Physiological and Molecular Analysis of Applied Nitrogen in Rice Genotypes

Ten genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were grown for 30 d in complete nutrient solution with 1 mmol/L (N-insufficient),4 mmol/L (N-moderate) and 10 mmol/L (N-high) nitrogen levels,and nitrogen efficiency (NE) was analyzed.Growth performance,measured in terms of fresh weight,dry weight and lengths of root and shoot,was higher in N-efficient than in N-inefficient rice genotypes at low N level.Of these 10 genotypes,Suraksha was identified as the most N-efficient,while Vivek Dhan the most N-inefficient.To find out the physiological basis of this difference,the nitrate uptake rate of root and the activities of nitrate assimilatory enzymes in leaves of N-efficient and N-inefficient rice genotypes were studied.Uptake experiments revealed the presence of two separate nitrate transporter systems mediating high-and low-affinity nitrate uptake.Interestingly,the nitrate uptake by the roots of Suraksha is mediated by both high-and low-affinity nitrate transporter systems,while that of Vivek Dhan by only low-affinity nitrate transporter system.Study of the activities and expression levels of nitrate assimilatory enzymes in N-efficient and N-inefficient rice genotypes showed that nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) play important roles in N assimilation under low-nitrogen conditions.     

施氮量对小黑麦生物量和氮素积累的影响

为探讨氮肥用量对小黑麦生物量和氮素积累特性的影响,通过盆栽试验,以氮高效利用型小黑麦品种PI429186和氮低效利用型小黑麦品种CIxt74为材料,对不同施氮量下小黑麦各生育期干物质生产和氮素积累特性进行了研究。结果表明,小黑麦各生育期的生物量均随供氮量的增加而增加。在同一生育期同一供氮条件下,PI429186的生物量显著高于CIxt74。小黑麦根、茎、叶的氮素积累量及氮素阶段性积累量随供氮量的增加而增大。PI429186根、茎、叶的氮素积累量和氮素阶段性积累量均高于在同一生育期同一供氮条件下的CIxt74。因此,为提高牧草产量,宜推广使用氮高效利用型小黑麦,且在氮肥施用方式上宜采用基肥加追肥的方式。     

不同氮效率玉米杂交种的营养生长及光合特征

以氮效率不同的4个玉米杂交种(组合)为材料,在两个氮水平下分析了营养生长及光合特征。结果表明,施氮条件下玉米营养体的含氮量平均在2.0%左右,低氮处理下降到1.5%左右;氮高效品种的穗位叶光合效率并没有降低,氮低效品种的叶片光合效率则显著降低。氮高效品种在叶片保绿性方面明显具有优势,在低氮条件下保持了较大的绿叶面积和较高的叶绿素含量。这些特征保证了氮高效品种后期光合产物供应能力强,并用于子粒灌浆。     

碳水化合物的分配在玉米杂交种耐低氮中的作用

探明玉米耐低氮的生理机制有利于促进氮高效遗传改良的进度.本试验选用对氮反应有典型差异的两个玉米杂交种西玉3号和高光效1号,采用盆栽试验,设3个氮水平,探讨了苗期玉米对低氮环境的适应性机制,结果表明:两品种在高低氮条件下的地上部干物重差异都不显著,但冠/根比存在显著差异.在低氮下西玉3号的根长、根表面积及根重增加幅度大,超过高光效1号,因而它具有较强的截获氮素养分的能力,以适应低氮环境.低氮下西玉3号有较大的叶面积,可产生大量的光合产物.其叶片光合产生的可溶性糖向根系的大量运输,即有利于根系生长,又可以为氮的吸收同化提供充足的能量和碳架。     

