世界有机农业现状与我国有机园艺发展策略

随着世界有机农业的迅速发展,中国目前已成为世界有机农业面积第三大国。有机园艺是有机农业的重要组成部分,是一种新的园艺生产方式。我国在劳动力、植物资源、地理条件、农业技术、农业思想等方面具有发展有机园艺的优势和潜力。为促进有机园艺生产的发展,应加强政府扶持,加强有机农业理论和技术研究,找出园艺生产中的危害分析和关键控制点（HACCP）,制定适合我国国情并符合有机农业原则的园艺良好农业技术规范（GAP）,通过GAP引导和规范有机园艺生产的发展。在具体实施中,要以生态学的原理和原则指导有机园艺的开发。     

植物转座子类型及其插入突变对园艺植物花发育影响的研究进展

转座子是一类广泛存在于原核生物和真核生物基因组内重复可移动的遗传元件，根据其结构和转座机制分为反转录转座子和DNA转座子。反转录转座子以mRNA分子为中间体、反转录为cDNA后再整合到基因组，其转座模式是“复制—粘贴”。DNA转座子以DNA为中间体，其转座模式是“剪切—粘贴”。两类转座子都包含有自主和非自主转座元件。作为基因组的主要构成元件，植物转座子在基因组和基因进化、结构重排、表达调控等方面发挥关键作用，进而改变植物的基因型和表现型。综述了近年来有关植物转座子结构特征、转座机制以及功能等方面的研究进展，特别是转座子插入突变改变基因活性而控制园艺植物花发育的研究进展，并对今后研究前景进行了展望，旨在为深入了解植物转座子园艺学功能提供参考。     

美国食用菌产业发展报告

通过利用美国农业部、农业统计局及相关行业网站发布的产业数据、新闻报道和研究报告,对美国食用菌产业的变化趋势及其原因进行梳理.结果发现,随着生产效率的提高美国食用菌产量和产值逐年提高,但通过不断的兼并收购,食用菌生产者的数量明显下降.在政府组织和行业自发的行业组织和协调下,美国食用菌行业竞争有序,食用菌价格稳定,食用菌产...     

我国设施园艺概况及发展趋势

由于设施园艺的先进性和高效性,21世纪以来我国设施园艺发展迅猛,2011年栽培面积已超过400万hm2,在园艺产品供应和农民致富中发挥着巨大的作用。本文在简述我国设施园艺发展概况的基础上,总结了我国设施园艺发展的特点,概括了我国设施园艺在发展过程中取得的一些典型经验,分析了我国设施园艺发展进程中存在的问题和不足,探讨了我国设施园艺今后发展的趋势,并展望了我国设施园艺产业发展的广阔前景。     

Der Gartenbau in Mecklenburg im 18./19. Jahrhundert

Fruit growing was an important source of income in the mid-eighteenth century in the German region of Mecklenburg. After the Seven-Year War, active trade of fruits to Scandinavia and Russia took place. In spite of cultivation of the potato and due to economic change in agriculture, after the Napoleonic War the cultivation of fruit trees and horticulture dropped into insignificance at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Considering this fact, it cannot be appreciated highly enough that, thanks to horticultural and pomological organizations established in Germany during the early nineteenth century, the idea of horticulture was made economically popular. The Mecklenburg Patriotic Union—an organization of landowners and people from every class of society interested in developing agriculture and the social system—worked to improve the landscape, deal with socially political matters, and develop agriculture and horticulture. The priest’s garden as a refuge had the effect of cultivating ornamental and useful plants for centuries. The main source of expert support in fruit growing originated in priests’ and village school gardens. The organist and precentor of Belitz Franz Hermann Müschen (1774–1847), who passionately practiced fruit tree cultivation, helped essentially to improve fruit tree plantations in Mecklenburg.     

