打顶时不同追钾对云南烤烟含钾量的影响

田间试验研究打顶时不同追K对云南烤烟含K量的影响结果表明 ,打顶时追施K肥可提高烤烟叶片含K量和烟株吸K量。烤烟田间土壤补施K肥 (包括根部集中施用K2 SO4、KNO3 和缓效钾 )处理其提高烟叶含K量效应明显优于叶面喷施K肥 (包括叶面喷施KH2 PO4、KNO3 和K2 SO4)处理 ,而 3种土壤追施K肥处理以施K2 SO4和KNO3 效果最佳 ,烤烟生育后期追施K肥提高中、上部叶片含K量效果最佳 ,顶叶含K量由对照的 2 .6 %增至3.2 %。     

钾、硼和萘乙酸对烟株生长及钾吸收分配影响的研究

本文通过盆栽试验,研究了钾(K)、硼(B)和萘乙酸(NAA)对烟株生长和K吸收分配的影响。研究表明,在高K营养下,B、NAA及B NAA显著增加了烟株地上部干重和株高,但低K时影响不显著:B、NAA及B NAA明显提高了烟叶的光合强度、硝酸还原酶的活性及过氧化物酶的活性,这为提高烟叶产量和品质奠定了基础。B.NAA及B NAA各处理明显增加了中、上部烟叶的含K量。低K营养时,各处理烟叶的含K量上部>中部>下部;但在高K营养下,各处理烟叶上、中、下部含K量相近,以高K营养下B NAA处理的烟叶含K量最高。初步表明增施K肥时,喷施B和NAA可以提高烟叶的K含量。     

钾肥施用方式对烤烟钾素利用及土壤钾含量的影响

采用大田试验,在河南驻马店烟区研究了钾肥施用方式对烤烟钾素利用及土壤钾含量的影响。结果表明,在施钾量相同条件下,随着钾肥的追施比例和追施次数增加,不同部位的烟叶含钾量均增加,尤其是上部叶钾含量显著增加,2次或3次追钾比1次追钾处理上部叶钾含量分别提高18.9%～26.9%、35.0%～41.1%,使耕层土壤供钾能力在整个烤烟生育期内持续稳定在较高水平,并减少了土壤钾素下移,增加了烟株总吸收钾量,显著提高了钾素的利用效率,以钾肥基追比3∶7、分3次追钾处理钾素利用效率最高,达45.48%。     

施钾对烤烟钾素吸收利用效率及其产量和品质的影响

通过田间小区试验研究了不同施K量对烤烟K素吸收利用效率及产量和品质性状的影响.结果表明:K在烤烟各器官的累积量和含K量均表现为叶＞茎＞根,随着施K量的增加,烟叶和烟株累积量和含K量显著增加,而K肥利用率,K素干物质生产效率和K素利用效率显著下降.烟叶产量和外在品质在施K量0～315kg/hm2范围内均随施K量的增加而提高,超过315kg/hm2则下降明显.增施K肥显著提高烟叶含K量、还原糖含量,降低总N、Ca、Mg、烟碱含量.相关分析表明,K素吸收利用效率与烟叶产量品质密切相关.     

烤烟分次施硝酸钾的钾素营养效应研究

应用＾８６Ｒｂ研究烤烟分次施硝酸钾的钾素营养效应,结果表明：两次追施硝酸钾比全基肥,烤烟脚叶成熟期吸收硝酸钾中钾素提高４５．０８％;吸收土壤中钾素提高４６．９９％;吸收总钾量提高４５．９１％;烟干物质重量提高２３．１１％,烟叶含钾量提高３４．５５％。烤烟不同生育期钾素营养效应：两次追施硝酸钾烤烟前期（现蕾期）烟叶中含钾量比后期（脚叶成熟期）高出３２．０８％,硝酸钾中钾素利用率后期比前期高出４０．４     