氮素供应和pH值对玉米根系形态的影响

实验设正常供氮(0.5 mmol/L NO3-)和高氮(10 mmol/L NO3-)处理,研究不同pH值水平下(4.5～8.0)氮素供应对玉米根系生长的影响。结果表明,氮供应与溶液pH值对玉米根系的影响不存在互作效应。高氮供应不影响地上部与根的干物质积累;pH值提高有利于促进干物质向地上部分配,向根的分配比例相对下降,根冠比下降。高氮使单株根系总长度平均下降,降幅为34.5%,主要是轴根和侧根长度下降,轴根数和侧根密度受影响较小。在两个氮水平下,总根长、轴根长、侧根长均随pH值的上升表现增加的趋势,高pH值主要增加侧根密度。研究表明,在酸性土壤上,不能通过大量施用硝态氮肥缓解氢离子对根系生长的抑制作用。     

Independence of seasonal patterns of root functional traits and rooting strategy of a grass‐clover sward from sward age and slurry application

Root functional traits (RFTs) are crucial for understanding nutrient cycling processes. However, seasonal variation of RFTs and their potential changes in root foraging pattern have been almost ignored in field studies. In this work, belowground net primary production (BNPP, g m^?2), root length density (RLD, km m^?2), specific root length (SRL, m g^?1), root N concentration and C/N ratio in defoliated grass‐clover swards of different sward ages and receiving different cattle slurry levels were investigated for 2 years. All measured RFTs showed significant seasonal variation: in general, seasonal variation was most marked between primary growth period (until heading stage of perennial ryegrass) and subsequent regrowth periods following defoliation; meanwhile, the rooting pattern also differed. These phenomena were not affected by current management or sward composition, but were correlated with plant C availability. Daily BNPP and RLD rates varied 7‐ to 8‐fold in the growing season. Moreover, BNPP and RLD were asynchronous due to seasonal variation in SRL. Rooting pattern and the relationship with shoot phenology are discussed. We conclude that root functional traits vary with season; thus, roots which develop in different seasons may be involved in belowground nutrient cycling processes with different turnover characteristics; trade‐off among traits may also involve temporal variation. Root‐C related investigations in grass‐clover swards should include root mass sampling rather than use of root length observations alone.     

Comparison of Root System Development in Two Rice Cultivars During Stress Recovery from Drought and the Plant Traits for Drought Resistance

Summary

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to compare root system development of two upland rice cultivars, IRAT 13 and Senshou, during recovery from drought stress and to identify the plant traits that confer drought resistance. From 62 days after sowing (62 DAS), drought stress was given for 6 d followed by rewatering for 14 d. Root length density (RLD) and root diameter (thickness) were measured at the end of the stress and rewatering periods. Control plants were well-watered throughout the study. Gultivar IRAT 13 had thicker roots and higher relative RLD (ratio of RLD in drought-stressed plants to that in control plants) than under drought stress, and significantly higher root growth recovery after rewatering cultivar Senshou. Related plant traits such as evapotranspiration (ET), leaf and stem dry weights and weight of senescent leaves (dead leaves) in IRAT 13 were significantly more favorable for drought resistance compared to Senshou.     

An empirical model for root water uptake

Soil water availability estimation is critical for assessing crop development and performance. During periods of soil water deficits, the capability of crop roots to extract soil water depends on the distribution and depth of its root system. Most water uptake models assume a relationship between root water extraction and root length density (RLD). However, models using RLD are difficult to test and several researchers have questioned the various proposed relationships between RLD and water uptake. A simplified water uptake model that does not use RLD was developed, but as an alternative, uses generalizations from measured soil water content changes to predict root water uptake. The daily incrementing model estimates a maximum water uptake rate by roots limited by soil water content that declines exponentially with the soil water content above the lower limit (LL) i.e., the remaining available soil water. The model assumes that: (i) the roots at a given layer have reached a minimum threshold of root density to extract water at a maximum rate; (ii) the transpiration demand is greater than the total root water uptake; and (iii) the water content at LL can be accurately measured or estimated. A critical constant (K) in the exponential model, representing the fraction of extractable water in a soil layer that can be taken up in 1 day, was found to be 0.096 for several species (cotton, maize, pearl millet, grain sorghum, soybean, sunflower and wheat), and different soil conditions. Values of K smaller than 0.096 were likely caused by root clumping in highly structured (cracking) or compacted soils, where root density was low in deeper soil layers when further downward root growth practically ceased, or by peanut whose K values was 0.064. This new empirical model should help to overcome several of the limitations of current models that rely on the use of measured or predicted RLD.     

