TGF-系统及其在硬骨鱼中的研究进展

TGF-（transforming growth factor-）是一类多效应细胞因子,在很多生理活动中发挥功能。TGF-以前体形式合成,随后被切割活化形成成熟的TGF-。TGF-以二聚体的形式发挥作用,与受体TRI（transforming growth factor- receptor I）和TRII（transforming growth factor- receptor Ⅱ）形成一个大型复合物后,磷酸化胞内的Smad,激活下游信号通路。鱼类中,对TGF-家族成员的研究主要集中在对TGF-1的研究,包括TGF-1与免疫相关和与生殖相关的功能,也有研究表明TGF-1与肝功能相关。此外,有少量对TGF-家族其他成员和TGF-受体的研究。     

TGF-β系统及其在硬骨鱼中的研究进展

TGF-β（transforming growth factor-β）是一类多效应细胞因子,在很多生理活动中发挥功能。TGF-β以前体形式合成,随后被切割活化形成成熟的TGF-β。TGF-β以二聚体的形式发挥作用,与受体TβRI（transforming growth factor-β receptor I）和TβRII（transforming growth factor-β receptor Ⅱ）形成一个大型复合物后,磷酸化胞内的Smad,激活下游信号通路。鱼类中,对TGF-β家族成员的研究主要集中在对TGF-β1的研究,包括TGF-β1与免疫相关和与生殖相关的功能,也有研究表明TGF-β1与肝功能相关。此外,有少量对TGF-β家族其他成员和TGF-β受体的研究。     

环境内分泌干扰物对硬骨鱼类甲状腺轴的干扰作用研究进展

甲状腺激素在鱼类的生长、发育、生殖等过程中均起着至关重要的作用,环境内分泌干扰物能够通过不同途径干扰硬骨鱼的甲状腺轴.本研究在介绍硬骨鱼下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴调控机制以及甲状腺激素在鱼体内动态变化过程的基础上,从甲状腺激素的合成、转运、转化、代谢以及清除等角度,总结了目前常用于指示鱼类甲状腺轴受干扰的指标,并从甲状腺轴生物标志物的研发、环境内分泌干扰物活体暴露时间和浓度选择、体外/体内相结合评价体系的建立以及微观水平指标与宏观水平指标相结合的角度,展望了该领域今后的研究重点和方向,以期为环境内分泌干扰物对鱼类甲状腺轴干扰作用研究提供更多的参考.     

硬骨鱼类鳃黏膜免疫相关分子的研究进展

鳃为鱼类重要的呼吸器官,是鱼类进行离子交换、酸碱调节和含氮废物排泄的重要结构基础,也是鱼类重要的外周黏膜免疫器官之一,在抵御病原微生物侵染过程中发挥重要的免疫屏障作用。当前,硬骨鱼类鳃黏膜免疫反应是研究热点之一。本文首先对硬骨鱼类鳃的结构和特点进行分析,之后综述了抗菌肽、干扰素、白细胞介素、Toll样受体、补体等先天性免疫相关分子以及T细胞受体和免疫球蛋白等适应性免疫相关分子在硬骨鱼类鳃黏膜中的表达规律、分子功能,最后探讨了化学因素(重金属、杀虫剂等)、生物因素(细菌、病毒、真菌、和寄生虫等)以及营养物质和疫苗等对硬骨鱼类鳃黏膜结构的影响,以期为深入研究鳃在鱼类黏膜免疫反应中的角色和应答机制提供指导,为硬骨鱼类病原性疾病的免疫防控策略的制定提供理论基础。     

鱼类神经肽Y基因及其食欲调控机理研究

下丘脑的神经肽Y(Neuropeptide Y,NPY)是1982年首次从猪脑中分离出来的一种含36个氨基酸的单链多肽,属胰多肽家族。NPY是促进脊椎动物采食量的一个最强有力的诱导因子,所研究过的脊椎动物各物种的NPY存在高度同源性。与哺乳动物相似,鱼类NPY的结合区域也主要位于食欲调节区域。NPY在鱼类摄食活动中也被证实发挥了重要的食欲促进作用。3种鱼类NPY受体在斑马鱼中被成功克隆,为鱼类NPY受体功能及其作用机理研究奠定了基础。     

硬骨鱼类促性腺激素分泌调控的研究进展

综述了国内外有关硬骨鱼类促性腺激素分泌调控的研究进展,包括硬骨鱼类促性腺激素类型、促性腺激素分泌调控、促性腺激素基因表达调控等。     

瘦素、增食欲素、神经肽Y对摄食的影响

采食量是影响畜禽生产水平的重要因素,许多食欲调节肽物质都可以影响动物的采食量。本文主要综述瘦素、增食欲素、神经肽Y及它们相互间对动物采食量的调控影响。     

神经肽Y对畜禽采食量的影响及调控

<正>采食量是保证动物生产性能充分发挥的关键因素,是影响肉用家畜增重和饲料利用率的主要因素,也是提高生产效率的重要前提。在畜禽生产中,最受人们关注的是动物的采食量,采食量的多少直接关系到畜禽的生产     

