Lowering the temperature of solid oxide fuel cells

Fuel cells are uniquely capable of overcoming combustion efficiency limitations (e.g., the Carnot cycle). However, the linking of fuel cells (an energy conversion device) and hydrogen (an energy carrier) has emphasized investment in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells as part of a larger hydrogen economy and thus relegated fuel cells to a future technology. In contrast, solid oxide fuel cells are capable of operating on conventional fuels (as well as hydrogen) today. The main issue for solid oxide fuel cells is high operating temperature (about 800°C) and the resulting materials and cost limitations and operating complexities (e.g., thermal cycling). Recent solid oxide fuel cells results have demonstrated extremely high power densities of about 2 watts per square centimeter at 650°C along with flexible fueling, thus enabling higher efficiency within the current fuel infrastructure. Newly developed, high-conductivity electrolytes and nanostructured electrode designs provide a path for further performance improvement at much lower temperatures, down to ~350°C, thus providing opportunity to transform the way we convert and store energy.     

生物质燃料燃烧机理及影响其燃烧的因素分析

生物质燃料是一种资源储量大、清洁环保的可再生能源,研究其燃烧机理是一项非常有价值的工作。主要以秸秆燃料为例对生物质燃料的燃烧机理进行详细介绍;分别从炉膛温度、空气量、生物质燃料颗粒尺寸、反应时间、水分含量、灰分含量以及气固混合比等方面对影响生物质燃料燃烧的因素进行详细分析;对生物质燃料燃烧设备的设计有针对性地提出一些建议。     

橡实制备燃料乙醇菌种筛选及工艺考察

[目的]筛选适宜的橡实制备燃料乙醇的菌种,并优化该发酵工艺。[方法]以橡实粉为原料,筛选适宜的燃料乙醇发酵菌株,并对该工艺条件进行了优化。[结果]酿酒酵母FE-B是一株高效的耐受单宁中温菌株。以橡实粉制备燃料乙醇,当液化温度为95℃,乳液浓度为32%,液化pH为5.8,液化酶用量0.06%,糖化酶用量0.05%,发酵温度为36℃时,可获得较高产率的燃料乙醇。[结论]在纤维乙醇生产技术尚不成熟的前提条件下,为了发展非粮燃料乙醇,利用野生淀粉资源橡实发酵生产燃料乙醇是一种很好的选择。     

Liquid hydrogen as a fuel for the future

The use of liquid hydrogen as a long-term replacement for hydrocarbon fuel for land and air transportation seems technically feasible. It is an ideal fuel from the standpoint of a completely cyclic system, serving as a "working substance" in a closed chemical and thermodynamic cycle. The energy-per-unit-weight advantage (a factor of 3) over gasoline or any other hydrocarbon fuel makes liquid hydrogen particularly advantageous for air craft and long-range land transport. As a pollution-free fuel, it must be seriously considered as the logical replacement for hydrocarbons in the 21st century.     

Fuel ethanol from cellulosic biomass

Ethanol produced from cellulosic biomass is examined as a large-scale transportation fuel. Desirable features include ethanol's fuel properties as well as benefits with respect to urban air quality, global climate change, balance of trade, and energy security. Energy balance, feedstock supply, and environmental impact considerations are not seen as significant barriers to the widespread use of fuel ethanol derived from cellulosic biomass. Conversion economics is the key obstacle to be overcome. In light of past progress and future prospects for research-driven improvements, a cost-competitive process appears possible in a decade.     

元阳薪材树种研究

本文通过元阳薪材树种的研究,论述了筛选薪材树种的必备条件、相互关系及其配置原理等。并筛选出乡土薪材树种和外引树种,这对解决当今农村能源短缺,发展绿色再生能源方面具有重要意义。     

汽油机燃用C5代用燃料研究初探

以Ｃ５（碳－５）为代用燃料，与７０号汽油制成混合燃料，在汽油发电机组上进行了试用。试验结果表明：代用混合燃料能够代替汽油机中燃烧。在标定工况下，燃用Ｃ５占混合燃料质量配比为３２．４％与１００％的混合燃料，比燃用７０号汽油耗油率分别下降８．６％和９．６％。     

平地无风条件下红松针叶床层林火蔓延的影响因子分析及模拟

以红松(Pinus koraiensis)人工林的针叶为材料,在实验室内,根据黑龙江省帽儿山地区同类可燃物的野外条件,构建了不同载量、高度和含水率的可燃物床层,共进行了100次的平地无风条件下的点烧试验,结果表明,平地无风条件下红松针叶床层的林火蔓延速率不超过0.4 m.min-1。红松针叶含水率、床层高度和压缩比对林火蔓延速率具有显著的影响。其中,含水率对林火蔓延速率的影响与可燃物床层的高度、载量等无显著关系,而可燃物床层高度和压缩比对林火蔓延的影响可能受可燃物床层特征的影响,需进一步研究确定。床层载量对红松针叶床层的林火蔓延速率影响不大。以可燃物含水率和床层高度为预测因子的林火蔓延速率线性预测模型,能够解释85%的林火蔓延速率变差,模型的平均绝对误差为0.03 m.min-1,平均相对误差不超过13%。     