两种光、氮条件下玉米苗期根冠性状QTL定位

以根、冠性状差异显著的亲本478和Wu312为基础材料,构建了含218个株系的F8重组自交系群体,利用该群体构建了包含184个SSR标记的遗传连锁图谱,图谱总长度为2 084.1 cM,平均图距为11.3 cM。在低光、高氮下和高光、低氮下对玉米苗期地上部干重、根干重、根冠比、最大根长进行了QTL定位分析,两种条件下共定位到21个与苗期根冠性状相关的QTL位点,低光、高氮条件下定位到11个QTL位点,高光、低氮条件下定位到10个QTL位点,分别位于第1、2、3、4、5、6、7、9染色体上。第6染色体上定位到7个位点,其中一个为控制低光、高氮下根干重的主效位点,贡献率为25.3%。在第1染色体上umc1335-bnlg1556区段同时检测到高光、低氮条件下地上部干重和根冠比的QTL位点,这些位点与地上部干物质的形成密切相关。     

Growth and distribution of maize roots under nitrogen fertilization in plinthite soil

To improve efficiency of soil N and water use in the savanna, maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars with improved root systems are required. Two rainfed field experiments were conducted in Samaru, Nigeria in the 1993 and 1994 growing seasons with five maize cultivars under various rates of nitrogen fertilizer. The capacity of maize for rapid early root growth and to later develop a deep, dense root system was assessed. In addition, the effect of N fertilization on root growth of maize was studied in 1994. The widely cultivated cultivar TZB-SR had a poor root system in the surface soil layer and was more susceptible to early-season drought, as indicated by low plant vigor and aboveground dry matter yield during that time. It had a lower grain yield and a relatively small harvest index, but ranked among the highest in total aboveground dry matter production compared to other cultivars. The size of root system alone did not always relate well with grain yield among cultivars. Partitioning of dry matter within the plant was important in determining differences in grain yield and N stress tolerance between cultivars. A semiprolific cultivar (SPL) had high seedling vigour and a dense root system in the surface soil layer that conferred a greater tolerance to early-season drought stress and improved uptake of the early-season N flush, as indicated by a greater dry matter yield at 35 days after sowing (DAS). It also had a fine, deep, dense root system at flowering that could have improved water- and N-use efficiency in the subsoil (> 45 cm), thereby avoiding midseason drought stress in 1994. SPL had a large harvest index and the greatest yield among cultivars in 1994. Averaged across cultivars, greater root growth and distribution was observed at a moderate N rate of 0.56 g plant⁻¹ than at zero-N or high N (2.26 g plant⁻¹). Differences in root morphology could be valuable as selection criteria for N-efficient and drought-tolerant maize.     

毛竹向撂荒地扩展过程中细根性状变化特征

为探索毛竹林向撂荒地扩展过程中细根性状的可塑性反应规律,以毛竹-撂荒地扩展界面为对象,比较不同扩展阶段毛竹细根质量、比根长、根长密度、细根C、N、P含量、C/N和N/P的变化。结果表明,随着毛竹扩展,细根质量和根长密度增加、比根长降低;细根C含量、C/N和N/P升高,细根N含量和P含量降低。与扩展前期相比,扩展后期细根质量、根长密度、细根C含量、C/N和N/P分别增加了197.01%、92.80%、5.41%、26.26%和108.25%;细根比根长、N含量和P含量分别下降了32.71%、16.29%和57.69%。细根N含量、P含量、C/N与细根质量和比根长的相关性达到显著水平,毛竹细根养分含量与细根形态性状协同发生变化。0~1 mm细根具有比1~2 mm细根更低的根质量,但具有更大的根长密度和比根长,0~1 mm细根质量、根长密度和比根长的平均值分别为835.26 g/m~3、7 208.36 m/m~3和9.38 m/g;1~2 mm细根质量、根长密度和比根长平均值分别为1 202.10 g/m~3、2 530.03 m/m~3和2.47 m/g。随着毛竹扩展,毛竹细根性状随着环境的变化而发生了相应的变化,具有明显的可塑性。同时,0~1 mm细根比1~2 mm细根具有更强的资源利用能力,在毛竹生长中具有重要的地位。     

