Steelhead migration: potential temperature effects as indicated by gill adenosine triphosphatase activities

Yearling steelhead trout held in fresh water at cold temperatures (6.5 degrees or 10 degrees C) showed an increase in gill microsomal Na(+), K(+)-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activity during parr-smolt transformation, whereas trout held in warm water (15 degrees or 20 degrees C) did not. Adenosine triphosphatase activity increased and other indications of transformation were observed in fish transferred from warm to cold water, whereas the reverse occurred on transfer from cold to warm water.     

Tiliqua scincoides: temperature-sensitive units in lizard brain

Extracellular action potentials were recorded from units in the preoptic area of the brain of the Australian blue-tongued skink (Tiliqua scincoides) during periods of local heating and cooling of the brain (20 degrees to 36 degrees C) with water-perfused thermodes. In this temperature range most spontaneously firing neurons were temperature-insensitive, but eight showed sensitivity to the thermal stimulus. Five warm neurons increased their activity when the brain temperature was raised, and three cold neurons showed increased activity with fall in temperature.     

小麦灌浆期绿叶数与冠层温度的关系研究初报

通过对不同小麦品种(系)灌浆期绿叶数和冠层温度的连续观测试验研究表明:小麦品种间冠层温度可分成2种类型,cy626,cp601、rb6为温度偏低型(冷型);ys9h、9430、nr9405为温度偏高型(暖型).绿叶数和冠层温度之间关系密切,温度偏低型小麦的绿叶数在抽穗期至成熟期均高于温度偏高型小麦.     

Abrupt climate events 500,000 to 340,000 years ago: evidence from subpolar north atlantic sediments

Subpolar North Atlantic proxy records document millennial-scale climate variations 500,000 to 340,000 years ago. The cycles have an approximately constant pacing that is similar to that documented for the last glacial cycle. These findings suggest that such climate variations are inherent to the late Pleistocene, regardless of glacial state. Sea surface temperature during the warm peak of Marine Isotope Stage 11 (MIS 11) varied by 0.5 degrees to 1 degrees C, less than the 4 degrees to 4.5 degrees C estimated during times of ice growth and the 3 degrees C estimated for glacial maxima. Coherent deep ocean circulation changes were associated with glacial oscillations in sea surface temperature.     

Thirst satiation and the temperature of ingested water

Ingestion in rats given limited daily access to water of 12 degrees , 24 degrees , and 37 degrees C is a positive function of water temperature, even though ingestion of warm water decreases blood osmotic concentration faster than cold water. The paradox suggests that temperature-dependent gastric factors and water-transport factors determine stomach distention cues of thirst satiation.     

A continuum of sleep and shallow torpor in fasting doves

Fasting doves entered shallow torpor during nocturnal sleep. Body temperature dropped lower each successive night by 1 degrees to 3 degrees in parallel with diminished rapid-eye-movement sleep until torpor was composed almost entirely of slow-wave sleep at a body temperature of 30 degrees to 32 degrees C. Shallow torpor in doves, as in mammals, thus appears to lie on a metabolic continuum with sleep.     

Forebrain temperature activates behavioral thermoregulatory response in arctic sculpins

Arctic sculpins of the genus Myoxocephalus adapted to water at 5 degrees C escaped from warm water at 20 degrees , 16 degrees , and 12 degrees C when their deep-body temperatures increased from an initial 5 degrees C to about 8 degrees C. Heating parts of the forebrain with water at 25 degrees C circulating through a pair of thermodes astraddle rostral parts of the forebrain shortened the time spent in the warm water and lessened the incease in deep-body temperature before exit from the warm water. Cooling the forebrain to about -1 degrees C caused a large increase in the body temperature and sometimes suppressed the escape from the warm water.     

1963～2012年长春市极端气温事件变化特征

利用1963 ～2012年长春市的最高和最低气温资料,采用百分位阈值法确定暖日、暖夜和冷日、冷夜的标准,采用非参数Z统计量检验法、线性倾向估计法和M-K突变检测方法,研究长春市50年的极端气温事件的变化特征.结果表明,长春市的暖日和暖夜呈现上升的变化趋势,上升速率分别为1.44和5.50个/10a;而冷日和冷夜则呈现减少的趋势,减少的速率分别为1.61和5.35个/10a;同时夜间增暖幅度大于白天;极端温度变化的阶段性特征明显,近50年的暖日和冷日、冷夜存在突变.秋季的暖日增加最为显著,春季次之;夏季的暖夜增加最为显著,冬季次之;而冷日和冷夜的减少主要存在于春季和冬季;四季的气温均在变暖,其中以春季、冬季变暖最明显;2月暖日的增加和冷日、冷夜的减少最为明显,暖夜则在6月变化最显著.     

Elevation in brain temperature during paradoxical sleep

During ordinary sleep, the temperature of the rabbit brain tended to drop, but during paradoxical sleep it rose sharply 0.1 degrees to 0.4 degrees C, a greater elevation than was observed during arousal. Changes in body temperature generally did not parallel the alterations in brain temperature. Shifts of direct-current potential in the brain are basically independent of the changes in brain temperature.     