北方林区运材汽车运行油耗量的分析和预测

在对北方林区运材汽车的生产情况作了大量调查、统计和实测的基础上,本文对北方林区运材汽车运行油耗量的现状和影响因素进行了分析,运用数理统计的方法对实测数据进行了分析,确定了影响汽车运材油耗量的主要因素,并用多元回归分析法建立了运材汽车运行油耗量的多元经验回归方程,从而提供了一种对运材汽车运行油耗量进行估算和预测的方法,以便为科学地制订运材油耗量定额提供依据。     

红松人工林地表针叶可燃物燃烧PM2.5排放影响因子

目的为研究森林火灾对大气环境中PM_2.5的贡献量, 分析不同火环境下地表可燃物排放PM_2.5的变化特征, 以期为森林火灾排放颗粒物污染提供依据。方法本实验以帽儿山地区红松人工林地表针叶可燃物为研究对象, 铺设不同可燃物载量和可燃物含水率组合方式的可燃物床层, 基于燃烧风洞实验室进行点烧实验192次, 并利用崂应2050型智能空气/TSP综合采样器定量测量不同风速条件下可燃物燃烧释放烟气中细颗粒污染物(PM_2.5)浓度。结果在可燃物载量、可燃物含水率和风速的共同作用下, PM_2.5质量浓度值有很大的变化区间, 最小值为166.7μg/m3, 最大值为7516μg/m3。各因子对PM_2.5质量浓度的影响差异较明显, 从大到小的顺序为:可燃物载量＞风速＞可燃物含水率。通过多因素方差分析表明, 可燃物含水率与PM_2.5质量浓度没有明显的相关性(P＞0.05), 可燃物载量和风速与PM_2.5质量浓度相关关系显著(P＜0.05), 且可燃物载量与风速存在显著的交互作用(P＜0.05)。以双因素模型拟合PM_2.5质量浓度预测模型, 可燃物载量和风速共同解释77%的PM_2.5质量浓度变差。结论红松针叶燃烧对大气颗粒物污染有明显的贡献作用。PM_2.5质量浓度对可燃物含水率、可燃物载量和风速的响应程度存在明显差异, 与可燃物载量和风速呈显著正相关, 与可燃物含水率关系不明显。本研究以可燃物载量和风速为预报因子构建的PM_2.5质量浓度预测模型具有较高的精准度, 可以为估算森林火灾排放PM_2.5质量浓度提供理论基础。      

燃料油与燃煤综合应用效益对比分析

对比了燃煤与燃油的燃烧值与其当前的市场价格,以及运煤车辆的耗油和大修的相关标准参数。从燃油与燃煤产生的能耗与需要投入的风险、运输、折旧及培训等费用成本两方面进行了综合分析。对此分析结果表明,当运煤距离超过300km时,燃油的综合效益高于燃煤,并有利于环保,避免资源重复利用,有效提高了资源的利用效益。     

Methanol: A Versatile Fuel for Immediate Use: Methanol can be made from gas, coal, or wood. It is stored and used in existing equipment

We believe that methanol is the most versatile synthetic fuel available and its use could stretch or eventually substitute for, the disappearing reserves of low-cost petroleum resources. Methanol could be used now as a means for marketing economically the natural gas that is otherwise going to waste in remote locations. If methanol were used as an additive to gasoline at a rate of 5 to 15 percent, for use in internal combustion engines, there would be an immediate reduction in atmospheric pollution, there would be less need for lead in fuel, and automobile performance would be improved. With increasing production of fuel-grade methanol from coal and other sources, we foresee the increasing use of methanol for electrical power plants, for heating, and for other fuel applications. We hope that a practical methanol fuel cell will be commercially available by the time that methanol becomes plentiful for fuel purposes. Methanol offers a particularly attractive form of solar-energy conservation, since agricultural and forest waste products can be used as the starting material. Indeed, at 1 percent conversion efficiency the forest lands could supply the entire present energy requirements of the United States.     