Comparison of N uptake and internal use efficiency in two tobacco varieties

To explain the observation in field experiments that tobacco variety CB-1 was more nitrogen(N)-efficient than K326, the influence of two N levels on growth, N uptake and N flow within plants of the two tobacco varieties was studied. Xylem sap from the upper and lower leaves of both tobacco varieties cultured in quartz sand was collected by application of pressure to the root system. CB-1 took up more N with smaller roots at both high(HN, 10 mmol L-1) and low(LN, 1 mmol L-1) N levels, and built up more new tissues in upper leaves especially at LN level,than K326. Both varieties showed luxury N uptake, and CB-1 accumulated significantly less NO-3in new tissues than K326, when grown at the HN level. At both N levels, the amount of xylem-transported N and phloem-cycled N from shoot to root in K326 was greater than those in CB-1, indicating higher N use efficiency in CB-1 shoots than in K326 shoots. The major nitrogenous compound in the xylem sap was NO-3irrespective of N level and variety. Low N supply did not cause more NO-3reduction in the root. The results indicated that the N-efficient tobacco variety CB-1 was more efficient in both N uptake by smaller roots and N utilization in shoots, especially when grown at the LN level.     

氮高效水稻主要源库性状的基本特点及其调控

【目的】本研究皆在阐明氮高效水稻源库性状的基本特点。【方法】在大田条件下,于2012-2014年设计了两个试验。2012年和2013年,以染色体单片段代换系遗传群体114个水稻株系为供试材料,依据成熟期吸氮量和产量两个性状将114个株系群体分为6种不同氮效率类型。2014年,在前2两年试验的基础上,以筛选出的氮高效株系(L68)和氮低效株系(L2)为供试材料,研究施氮量对两种氮效率水稻株系产量、源库性状的影响。【结果】1)114个株系群体成熟期吸氮量和产量差异均较大,吸氮量变幅为11.53~27.66 g/m~2,产量变幅为311.74~763.35 kg/666.7 m~2,随着吸氮量的增加,产量呈上升趋势。产量类型与吸氮量类型并不完全一致,高吸氮量是高产的重要基础,但产量还可能受到其他因素的影响;2)氮高效水稻抽穗期叶面积系数(包括有效叶面积、高效叶面积、总叶面积)、成熟期叶面积系数均显著大于氮低效水稻,叶面积构成因子中氮高效水稻绿叶质量明显高于氮低效水稻,但比叶重不同氮效率品种间差异较小;3)氮高效水稻单位面积库容量、单位面积颖花量显著高于氮低效水稻,氮高效水稻单位干质量、单位叶面积和单位氮素库容量大,库容形成能力强;4)氮高效水稻单位叶面积颖花数、单位叶面积籽粒产量大,结实期净同化率高,氮高效水稻"流"畅,叶片光合能力强;5)综合分析表明,库容量对氮素高效吸收影响较大。提高单位氮素库容量有助于提高单位面积库容量。不同施氮水平下,氮高效水稻叶面积系数、库容量、吸氮量和产量均明显高于氮低效水稻,叶面积系数在低氮水平下两者差异最大,其他3个指标以低、中氮差异较大。【结论】氮高效水稻源库指标均优于其他类型,且这一优势在不同施氮量亦是如此。     