不同追施钾肥模式对烤烟生长的影响

2016—2017年,在福建省浦城县试验研究了打顶前后不同追施钾肥模式对烤烟产量品质的影响。初步结果:在烟叶生长后期追施钾肥,可以延长烟草大田生育期5～6 d,主要表现在上部叶耐熟性方面;对烟株生长发育方面的影响主要表现在追施钾肥后对株高、腰叶生长和顶叶生长方面有一定促进作用,尤其对上部叶生长发育有显著影响,而对烟株其他农艺性状指标影响较小;在对烟叶内在化学成分影响方面,表现出增施钾肥在一定程度上可以提高中下部烟碱的含量,增强上部烟叶内在化学成分协调性。     

土壤供钾状况及土壤湿度对我国北方烤烟烟叶含钾量的影响研究

田间采样统计分析和框栽试验结果表明 ,土壤钾素状况及土壤的供钾能力是影响我国北方烟区烤烟烟叶含钾量的主要因子之一 ,合理施用钾肥和改善土壤的钾素状况是提高烟叶含钾量的有效措施 ;土壤湿度是保证土壤钾素向烟株根系运动的必要条件 ,在烟株生长期间 ,特别是在烟株移栽 4 0— 50天期间 ,保持土壤的相对含水量 6 0— 70 % ,是促进烟叶吸钾 ,提高烟叶含钾量的重要手段     

烤烟分次施硝酸钾的钾素营养效应研究

应用86Rb研究烤烟分次施硝酸钾的钾素营养效应,结果表明:两次追施硝酸钾比全基肥,烤烟脚叶成熟期吸收硝酸钾中钾素提高45.08%;吸收土壤中钾素提高46.99%;吸收总钾量提高45.91%;烤烟干物质重量提高23.11%,烟叶含钾量提高34.55%.烤烟不同生育期钾素营养效应:两次追施硝酸钾烤烟前期(现蕾期)烟叶中含钾量比后期(脚叶成熟期)高出32.08%,硝酸钾中钾素利用率后期比前期高出40.44%,烤烟前期吸收钾素主要来自硝酸钾、烤烟后期吸收钾素主要来自土壤.     

不同栽培方式与追钾时间对烤烟光合特性、钾含量及产质量的影响

采用田间试验,研究了不同地膜覆盖、不同追钾时间及揭膜后不同培土次数对烤烟光合特性、钾含量及产质量的影响。结果表明,较其他处理,黑白配色膜覆盖+移栽后30 d追钾+揭膜后培土2次处理显著增强烟叶光合性能,助于烤烟干物质的积累,且其烟叶钾含量及积累量显著高于其他处理,常规化学成分最协调,产量产值最高。就追钾时间而言,普通白膜覆盖在移栽后45 d追钾比移栽后30 d追钾效果更佳,而黑白配色膜覆盖在烟苗移栽后30 d追钾肥却比移栽后45 d追钾效果要佳。较揭膜后培土1次处理,揭膜培土2次的处理更有利于烟株的生长发育。综合分析可得,对砂质壤土而言,黑白配色膜覆盖+30 d追钾+揭膜后培土2次的栽培方式能有效增强烟株光合性能,提高烟叶钾含量及产质量。     