园艺学国家自然科学基金项目申请和资助情况分析

 对近5年来国家自然科学基金园艺学面上、青年和地区基金的申请和资助情况进行了统计,就申请和资助项目在农学学科中的比例、研究领域分布、项目类别、受资助单位类型等进行了分析,旨在使园艺学领域的科研工作者了解国家自然科学基金的申请和资助情况。     

从28届国际园艺学大会看果蔬园艺产品营养学研究现状

 有关果蔬等园艺产品的营养与生物活性物质的研究是近年园艺学研究的热点问题之一。主要根据28届国际园艺学大会论文摘要,对当前国内外有关水果、蔬菜的营养和生物活性物质的研究情况进行全面系统的总结,当前果蔬园艺产品营养学的研究包括栽培品种与野生资源,主要研究内容涉及果蔬中营养和生物活性物质的含量、分布、影响因子及其调控措施以及对人体的功效等;对有关的技术方法和存在的问题也进行了介绍,旨在为今后研究提供参考。     

湖北省扎实开展标准园创建 促进园艺产业提档升级

湖北省高度重视园艺作物标准园创建工作,以优化产业结构、提升产业素质为目标,大力推进各项创建工作,促进全省园艺产业提档升级。     

园艺植物中三倍体的应用现状及育种前景分析

对三倍体在园艺植物中的应用现状进行概述并对其育种前景进行分析。三倍体产生途径中,2n配子途径值得重视,自然条件下或经人工诱导少数植物能高频产生2n配子(超过80%),一些与2n配子产生相关的基因已被鉴定;此外,自然细胞融合、多精受精被用于植物三倍体的创制;培养内多倍体(Endopolyploid)细胞再生植株,有助于获得四倍体亲本。在三倍体筛选、鉴定方面,除传统的形态学、细胞学方法外,QF-PCR、SSR、SNP等分子标记也得到应用。目前三倍体已在40多种园艺植物中直接应用,除较为常规的无籽、高产、抗性强等特点外,营养成分含量高、树形矮化是三倍体在园艺植物中应用的新亮点。利用三倍体培育非整倍体对多样化材料的创制有重要意义;值得注意的是,三倍体杂种中亲本之一的基因组仅占1/3,与传统杂交育种结合,可能对缩短育种周期有利。     

设施园艺技术发展动向

概述了人工光源调节生育、空气流动促进光合成、电解阳极水防治病害、喷雾降温、土壤营养液栽培和新覆盖材料等6项设施园艺技术的发展动向。     

A regulation-oriented approach for allergenicity categorization of plants

Plant species have different degrees of allergenicity. Existing systems categorizing plants according their allergenicity were reviewed to find a method that could serve as the basis for the regulation of green areas. The categorization of plants by their allergenicity serves different purposes: informing allergic patients, warning consumers in horticultural stands, or evaluating urban green areas. The regulation of allergenic plants in trade and their use in urban greening is a new, emerging application of allergenic categorization. Our review showed that the existing systems cannot be used for this purpose, because they cannot fulfill the main requirements of regulation: the methods were often not described, and this affected reproducibility and there was a lack of evidence on allergenicity. To overcome these issues, a new, evidence-based categorization (CARE-S) was developed using genetically determined factors of plants: immunogenicity, morphology, and pollen production. 529 plant taxa were categorized, mostly those common in urban areas in the Pannonian Biogeographical Region. The new system can be applied in other biogeographic areas and on new plant varieties by an online calculator tool. An adaptation strategy of CARE-S in regulations is also proposed. Additional benefits of CARE-S: 1: promoting the development of low-allergenic cultivars, 2: identifying overlooked allergens, recommending their use in clinical tests, 3: calling attention to plant taxa which need more research in allergology or botany; 4: providing a legal tool to prevent the introduction and dispersal of (new) allergenic plants. As a further step the authors suggest developing another tool, epidemiological allergenicity, derivated from CARE-S, aiming to characterize the geographically-determined effects of plants on human populations.     