不同播种深度对玉米出苗的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究四川省丘陵区8个玉米品种在7个不同播种深度处理下的出苗率、出苗时间、幼苗形态特征以及干物质积累量的变化,探讨不同播种深度对玉米出苗的影响。结果表明,随播种深度增加玉米出苗率逐渐下降,出苗时间逐渐延后,其中,播种深度为3、6、9 cm处理平均出苗率分别为91.3%、89.4%和62.1%,在此范围内苗长和中胚轴长逐渐增加,主根长和幼苗整齐度逐渐减小,苗干重和中胚轴干重逐渐增加,根冠比逐渐减小,根干重差异不显著,与玉米出苗率关联度最大的是中胚轴长和中胚轴干重。不同玉米品种对播深的忍耐能力存在一定差异,中单808、成单30和川单418的耐深播能力较强。     

磷、铝胁迫对玉米幼苗生长和养分吸收的影响

选取5个基因型玉米品种,采用营养液培养,研究低磷和铝毒条件下不同基因型玉米苗期生长状况及对磷、钾、钙、镁、铁、锌的吸收。结果表明,耐低磷基因型玉米品种适应低磷的能力较强,具有较长的根系和较大的根干重,株高受低磷的影响明显小于敏感基因型玉米品种。低磷胁迫增大了植株的根冠比,改变了植株对营养元素的吸收及其地上部和根系的分配。铝胁迫下,铝敏感基因型玉米品种根伸长受到铝的抑制作用大于耐铝基因型玉米品种,各种营养元素的吸收累积明显受抑制,耐铝基因型玉米品种地上部和根系相对干重下降较少,而敏感基因型玉米品种相对干重显著下降。     

玉米自交系对低氮反应的田间与盆栽评价

深入了解玉米自交系的氮效率现状是选育氮高效品种的基础。利用20个自交系在两个地块上、两个施氮水平下,研究了它们的氮效率(产量/施氮量)表现。同时,进行盆栽试验,探讨利用苗期生物量实现氮效率快速筛选的可能性。结果表明,氮效率、氮吸收效率及氮利用效率在玉米自交系间存在显著差异。地块间自交系的氮效率变异较大,CA170(2)、原引1号(5)、早27(17)对土壤氮素的降低反应敏感,减产幅度达到45%以上,是高氮高效品系;478(1)是中产耐低氮品系;武312(13)、北黄4(20)为双低效品系。盆栽苗期试验与田间试验结果一致性较差,说明不能达到氮效率快速筛选的目的。     

低氮胁迫对不同氮效率玉米品种苗期叶片碳氮代谢的影响

研究低氮胁迫对不同氮效率玉米品种幼苗生长及叶片碳氮代谢的影响,分析比较不同氮效率玉米品种对低氮胁迫响应的差异。采用水培方法,以氮高效品种郑单958、正红311和氮低效品种川单428、先玉508为试验材料,在低氮胁迫(0.04 mmol/L)、正常氮(4 mmol/L)和低氮恢复处理3个氮水平下,分别测定苗期干物质积累量、叶片碳氮代谢产物含量及碳氮代谢相关酶活性,比较不同氮效率品种间的差异。结果表明,低氮胁迫显著降低玉米叶片和整株干物质重量、叶片氮代谢指标(硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性、可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量),提高根系干重、根冠比、叶片碳代谢指标(蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性、可溶性总糖和淀粉含量)。不同品种间各指标的变化幅度随着时间的延长表现出不同规律,氮高效品种在氮素胁迫下对碳氮代谢的平衡能力更强,受低氮环境影响较小,植株的恢复能力较强,对胁迫环境具有更强的耐性和适应性。     

Root System Development Including Root Branching in Cuttings of Cassava with Reference to Shoot Growth and Tuber Bulking