田间烤烟叶片缺钾症状与钾积累及土壤供钾水平关系

基于田间正常施肥烟株生长中期中、上部叶通常出现缺钾症状的现象,以烤烟品种K326为材料在砂质壤土上进行了田间试验,定期观察无钾(即K0,仅按常规施用氮磷肥,K_2O用量为0 kg·hm~(–2))、常规施肥但中后期出现缺钾症状(即CF,按常规施用氮磷钾肥,K_2O用量为364 kg·hm~(–2)但中后期仍有缺钾症状)、常规施肥且正常生长(即CK,按常规施用氮磷钾肥,K_2O用量为364 kg·hm~(–2)但中后期无缺钾症状)3处理烟株移栽后生长情况(特别是叶片缺钾症状的出现情况),并及时采集和测定了相应烟株的干物质、钾含量及根区土壤速效钾含量,以阐明正常施肥烤烟中、上部叶出现缺钾症状的可能原因。结果表明:(1)CF和K0烟株在移栽后33 d前叶片均未出现缺钾症状;但根区土壤速效钾含量移栽后42 d低于99.86 mg·kg~(–1)时,K0烟株第8～第15叶陆续表现缺钾;CF烟株根区土壤速效钾含量移栽后57 d低于131.1mg·kg~(–1)时,第12～第16叶也相继缺钾,而其他叶位叶片正常。(2)从移栽至42 d,CK和K0烟株干物质和钾素累积量虽皆明显增加,但K0烟株总量偏低趋势愈发显著;至移栽后57 d期间,CK和K0烟株前述两个指标继续增加,但此期CF干物质累积有相似的增加趋势,而钾素累积与出现缺钾症状前相比(即移栽后42 d时CK)则略有减少;(3)移栽后42 d至57 d,CF烟株上、中部叶和K0烟株上部叶钾净输出明显,而茎中净输入显著,其他器官或部位总体持平或略有增加;CK烟株上部叶钾素输入、输出维持平衡,其他器官有净增加。(4)生长期间,CK烟叶钾含量皆表现出随叶位上升而呈总体下降,K0烟叶前期有相似规律,但移栽后42 d、57 d呈"上升-下降-上升",CF于移栽后57 d为"下降-上升"趋势。上述结果说明,K0烟株移栽后42 d中部叶开始缺钾是钾整体吸收不足所致,后期则兼有上部叶钾净输出原因;CF烟株出现中、上部叶缺钾而下部叶正常则有3个原因,一是后期体内干物质累积持续增加导致的稀释;二是此期整株钾累积不仅未增加,且有下降;三是CF烟株中、上部叶钾净输出增加。     

Chemistry of soil potassium in Atlantic coastal plain soils: A review

Abstract

Literature dealing with general properties of soil K and with K relationships in Atlantic Coastal Plain Soils was discussed. Potassium, among major and secondary nutrient elements, is the most abundant in soils. It, among mineral cations required by plants, is largest in non‐hydrated size. Potassium has a polarizability equal to .88 ų and a low hydration energy of 34 kcal g^?1 ion^?1. The major K forms in soils are water soluble, exchangeable, nonexchangeable, and mineral. Various dynamic interrelationships exist between these forms with the reaction kinetics between the various phases determining the fate of applied K.

Many Atlantic Coastal Plain soils contain high levels of total K. Most of the total K in these soils is contained in mineral forms such as micas and K‐feldspars. These K forms are slowly released to solution and exchangeable forms that are available to plants. Many researchers have noted a lack of crop response to K fertilization on Atlantic Coastal Plain soils. This lack of response has been ascribed to the high indigenous levels of mineral and non‐exchangeable K in the soils which would become available to crops. Some researchers have also attributed the lack of response to K accumulations in subsoil from leaching of applied K. If the physical and chemical conditions were favorable in the subsoil horizons, e. g., no pan formation and no severe Al toxicity, plant roots could absorb K from the subsoil horizons.     

Leaf Potassium Accumulation in Olive Plants Related to Nutritional K Status,Leaf Age,and Foliar Application of Potassium Salts

Four separate experiments were carried out in greenhouse conditions from spring of 2001 to summer of 2003. The aim of this research was to study the effect of factors such as leaf age, salt type and concentration, number of foliar applications, and the nutritional status on the efficiency of foliar applications of potassium (K) in olive plants. In all experiments, mist-rooted ‘Picual’ olive plants growing in 2 L pots containing perlite were fertigated with a complete nutrient solution containing 0.05 mM or 2.5 mM potassium chloride (KCl). In one experiment, plants received two foliar applications with five concentrations of KCl (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, or 8%) at 63 and 84 days after transplanting. Foliar KCl applications at 2% or 4% increased shoot lengths and the K content of plants fertigated with 0.05 mM KCl (poor K nourished), while foliar KCl application did not have any influence on the growth or K content of plants fertigated with 2.5 mM KCl (normal K nourished). When the number of foliar applications was increased, the results showed that two foliar applications were enough to increase leaf K concentration in olive plants above the sufficiency level. Leaf age could influence the efficiency of foliar K application. Leaf K concentration were higher in young leaves than in mature ones. All K-salts studied as foliar sprays [KCl, potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄), potassium nitrate (KNO₃), potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃), and potassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄)] were effective in increasing leaf K concentration. The results obtained in the present study indicate that foliar applications of K effectively increase K content in K-deficient olive plants, and that foliar applications might be more effective on young leaves. Two foliar applications of 4% KCl or the equivalent for other salts are enough to increase leaf K concentration.     