1960-2012年陕西汉中地区极端气温指数变化特征

利用1960-2012年汉中地区每日气温资料,运用线性倾向估计方法、Mann-Kendall突变检验法、Morlet复数小波分析等方法,对汉中地区9种极端气温指数随时间的变化趋势、突变年份及周期性进行了研究.结果表明,1960-2012年汉中地区极端最低气温、极端最高气温、暖夜、暖日、夏天日数和热夜日数变化均呈上升趋势,而冷夜、冷日和霜日变化均呈下降趋势.其中,上升态势最显著的是暖夜、夏天日数和热夜日数,升幅分别为7.94、3.54、3.06d/10a;下降趋势最显著的是冷夜和霜日,降幅分别为5.83、5.14d/10a.除了热夜日数之外,各极端气温指数均呈现具有年代际阶段性变化特征,并有突变现象发生.极端气温突变主要发生在20世纪60年代、80年代中期、90年代后期、2000-2010年.汉中地区极端气温事件普遍存在30年左右的主周期,冷日和极端最高气温还具有17年左右的变化周期,冷日、冷夜、暖日和暖夜均具有更小尺度的周期.综合分析得出,目前该区正处于气温突变容易发生的阶段.1960-2012年汉中地区极端气温呈明显的升高趋势,这易于造成农业气象灾害,需要加强对气象灾害的预防.     

黄河三角洲地区极端气温事件变化特征

根据黄河三角洲地区6个气象站1961~2011年的逐日最高气温、最低气温和日平均气温观测资料,利用趋势分析、M-K突变检验及相关分析等方法,分析了近51年来黄河三角洲地区极端气温事件的变化特征。结果表明,极端气温冷、暖指数的变化趋势表现出明显的不对称性,全区高温及暖日指数变化趋势不显著,暖夜日数呈显著的增加趋势,而冷指数则表现出明显的减少趋势,其中冷夜日数的下降趋势最显著;高温及暖日日数突变点发生在20世纪60年代末,暖夜日数的突变点发生在2005年;低温、冷日及冷夜日数等冷指数的突变点分别发生在1995、1983和1987年;60年代的降温主要表现为暖指数的变化,而90年代以来的变暖主要反映在冷指数的变化中;高温及暖日日数与平均气温之间无显著线性相关关系,暖夜指数及低温日数等冷指数与平均气温分别呈明显的正相关和负相关关系;高温和暖日指数空间分布不规律,特别是暖日指数全区表现出不一致的变化方向;其他各指数均表现出全区一致的变化方向,但变化倾向率的大小存在一定差异,变化率较大的多分布于研究区域的东北部,较小的地区则多分布于西部与西南部。     

Regulation of body temperature in the blue-tongued lizard

Lizards (Tiliqua scincoides) regulated their internal body temperature by moving back and forth between 15 degrees and 45 degrees C environments to maintain colonic and brain temperatures between 30 degrees and 37 degrees C. A pair of thermodes were implanted across the preoptic region of the brain stem, and a reentrant tube for a thermocouple was implanted in the brain stem. Heating the brain stem to 41 degrees C activated the exit response from the hot environment at a colonic temperature 1 degrees to 2 degrees C lower than normal, whereas cooling the brain stem to 25 degrees C delayed the exit from the hot environment until the colonic temperature was 1 degrees to 2 degrees C higher than normal. The behavioral thermoregulatory responses of this ectotherm appear to be activated by a combination of hypothalamic and other body temperatures.     

利用中值检测方法研究近45年山东极端冷暖天气气候事件

利用山东省90个气象观测站逐日气温资料,采用中值和Hampel提出的一种新的极端事件检测方法,检测并分析了山东极端冷暖天气气候事件的变化特征。结果表明,极端高温日数无显著变化,极端暖日数趋于上升;极端冷事件显著减少,具有明显的年代变化特征,20世纪60年代为极端冷（暖）事件的高发期,70～80年代中期均有所减少;90年代中期以后为极端暖事件高发期,而极端冷事件急剧减少。在空间分布上,山东省大部分地区极端冷事件趋于减少,而极端暖事件发生频率的变化则呈现出东部沿海地区增加、鲁西南和鲁西北减少的径向分布特征。在20世纪80年代中期全球明显变暖背景下,山东省极端暖事件的线性变化正趋势范围明显变大,大部分地区的极端低温日数的变化趋于平缓,极端冷日数仍以迅速减少为主要趋势。     

河北省固安县“8.8”短时强降水过程成因分析

利用国家卫星气象中心和河北省固安的降水资料、FNL再分析资料(1°×1°),针对2018年8月8日影响河北省固安县一次短时强降水过程,从环流背景、物理量诊断、卫星云图特征等方面进行了天气动力学诊断和中尺度分析。结果表明：(1) 受副高边缘西南暖湿气流和西风槽冷空气共同影响,8日白天河北省固安县出现短时强降雨。(2) 强降水产生于有利的天气尺度系统配置中,中层干、下层湿的层结;中低层暖区,高层冷区的不稳定的温度场配置;河北省固安K指数大于37.5℃,更易存在较强对流不稳定潜势。(3) 地形对短时强降雨的强度以及落区等起重要作用。     