Summary

In spite of the important role it plays for water and nutrient acquisition, information on the root system development in cassava (Manihot esculenta Grantz) is limited. To examine the root length and branching pattern with reference to shoot growth and tuber bulking, we grew cassava plants in containers under natural climatic conditions in the southern end of Sumatra Island, Indonesia. One 20-cm length cutting of cassava (cv. Ardira IV) was planted in either a plastic bucket or a wooden box. The containers, which were filled with heavy clay soil, had different sizes depending on the growing period. At 30, 60, 100, 140, 180, and 270 days after planting (DAP), both the shoot and roots were sampled for quantitative analysis. The dry weight of both shoot and roots increased rapidly with the leaf area. The axile root number, however, decreased from 60 to 140 DAP as a result of the abscission of roots emerging from the basal part of the cutting during tuber bulking. The total root length reached its maximum at 60 DAP and significantly decreased thereafter because of decay and decomposition during tuber bulking. On the other hand, the root branching either increased the branching order or retained it, as determined from a topological point of view. The root branching during the later growing period compensated for the decrease in total root length and contributed to maintain a sufficient root surface area. The surviving roots with a well-developed branching pattern could absorb water and nutrients essential for tuber bulking.     

Variability of root length density and its contributions to seed yield in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under terminal drought stress

The importance of root systems in acquiring water has long been recognized as crucial to cope with drought conditions. This investigation was conducted to: (i) evaluate the variability on root length density (RLD) of chickpea in the vegetative growth stage; (ii) estimate the effect of RLD on seed yield under terminal drought conditions; and (iii) set up a procedure to facilitate the screening of chickpea genotypes with large RLD. Twelve diverse chickpea genotypes were grown in tall PVC cylinders with two different soil water treatments in 2000 and 2001, and in field under water deficit conditions during 2000/2001 and 2001/2002. In field trials, the mean RLD at 35 days after sowing showed a significant positive correlation with seed yield in both years. Similarly, the RLD in the 15–30 cm soil depth had significant positive effects to the seed yield in both years. The importance of the root trait was particularly relevant in 2001/2002, a more severe drought year, when the RLD in deeper soil layer, 30–60 cm depth, showed a significant positive relationship with seed yield. Also, the RLD at deeper soil layer, 30–60 cm depth, was higher in 2001/2002 than in 2000/2001, in particular in tolerant genotypes. The PVC cylinder trials were set up to facilitate the screening of chickpea genotypes with large RLD. RLD of plants grown in cylinders with 70% field capacity was correlated with RLD in the field trials (r = 0.731; p = 0.01). This work highlights the importance of roots in coping with terminal drought in chickpea. The cylinder system offers a much easier procedure to screen chickpea genotypes with large RLD.     

异源染色体附加对普通小麦氮磷吸收能力和利用效率的影响

为明确异源染色体的附加对普通小麦氮、磷吸收能力和利用效率的影响,以中国春为对照,设计不同浓度水平的氮、磷组合进行苗期水培试验,评价了43份中国春背景下小麦异附加系的氮、磷吸收能力和利用效率。对不同水平氮磷组合处理下的苗期表型调查发现,氮、磷胁迫均会抑制地上部分生长,促进地下部分生长;低氮胁迫降低了苗期的株高、茎干重和总干重,提高了根长、叶数、SPAD值及根茎比;磷缺乏提高了根干重和根茎比,抑制了其余性状。在中氮和低氮处理下,Ae.searsii 1SS等13个小麦异附加系的总干重高于中国春,表现出稳定的氮高效;低氮处理下,Ps.huashanica E等9个小麦异附加系的氮吸收能力显著高于中国春,Ps.huashanica C等4个小麦异附加系的氮利用效率显著高于中国春。在磷充足及磷胁迫处理下,Ag.intermedium B等5个小麦异附加系的总干重高于中国春,表现出稳定的磷高效;低磷处理下,Ag.intermedium B等4个小麦异附加系的磷吸收能力显著高于中国春,L.racemosus L附加系和Ag.elongatum 6E附加系的磷利用效率显著高于中国春。进一步分析氮、磷高效的小麦异附加系携带的异源染色体,没有观察到染色体部分同源群聚集的现象。筛选出的异源染色体附加系可作为小麦育种的中间材料,进行养分高效的遗传分析或育种应用。