不同供热能源烤烟经济效益对比分析

为发展绿色烘烤,提高烤烟烘烤经济效益,选择当前烤烟供热新出现的生物质成型颗粒燃料、空气源热泵、燃气和醇基液体燃料清洁能源,通过2年间采集5个重点种烟省份8个大型烟叶烘烤工厂的烘烤数据,统计分析其各项经济效益指标。结合前人研究方法、收集现有报道的文献进行综合经济效益分析,结果显示,空气源热泵单炕的烘烤成本略高于燃煤,可作为烤烟供热最佳的后备热源;燃气和醇基燃料使用成本较高,当前不适合大面积推广;生物质成型颗粒燃料能够实现烟草废弃物的循环利用,是现阶段烟叶烘烤最佳的燃煤替代能源。     

油松和侧柏林地表可燃物负荷量及影响因素

[目的]研究北京地区典型针叶林地表可燃物负荷量及其影响因素,构建可燃物负荷量模型,为可燃物的科学管理提供依据.[方法]结合林分因子(胸径、树高、郁闭度、冠幅、第1活枝高)和地形因子(海拔、坡度),在北京市7个区选择具有代表性的油松林和侧柏林,每种林型各设置42块样地,调查和测定了2种针叶林的可燃物负荷量(上层枯叶、下层...     

基于虚拟仪器技术的发动机油耗测试系统研究

针对传统油耗仪的缺陷,利用虚拟仪器技术设计了一种发动机油耗测试系统.该系统是在原有发动机性能检测系统基础上扩充的一种智能化瞬态油耗仪系统,由重量传感器、油箱、充油电磁阀及各路油管组成.重量传感器输出的信号经信号调理电路输入6024E的模拟通道,经计算机分析处理;充油电磁阀的控制信号由6024E的数字通道输出,将油路切换成充油状态和测量状态.设计中主要结合失重原理和瞬时流量概念,使系统不仅有较高的测量精度,还能实时显示瞬时油耗和平均油耗.利用虚拟仪器技术将油耗仪与发动机性能测控系统有机地结合在一起,使系统不仅可实时显示发动机检测过程中的转速、扭矩和功率波形,还可实时显示发动机做变工况实验时的转速、扭矩、功率与瞬时油耗率的变化曲线.     

X195柴油机掺水燃烧的试验研究

 结合195柴油机的结构特点,在不改变原机任何结构的前提下,增设一套供水系统,发动机工作时,喷水器适时向气缸内喷射一定量的水,喷入气缸的水微粒在高温高压的条件下产生“微爆”效应,使柴油颗粒进一步雾化和高度分散,与空气混合更加均匀,促使燃料完全燃烧,以达到节油,降污的目的。试验结果表明,增设的供水系统工作性能的可靠,掺水燃烧时比油耗及排烟度等明显下降。     

华池-曲子长输热油管道运行效率优化研究

热油管道的能耗费用主要包括输油泵的动力费用和加热炉的燃料费用。对于我国东西部地区的热油管道,输油泵大多为电动离心泵,加热炉大多以所输原油为燃料,因而相应的能耗费用包括电费和燃料费两部分,以此费用之和最小为目标函数,建立长输热油管道运行效率优化模型,并采用自适应模拟退火算法进行了求解。     

Activation of Motor Fuel and Reduction in Its Consumption in Automotive Internal Combustion Engines

Large-scale developments, bench motor, chromatography, tribochemical, environmental, and operational tests of devices certified under Russian Federation patent no. 2411074 have been organized to determine the stability, efficiency, and irreversibility of activating diesel fuel, gasoline, aircraft fuel, and rubsen oil. That said, the fractional composition of fuel is lightened, the modification continues even after the fuel leaves the agitator, and a portion of activated fuel added to inactivated fuel increases the share of activated fuel in inactivated fuel, similarly to the activation of water. The activation reduces the fuel consumption by 20–27% without cutting down the ICE power, reduces the smokiness of diesel engines and toxicity of gasoline engines, and lowers the freezing point of diesel fuel and purifies it from resins and sulfur compounds. The tests have served to propose broad-scale tests of the agitator on automotive ICEs, its official tests and certification.     

High-performance electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction derived from polyaniline, iron, and cobalt

The prohibitive cost of platinum for catalyzing the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has hampered the widespread use of polymer electrolyte fuel cells. We describe a family of non-precious metal catalysts that approach the performance of platinum-based systems at a cost sustainable for high-power fuel cell applications, possibly including automotive power. The approach uses polyaniline as a precursor to a carbon-nitrogen template for high-temperature synthesis of catalysts incorporating iron and cobalt. The most active materials in the group catalyze the ORR at potentials within ~60 millivolts of that delivered by state-of-the-art carbon-supported platinum, combining their high activity with remarkable performance stability for non-precious metal catalysts (700 hours at a fuel cell voltage of 0.4 volts) as well as excellent four-electron selectivity (hydrogen peroxide yield <1.0%).     

智能型快速油耗测试仪的设计

提出了一种新的电控喷油汽车的油耗测量方法.根据电控喷油发动机的喷油特性采集的电控喷油器控制信号,找出喷油量与控制信号之间的特定关系,进而通过实时检测喷油器的控制信号,求出其耗油量及耗油率.根据这一方案设计了一种智能型快速油耗测试仪,并对其进行相关的试验.试验结果表明,这种方法较简单,精度符合要求.