Applying spent coffee grounds directly to urban agriculture soils greatly reduces plant growth

There are frequent anecdotal recommendations for the use of locally produced spent coffee grounds in urban agriculture and gardens, either through direct soil application or after composting with other urban organic wastes. This study investigates the scientific basis for direct application of spent coffee grounds (SCG) and the influence of different: (i) plant pH and nitrogen preferences, (ii) soil types, and (iii) application rates. We specifically consider impacts upon plant growth, soil hydrology and nitrogen transformation processes.We grew five horticultural plants (broccoli, leek, radish, viola and sunflower) in sandy, sandy clay loam and loam soils, with and without SCG and fertilizer amendments. The same horticultural plants were grown in the field with 0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 25% SCG amendment rates. Plant biomass growth was related to soil pH, soil moisture, nitrogen concentration and net mineralization, as was weed growth after harvesting.All horticultural plants grew poorly in response to SCG, regardless of soil type and fertiliser addition. Increasing SCG amendment significantly increased soil water holding capacity, but also decreased horticultural plant growth and subsequent weed growth. There was evidence of nitrate immobilization with SCG amendment. Growth suppression was not explained by soil pH change, or nitrogen availability, so is more likely due to phytotoxic effects.Fresh SCG should not be used as a soil amendment in ‘closed loop’ urban food production systems without consideration of potential growth suppression. Further research is required to determine the optimal composting conditions for SCG and blends with other organic wastes.     

植物花青素基因的克隆及应用——文献综述

评述了近十年来有关植物花青素的基因克隆研究进展及其应用前景。植物花青素代谢途径及其主要酶类的作用之研究已较为成熟，一大批调控植物花色的结构基因与调节基因已被克隆。利用外源基因导入、反义基因及共抑制原理已培育出了新色系观赏植物品种。用基因工程的方法培育蓝色月季的工作正在进行。利用结构基因和调节基因为创造新花色、植物体彩化、植物生长发育及研究植物的花青素代谢等开辟了广阔前景     

Horticultural science-a century of discovery and application

The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology (JHSB) celebrates, in 2019, a century of continuously publishing peer-review, research-based articles and reviews. Since 1919 scientific discoveries and their application through subsequently-evolved industrial technologies have formed the basis for enormous advances and changes in the production of fruit, vegetables and ornamentals. New industries have been founded and expanded. Science has brought greater precision, predictability and reliability into horticultural crop production, raising the quality and range of products Market forces themselves have imposed vast change in the manner by which horticultural products are produced. Horticultural industries have coped with and thrived on these changes because of their swift and effective adoption of discoveries in horticultural science, which in turn has driven the need for more research in a cyclic process. This review follows, through a selection of articles published in JHSB, the evolution of aspects of horticultural science and identifies how change has influenced crops and their production. The history of change in horticultural science and the industries which it serves is contained within the articles selected. They demonstrate the successful manner in which JHSB has fulfilled the aspirations of its founders for a science-based journal which offers new ideas for industry.     

Effects of urea formaldehyde foam soil amendment on growth and response to transient water deficit stress of potted Flindersia schottiana saplings

Hydrocell™is a urea formaldehyde resin foam (UFRF) product used as a soil amendment. It is proposed to improve the physicochemical properties (viz. water relations and aeration) of the plant root zone. Flindersia schottiana is a tree species used in the ornamental horticulture industry. This study investigated the potential of Hydrocell™ [0–50% (v/v) incorporation rates] to promote growth of F. schottiana saplings during containerized nursery production in composted pine bark medium. The growth response of the potted saplings to transient water stress was also assessed. In addition, growth of F. schottiana saplings potted into three different soil types (sand, loam, clay) was assessed in the presence and absence of 30% (v/v) Hydrocell™. Under well-watered conditions in composted pine bark, Hydrocell™ treatments enhanced sapling leaflet numbers, with 30% (v/v) being the most beneficial treatment. However, no consistent significant differential effects of incorporation rate on either plant height or stem diameter were recorded. Extended time to wilting upon withholding irrigation was achieved, with the optimum Hydrocell™ rate being 10% (v/v). Among the three soil types compared, use of 30% (v/v) Hydrocell™ resulted in improved growth of potted F. schottiana saplings in the sand and loam soils, but not in the clay soil. These findings suggest that the UFRF, Hydrocell™, holds limited promise as a soil amendment for trees in the nursery phase. Optimum incorporation rates (v/v) would need to be determined for individual media types, specific irrigation regimes and individual taxa.     