共施磷酸二氢钙和硫酸铵对土壤中钾形态转化的影响

Soil potassium (K) deficiency has been increasing over recent decades as a result of higher inputs of N and P fertilizers concomitant with lower inputs of K fertilizers in China; however, the effects of interactions between N, P, and K of fertilizers on K status in soils have not been thoroughly investigated for optimizing N, P, and K fertilizer use effciency. The influence of ammonium sulfate (AS), monocalcium phosphate (MCP), and potassium chloride application on K fractions in three typical soils of China was evaluated during 90-d laboratory soil incubation. The presence of AS significantly altered the distribution of native and added K in soils, while addition of MCP did not significantly affected K equilibrium in most cases. Addition of AS significantly increased water-soluble K (WSK), decreased exchangeable K (EK) in almost all the soils except the paddy soil that contained considerable amounts of 2:1 type clay minerals with K added, retarded the formation of fixed K in the soils with K added, and suppressed the release of fixed K in the three soils without K added. These interactions might be expected to influence the K availability to plants when the soil was fertilized with AS. To improve K fertilizer use effciency, whether combined application of AS and K was to be recommended or avoided should depend on K status of the soil, soil properties, and cropping systems.     

铵对不同作物根系钾高亲和转运系统的影响

为探讨植物苗期根系高亲和转运系统的K+吸收动力学特征及其是否受吸NH4+的影响,采用溶液培养和添加K+通道抑制剂的方法,对低K+浓度下5种植物在有铵和无铵时的K+吸收动力学特征进行了研究。结果表明,植物根细胞K+高亲和系统的吸钾特征曲线符合Michaelich-Menten方程。不同植物K+高亲和系统的Km值之间差异较小,均在50%以内,说明不同植物的载体与K+间的亲和性差异较小;不同植物K+高亲和系统的Vmax值间差异很大,说明不同植物根细胞膜上的K4+载体数量间差异很大,这是导致不同植物在低钾条件下吸钾能力差异较大的主要原因。铵的存在可以明显降低供试植物在低钾条件下对K+的吸收速率。与无NH4+情况比较,NH4+的存在可使大豆K+吸收的Vmax减少80%;但NH4+对不同载体与K+之间亲和性(Km的影响较小,由NH4+所导致的Km的降低率均在10%以内。可见,对高亲和系统而言,NH4+对K+吸收的影响主要是由于铵竞争细胞膜上的钾载体所造成的。     

Evaluated Potential of Mica Waste to Release Sufficient Potassium to Support the Growth of Plants in Acidic Tea-Growing Soil in Northeast India

Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is a nutrient-demanding perennial crop and cultivated in typically acidic soil under sub-tropic humid condition. A large amount of fertilizers, especially urea and muriate of potash (MoP), are applied in the soil to sustain tea productivity. However, high potassium (K)-loss from soil under humid conditions suggests the requirement of an alternative K source for supplementing K in the soil during tea cultivation. The objective was to evaluate the possibility of using K-containing minerals, namely, potassium feldspar (K-spar) and mica waste (WM), as alternative K-source for supplementing K in the soil. In this study, application of WM at the recommended dose increased exchangeable K content in soil compared to control (received no K input); however, the value was lower than that of MoP treatment. The WM-treated plants had better growth and higher K uptake than plants with the MoP treatment. Application of WM at half of the recommended dose increased K content in the soil above no K-treated soil and recorded comparable growth and K accumulation by plants as MoP. MW could be used as K amendment in acidic soil, especially during tea cultivation.     