东北冬季极端气温趋势变化及其城市化影响

利用我国东北地区90个气象站和5个乡村气象站1957～2010年日最高、最低气温资料,分南北两区分析了冬季极端气温事件的长期趋势变化特征,并评价了城市化因素对各极端气温指数趋势变化的影响。结果表明,东北地区暖夜日数、暖昼日数明显增加;冷夜日数、冷昼日数、冷日持续指数均呈显著减少趋势;日较差逐年减小,北区变化更大;其中冷夜日数减少最明显,北区以3．3d／10a的速率下降,南区减少速率为1．9d／10a。城市化对各种极端气温指数序列的趋势变化具有明显的影响,对冷指数序列趋势变化的影响比暖指教更大;城市化对冷夜日教、冷昼日数长期减少趋势的贡献率为35．79％和20．62％,对暖昼日数增加的贡献率为14．46％。     

不同种质材料对杂交后代过氧化氢酶活性的遗传效应

以具有不同温度类型的种质材料为亲本,采用6×6完全双列杂交模式配宜杂交组合,对其杂交F_1、F_2代的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性进行了分析。结果表明,以冷型小麦为亲本配置的杂交组合,其F_1、F_2的CAT活性均表现出相对于以高温种质为亲本的F_1和F_2的优势,特别是灌浆成熟后期至末期更为明显。F_2代是一个分离世代,以冷型小麦为亲本的F_2代CAT活性总体水平表现较优,也意味着F_2代中生理性能较优的单株比较多,从而在F_2代中选出生理活性和抗逆性较优的单株的几率较大。     

Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Wind Divergence, and Convection over Tropical Oceans

Large-scale convection over the warm tropical oceans provides an important portion of the driving energy for the general circulation of the atmosphere. Analysis of regional associations between ocean temperature, surface wind divergence, and convection produced two important results. First, over broad regions of the Indian and Pacific oceans, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in excess of 27.5 degrees C are required for large-scale deep convection to occur. However, SSTs above that temperature are not a sufficient condition for convection and further increases in SST appear to have little effect on the intensity of convection. Second, when SSTs are above 27.5 degrees C, surface wind divergence is closely associated with the presence or absence of deep convection. Although this result could have been expected, it was also found that areas of persistent divergent surface flow coincide with regions where convection appears to be consistently suppressed even when SSTs are above 27.5 degrees C. Thus changes in atmospheric stability caused by remotely forced changes in subsidence aloft may play a major role in regulating convection over warm tropical oceans.     

Infrared observations of the neptunian system

The infrared interferometer spectrometer on Voyager 2 obtained thermal emission spectra of Neptune with a spectral resolution of 4.3 cm(-1). Measurements of reflected solar radiation were also obtained with a broadband radiometer sensitive in the visible and near infrared. Analysis of the strong C(2)H(2) emission feature at 729 cm(-1) suggests an acetylene mole fraction in the range between 9 x 10(-8) and 9 x 10(-7). Vertical temperature profiles were derived between 30 and 1000 millibars at 70 degrees and 42 degrees S and 30 degrees N. Temperature maps of the planet between 80 degrees S and 30 degrees N were obtained for two atmospheric layers, one in the lower stratosphere between 30 and 120 millibars and the other in the troposphere between 300 and 1000 millibars. Zonal mean temperatures obtained from these maps and from latitude scans indicate a relatively warm pole and equator with cooler mid-latitudes. This is qualitatively similar to the behavior found on Uranus even though the obliquities and internal heat fluxes of the two planets are markedly different. Comparison of winds derived from images with the vertical wind shear calculated from the temperature field indicates a general decay of wind speed with height, a phenomenon also observed on the other three giant planets. Strong, wavelike longitudinal thermal structure is found, some of which appears to be associated with the Great Dark Spot. An intense, localizd cold region is seen in the lower stratosphere, which does not appear to be correlated with any visible feature. A preliminary estimate of the effective temperature of the planet yields a value of 59.3 +/- 1.0 kelvins. Measurements of Triton provide an estimate of the daytime surface temperature of 38(+3)(-4) kelvins.     

Thermal reinforcement and thermoregulatory behavior in the goldfish,Carassius auratus

Goldfish in a warm environment can cause a small drop in the temperature of their environment by pressing a lever. The fish regulate the temperature of their environment, keeping the temperature between 33.5 degrees and 36.5 degrees C most of the time.     

Permanent El Niño-like conditions during the Pliocene warm period

During the warm early Pliocene (approximately 4.5 to 3.0 million years ago), the most recent interval with a climate warmer than today, the eastern Pacific thermocline was deep and the average west-to-east sea surface temperature difference across the equatorial Pacific was only 1.5 +/- 0.9 degrees C, much like it is during a modern El Ni?o event. Thus, the modern strong sea surface temperature gradient across the equatorial Pacific is not a stable and permanent feature. Sustained El Ni?o-like conditions, including relatively weak zonal atmospheric (Walker) circulation, could be a consequence of, and play an important role in determining, global warmth.