达氏鳇稚鱼感觉器官在摄食行为中的作用

通过选择性封闭达氏鳇(Huso dauricus)稚鱼不同感觉器官(包括视觉、嗅觉、触觉、侧线感觉、电感觉、嗅觉+触觉、嗅觉+触觉+电感觉),研究其在达氏鳇稚鱼摄食行为中的作用,旨在为达氏鳇的资源保护和人工培育提供科学依据。实验鱼受精卵采自黑龙江抚远江段,经过开口饲养56 d,随机选择120尾体质健壮的稚鱼用于实验。实验鱼体长为(13.98±1.27)cm,体重为(17.32±4.31)g,在实验开始前暂养适应15 d,实验设计7个实验组和1个对照组。实验持续12 d,期间水温维持在25.2~27.5℃;1 h摄食实验显示,封闭视觉、侧线感觉或触须后稚鱼的摄食量与正常稚鱼(对照组)无显著性差异(P0.05)。结果表明,封闭嗅觉、嗅觉+触须、电感觉、电感觉+嗅觉+触觉时,平均每尾达氏鳇稚鱼摄食量分别为正常水平的69.1%、63.0%、54.3%与43.9%,且差异显著(P0.05),说明电感觉和嗅觉在达氏鳇稚鱼期的摄食中起重要作用;延长摄食实验时间时,达氏鳇稚鱼可能产生了摄食定势与习惯,电感觉和嗅觉的摄食作用并不明显。     

草鱼ghrelin基因的分子克隆与组织分布及其摄食调控作用分析

ghrelin是一种在脊椎动物摄食调节过程中起重要作用的脑肠肽,具有明显的摄食促进作用。实验利用同源克隆技术获得了草鱼ghrelin基因的cDNA序列和DNA序列,其中cDNA序列全长506 bp,包括90 bp的5′端非编码区(5′-untranslated region,5′UTR),312 bp的开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF),以及104 bp的3′端非编码区(3′-untranslated region,3′UTR)。开放阅读框编码的103个氨基酸的ghrelin前体肽,经剪切加工后形成含有19个氨基酸的成熟肽。氨基酸序列分析结果显示,草鱼ghrelin与硬骨鱼类ghrelin相似度最高,而与其他脊椎动物相似度较低,同时草鱼ghrelin成熟肽N端的"活性中心"(active core)为鲤科鱼类中常见的GTSF形式。与大多数硬骨鱼类的ghrelin基因结构相同,草鱼ghrelin基因也包括4个外显子和3个内含子。荧光定量PCR检测到ghrelin mRNA大量分布于草鱼的前肠和脾,脑、肾、肝、肌肉、皮和鳔等组织也有ghrelin mRNA分布。草鱼脑和肠中的ghrelin表达水平在摄食后下降,随着饥饿时间的延长表达水平逐步升高,最后维持在较高水平,表明ghrelin作为摄食启动信号对草鱼的摄食活动起到了促进作用。     

鱼类肽YY与胰肽Y的研究进展

酪酪肽与胰肽Y同属于胰多肽家族,是广泛存在的多功能调节肽;胰肽Y是酪酪肽基因组复制产生的鱼类中特有的神经肽。目前已在多种鱼类中分离得到酪酪肽与胰肽Y的基因,与特定受体发挥生理功能,包括使机体产生饱腹感而食欲下降,减少摄食,降低体质量,在调控养殖鱼类摄食,提高饲料转化率,促进鱼类健康养殖以及消化道、肝胰腺、肥胖等治疗方面发挥重要作用。本文通过概述鱼类中酪酪肽与胰肽Y的结构特征、体内分布、作用的形式及受体、影响因素等生物学功能,为鱼类肽YY及胰肽Y的研究提供参考。     

盐度对九孔鲍摄食_生长及存活的影响

九孔鲍摄食人工饲料的盐度范围为２０￣３８,其中较适宜的盐度范围为２５￣３５,在此盐度范围内,小规格鲍（平均壳长１．３０ｃｍ,平均体重０．３７ｇ）的壳长日增长为９１．５￣１０２．３μｍ,日增重为８．６０￣１２．５５ｍｇ;大规格鲍（平均壳长２．７ｃｍ,平均体重２．３ｇ）的壳长日增长为５６．３０￣８１．８０μｍ,日增重为１２．６８￣２２．４８ｍｇ,其最适生长的盐度为３０￣３５,存活率为９７％￣１００％。     

Monitoring feeding behaviour and food intake: methods and applications

There are three main methods used in the study of feeding behaviour and food consumption in captive populations of fish. These are direct observation, the recording of feeding activity using‘on-demand’feeders, and the quantitative determination of gastrointestinal content using a non-invasive‘labelled feed’technique. Observational techniques have been widely used in studies of foraging behaviour and feeding responses, but these methods are usually confined to the study of fish held in small groups.‘Labelled feed’techniques are well suited to the monitoring of feed intake of individual fish held in large groups, but cannot be used for the continuous monitoring of feeding behaviour. They are, therefore, not particularly suitable for the collection of information about short-term changes in feeding rhythms, or possible diel changes in feeding activity. Studies of feeding activity may best be carried out using computer-operated‘on-demand’feeding systems, but the data collected using these systems give no information about individual feed consumption. Examples are presented showing how data collected using the three methods can be used to provide insights into how various abiotic and biotic factors influence fish feeding.     