我国主要土壤供钾能力的综合评价

本文应用生物耗竭法并结合化学的对我国１１种主要土壤的供钾能力做了综合评价。     

Dry matter and primary nutrient accumulation in soybeans as affected by combined Nitrogen levels

Nodulating and non‐nodulating soybeans were grown on a Alfic Udipsamment and a Typic Hapludoll amended with 10 or 100 kg N/ha. Tissue and grain samples were analyzed to determine N₂‐fixation, dry matter, and N, P, and K accumulation. Highest grain yields were associated with the highest levels of N₂‐fixation and N and K accumulation in grain. The largest dry matter production was by nodulating plants grown on a high soil N regime. Nodulating plants accumulated more grain and tissue N, P, and K than non‐nodulating plants. Nitrogen stress increased P concentrations in both grain and tissue and decreased harvest indices.     

Prospects and challenges in utilization of indigenous rocks and minerals as source of potassium in farming

Potassium (K) is one of the essential nutrients required by crops in large quantities; however, its use in agriculture by farmers is less than required in developing countries. This neglect has led to excess mining of K in soils by crop plants and has resulted in a negative balance of K in soils. This loss necessitates the need of more use of potassium fertilizers in agriculture. Rocks and minerals offer a potential fertilizer to utilize in agriculture as source of K. The crop trials revealed that feldspar, mica, glauconite, nepheline and shoenite are good sources of K for crops, especially in highly weathered acid soils. However, some researchers have reported no agronomic benefit of feldspar or granite rock application to crops. Overall the size modification, acidulation, microbial inoculants and preparation of K-enriched compost are the effective techniques to utilize K-bearing rocks and minerals. Very limited information is available on these aspects. Thus, in this review, an attempt has been to consolidate up-to-date information of indigenous rocks and minerals as possibilities for alternate sources of K for crop plants. Moreover, this area of research needs attention to utilize indigenous K sources, which can aid to limit the import and cost, of the establishment of potash fertilizer-based industries in developing countries.     

Yield,Potassium Uptake,and Use Efficiency in Upland Rice Genotypes

Potassium (K) is an essential nutrient for higher plants. Information on K uptake and use efficiency of upland rice under Brazilian conditions is limited. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate influence of K on yield, K uptake, and use efficiency of six upland rice genotypes grown on Brazilian Oxisol. The K rate used was zero (natural soil level) and 200 mg K kg^–1 of soil. Shoot dry weight and grain yield were significantly influenced by K level and genotype treatments. However, K × genotype interactions were not significant, indicating similar responses of genotypes at two K levels for shoot dry weight and grain yield. Genotypes produced grain yield in the order of BRS Primavera > BRA 01596 > BRSMG Curinga > BRS 032033 > BRS Bonança > BRA 02582. Potassium concentration in shoot was about sixfold greater compared to grain, across two K levels and six genotypes. However, K utilization efficiency ratio (KUER) (mg shoot or grain yield / mg K uptake in shoot or root) was about 6.5 times greater in grain compared to shoot, across two K level and six genotypes. Potassium uptake in shoot and grain and KUER were significantly and positively associated with grain yield. Soil calcium (Ca), K, base saturation, acidity saturation, Ca saturation, K saturation, Ca/K ratio, and magnesium (Mg)/K ratio were significantly influenced by K application rate.     

INTERACTION BETWEEN POTASSIUM CONCENTRATION AND ROOT-ZONE TEMPERATURE ON GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF TEMPERATE LETTUCE GROWN IN THE TROPICS

Lactuca sativa L. plants were grown at three root-zone temperatures (RZTs): 25°C, 30°C and ambient RZT (A-RZT) on an aeroponic system. Three potassium (K) concentrations: ?25% (minus K), control (standard K), and +25% (plus K) were supplied to plants at each RZT. Plants grown at the plus K and 25°C-RZT had the highest productivity, largest root system and highest photosynthetic capacity. The minus K plants at 25°C-RZT had the highest shoot soluble carbohydrate (SC) concentration, but they had the highest root SC concentration in the plus K plants at A-RZT. However, the highest starch concentration was found in both shoots and roots of the plus K plants at 25°C-RZT. The plus K plants had the highest shoot K concentration at 25°C-RZT, but they had the highest root K concentration at A-RZT. Highest proportion of absorbed K was partitioned to shoots when the plants were grown with the plus K at 25°C-RZT.