成也可用来定量研究甲烷的产生和氧化过程。20世纪80年代以来,国外已将稳定性碳同位素方法广泛应用在稻田甲烷的研究中。本文介绍了稳定性碳同位素方法的基本原理及其在稻田甲烷产生、氧化过程研究中的应用,指出了该方法在稻田甲烷研究中的不确定因素,为我国稻田甲烷的深入研究提供了新的有力手段。     

Influences of indigenous phototrophs on methane emissions from a straw-amended paddy soil

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influences of indigenous phototrophs on methane (CH₄) emissions from a paddy soil where rice straw was incorporated or was surface-applied. During the cultivation, half of the pots were covered with aluminum foil, except for the minimum space for rice plants, to prevent ambient light reaching the floodwater or the soil surface. Growth of oxygen-producing phototrophs was hardly observed in the unilluminated plots, whereas intensive growth of algae, duckweed and hydrophytes was found in the illuminated ones. Plant growth was not affected by the different treatments. Seasonal changes in CH₄ emission determined by a closed chamber method indicated that illumination had no or only minor effects on CH₄ emissions when rice straw was incorporated or was not applied, but significantly reduced CH₄ emissions when rice straw was surface-applied. Methanogenesis occurring in the soil-floodwater interface was further investigated in two lab-scale model experiments measuring methanogenic activity. As a result, more activated methanogenesis was found in the surface-applied rice straw and the soil around the straw compared with the soil incubated without rice straw. The magnitude of the methanogenic activity in the rice straw incubated under illuminated conditions was significantly lower than that incubated in the dark. Consequently, this study demonstrates that methanogenesis in paddy soil occurs even in the soil-floodwater interface if plant residues like rice straw exist, and such methanogenesis is likely to be suppressed by growth of indigenous phototrophs under illumination.     

水肥管理对稻田CH4排放及其全球增温潜势影响的评估

甲烷(CH_4)是主要温室气体之一,对全球增温的作用仅次于二氧化碳(CO_2)。稻田是CH_4的重要排放源,减少稻田CH_4排放对减缓气候变暖具有直接效应。为此,掌握稻田CH_4排放的规律和特征对控制和减少稻田CH_4排放尤为重要。为了解稻田温室气体排放的主要影响因子及影响程度,估算稻田温室气体全球增温潜势,寻求农田减排措施,我们通过收集已发表的文献建立了稻田CH_4排放的数据库,采用析因分析与回归分析方法对稻田CH_4日排放量和全球增温潜势特征和可能的影响因子进行了分析。结果表明,稻田CH_4日排放量和增温潜势均随土壤有机质背景含量的升高而增加,不同类型稻田CH_4日排放量大小依次为:双季稻晚稻双季稻早稻单季稻稻麦轮作晚稻;晚稻田CH_4的增温潜势大于早稻田。不同肥料处理条件下,稻田CH_4日排放量表现为:秸秆还田配施有机肥化学氮肥≈生物炭。控制灌溉水量可降低稻田CH_4的综合增温潜势,表现为:持续淹水晒田干湿交替控制灌溉。研究结果说明,稻田CH_4的产生与排放过程受土壤有机质含量、肥料管理和水分管理以及轮作制度等多种因素的共同影响,应依据不同土壤条件和种植制度,适当调整肥水管理,以减少稻田温室气体排放,降低其增温潜势。     

稻田甲烷排放影响因素及其研究进展

CH4是大气中仅次于CO2的最重要的温室气体之一,其温室效应贡献已达15～20%。中国稻田是CH4的重要排放源,对全球大气的CH4排放起着重要的作用。本文较为详细地介绍了近几十年来国内外关于稻田CH4排放的研究进展。对稻田CH4的排放机理、CH4的排放规律及影响稻田CH4排放的各种因素作了详细分析,并相应地提出了控制稻田CH4排放的各种措施,最后提出了今后我国稻田CH4排放研究应加强的几个方面内容。     

Effect of silicate fertilizer on reducing methane emission during rice cultivation

Slag-type silicate fertilizer, which contains high amount of active iron oxide, a potential source of electron acceptor, was applied at the rate of 0, 2, 6, 10, and 20 Mg ha⁻¹ to reduce methane (CH₄) emission from rice planted in potted soils. Methane emission rates measured by closed chamber method decreased significantly with increasing levels of silicate fertilizer application during rice cultivation. Soil redox potential (Eh) decreased rapidly after flooding, but floodwater pH and soil pH increased significantly with increasing levels of silicate fertilizer application. Iron concentrations in potted soils and in percolated water significantly increased with the increasing levels of silicate fertilizer application, which acted as oxidizing agents and electron acceptors, and thereby suppressed CH₄ emissions. Silicate fertilization significantly decreased CH₄ production activity, while it increased carbon dioxide (CO₂) production activity. Rice plant growth, yield parameters, and grain yield were positively influenced by silicate application levels. The maximum increase in grain yield (17% yield increase over the control) was found with 10 Mg ha⁻¹ silicate application along with 28% reduction in total CH₄ flux during rice cultivation. It is, therefore, concluded that slag-type silicate fertilizer could be a suitable soil amendment for reducing CH₄ emissions as well as sustaining rice productivity and restoring the soil nutrient balance in rice paddy soil.