Individual food intake measurement of freshwater crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus Dana) juveniles

The inert marker method for individual food intake measurement of signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus Dana) juveniles (carapace length (CL) ranged from 16.5 to 25.6 mm and wet weight (WW) from 0.88 to 4.47 g) was evaluated in a series of experiments. The measurement technique was tested with two types of diet: a gelatin‐based semi‐moist diet and an agar‐based dry diet. Diets were labelled with X‐ray dense ballotini glass beads. After feeding, juveniles were X‐rayed, and the amount of ingested glass beads in the digestive track was counted from the X‐ray images. The method proved reliable only with the gelatin diet. In the ingested gelatin food, 92.80±8.55% of the glass beads originally in the food were found in comparison with 40.99±24.72% for the agar diet. Subsequently, the growth efficiency of the gelatin diet was compared with typically used raw fish diet (roach, Rutilus rutilus L.), and possible harmful effects of X‐raying on the growth and survival of the juveniles were tested on 2‐year‐old crayfish (CL 22.90±1.66 mm and WW 3.15±0.71 g). Roach‐fed juveniles grew significantly faster than the gelatin‐fed counterparts. However, the growth performance and survival of the juveniles on gelatin diet was considered good enough to allow long‐term growth experiments with individual feed intake monitoring, e.g. for studies on social behaviour of the crayfish. The results of this study confirmed that the X‐radiography technique together with a semi‐moist gelatin‐based diet makes it possible to measure individual food consumption of freshwater crayfish juveniles reared communally.     

低等真骨鱼类肌间骨的比较分析

对骨舌鱼总目、海鲢总目、鲱形总目和骨鳔总目等低等真骨鱼类肌间骨的数量、形态和分布进行了比较分析,结果如下:1.海鳗肌间骨的数目最多(409枚),其次是刀鲚(221枚),黄颡鱼肌间骨数最少(8枚),双须骨舌鱼次之(70枚),鲤科鱼类的肌间骨数目在99~133之间。2.从骨舌鱼总目到骨鳔总目,各种肌间骨可归纳为7种形态类型,从简单形态向复杂形态演化,然后出现退化现象。双须骨舌鱼只有形态最简单的"I"形髓弓小骨,没有脉弓小骨;海鲢总目的海鳗出现一端两分叉的形态,而鲱形总目的鲥和刀鲚出现一端多分叉的形态,到骨鳔总目的各种鱼类,开始出现两端两分叉,并在此基础上出现各种更复杂的形态;肌间骨形态在鲤科的鲌亚科最复杂,从雅罗鱼亚科开始退化,到鲇形目髓弓小骨完全消失,而脉弓小骨仅留少数简单的I形;脉弓小骨形态的复杂性要比髓弓小骨低。3.从前向后,髓弓小骨形态依照从复杂到简单的顺序排列,而脉弓小骨没有这种明显的排列顺序。根据低等真骨鱼类的系统发育关系,结合肌间骨形态及其在各肌间隔的分布规律,本文认为,目前鲤科鱼类的各种肌间骨是通过两个途径演化而来的:从"I"形-"卜"形-"Y"形-一端多叉形和从"I"形-"卜"形-"Y"形-两端两分叉形-两端多叉形-树枝形。     

Drinking behaviour in sea water and fresh water teleosts,the role of the renin-angiotensin system

Basal drinking rate and responses to administered angiotensin were examined in 12 species of fish. The responses of representative euryhaline, stenohaline marine and fresh water species to pharmacological manipulation of endogenous renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity were also investigated.Basal drinking rates were consistently low in stenohaline and euryhaline fresh water fish, and all species examined showed an increased imbibition in response to administered angiotensin. Marine fish drank large volumes of water, rates varying considerably between species, with euryhaline species exhibiting lower rates than stenohaline groups. The extremely high drinking rates observed in the sea scorpion were associated with a high plasma osmolality. With the exception of the sea scorpion, all other species examined in sea water showed a further rise in drinking in response to exogenous angiotensin.Although the freshwater stenohaline carp showed a dipsogenic response to angiotensin, it was apparently unable to evoke this response when fish were acclimated to brackish water. The high drinking rates of both euryhaline and stenohaline fish held in sea water appeared dependent upon an activated endogenous RAS, and were lowered following inhibition of Al to All conversion by Captopril. Drinking was further stimulated in these marine species following stimulation of endogenous RAS activity by the administration of the hypotensive agent Papaverine. The study endorses a role for the RAS in the control of adaptive drinking in euryhaline and stenohaline marine teleosts.