园艺植物性别鉴定的研究概述

概述了园艺植物的性别种类及其性别鉴别方面的研究,可以将性别鉴定方法概括为形态学、生理生化、内源激素等方面.其中形态学鉴定比较简单易行,生理生化分析是性别鉴定的理论基础,内源激素对性别鉴定也具有一定的参考价值.     

光质和光敏色素在植物逆境响应中的作用研究进展

光敏色素是植物感受外界光环境变化最重要的光受体之一,不仅参与调控植物生长发育,还介导植物对各种生物和非生物胁迫的响应。已有研究表明,光敏色素缺失会导致植物对病原菌、害虫等生物胁迫以及低温、高温、干旱、盐等非生物胁迫的抗性发生改变;改变光质（如调节红光远红光比率）可提高植物对上述逆境胁迫的抗性,并且通过水杨酸、茉莉酸和脱落酸等激素信号途径诱导植物的抗性。在系统综述近年来光敏色素在逆境响应中的作用以及防御机制研究进展的基础上,讨论了在园艺植物生产中通过利用光质和对光敏色素信号途径相关基因进行遗传改良,提高作物抗性,促进作物增产和改善作物品质的重要性。     

Biofertilizers improve plant growth,fruit yield,nutrition, metabolism and rhizosphere enzyme activities of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) in Indian Thar Desert

Production of horticultural crops has undergone enormous change in recent years due to development of innovative technologies including integrated nutrient management practices using biofertilizers. The present study represents the positive response of biofertilizers in nursery seedlings followed by their transplantation in harsh field conditions of Indian Thar Desert. Nursery and field experiments were carried out to assess the effectiveness of selected N₂-fixing bacteria and AM fungi alone or in combination, on the growth and biomass production of Punica granatum. In both experiments, the combined treatment of Azotobacter chroococcum and Glomus mosseae was found to be the most effective. Besides enhancing the rhizosphere microbial activity and concentration of various metabolites and nutrients, these bioinoculants helped in better establishment of pomegranate plants under field conditions. A significant improvement in the plant height, plant canopy, pruned material and fruit yield was evident in 5-year-old pomegranate plants in field conditions. In view of the above results, use of biofertilizer technology may be adopted for the establishment and development of other horticultural plant species in arid regions.     

Scenarios of long-term farm structural change for application in climate change impact assessment

Towards 2050, climate change is one of the possible drivers that will change the farming landscape, but market, policy and technological development may be at least equally important. In the last decade, many studies assessed impacts of climate change and specific adaptation strategies. However, adaptation to climate change must be considered in the context of other driving forces that will cause farms of the future to look differently from today’s farms. In this paper we use a historical analysis of the influence of different drivers on farm structure, complemented with literature and stakeholder consultations, to assess future structural change of farms in a region under different plausible futures. As climate change is one of the drivers considered, this study thus puts climate change impact and adaptation into the context of other drivers. The province of Flevoland in the north of The Netherlands was used as case study, with arable farming as the main activity. To account for the heterogeneity of farms and to indicate possible directions of farm structural change, a farm typology was developed. Trends in past developments in farm types were analyzed with data from the Dutch agricultural census. The historical analysis allowed to detect the relative importance of driving forces that contributed to farm structural changes. Simultaneously, scenario assumptions about changes in these driving forces elaborated at global and European levels, were downscaled for Flevoland, to regional and farm type level in order to project impacts of drivers on farm structural change towards 2050. Input from stakeholders was also used to detail the downscaled scenarios and to derive historical and future relationships between drivers and farm structural change. These downscaled scenarios and future driver-farm structural change relationships were used to derive quantitative estimations of farm structural change at regional and farm type level in Flevoland. In addition, stakeholder input was used to also derive images of future farms in Flevoland. The estimated farm structural changes differed substantially between the two scenarios. Our estimations of farm structural change provide a proper context for assessing impacts of and adaptation to climate change in 2050 at crop and farm level.