雌核发育牙鲆与普通牙鲆的肌肉营养成分比较

测定了牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus幼鱼肌肉的水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分,分析了肌肉氨基酸和脂肪酸组成及含量,对普通牙鲆和雌核发育牙鲆肌肉的营养成分进行了比较。牙鲆肌肉中粗蛋白含量均较高,达到21.3%,鲜味氨基酸——谷氨酸在所有氨基酸中含量最高,占到总量的2.9%,且不饱和脂肪酸具有较高水平。测定结果表明,普通牙鲆雌、雄个体间肌肉营养组成和含量无显著性差异(P0.05),雌核发育牙鲆与普通牙鲆雌、雄间亦无显著差异(P0.05);雌核发育牙鲆与普通牙鲆肌肉相比,其营养组成无明显差别,同样具有营养丰富、组成均衡等优点,雌核发育对鱼类营养成分并无不良影响。     

牙鲆减数分裂与有丝分裂雌核发育的遗传差异

利用同一尾牙鲆亲鱼的同一批卵子诱导减数分裂雌核发育二倍体和有丝分裂雌核发育二倍体,同时用牙鲆精子做人工授精制备普通二倍体,作为对照组。利用10对微卫星引物对普通二倍体和两种雌核发育二倍体进行遗传分析。结果表明,母本基因型在8个位点为杂合,2个位点为纯合。普通二倍体有6种基因型,等位基因均来自父母本的随机结合,类型丰富;母本与子代、子代个体之间的遗传相似系数分别为0.452 8和0.560 3,接近随机交配群体的遗传相似度。减数分裂雌核发育二倍体有3种基因型,除在1个位点出现异于母本的纯合基因型外,其他所有位点的基因型与母本完全一致;母本与子代、子代个体之间遗传相似系数分别为0.976 6和0.959 5,接近近交系的遗传相似度。有丝分裂雌核发育二倍体有2种基因型,且全部为纯合型;母本与子代、子代个体之间遗传相似系数分别为0.806 2和0.742 5,有丝分裂雌核发育二倍体全部为纯合个体。减数分裂雌核发育二倍体具有高度的遗传相似性,适于固定母本性状;有丝分裂雌核发育二倍体纯合度高,适于作为制备克隆的亲本;两者具有明显不同的遗传特性,均可作为特征不同的育种材料。     

牙鲆有丝分裂雌核发育二倍体的制备

本研究采用紫外线灭活的真鲷(Pagrus major)精子激活牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)卵子, 经过静水压机处理诱导有丝分裂雌核发育二倍体。优选施压起始时间、持续时间和压力大小3个方面参数, 获得最佳参数组合为: 起始时间60 min、持续时间6 min、施加压力650 kg/cm²。在此条件下的受精率最高为67.80%, 孵化率54.23%, 与其他处理组间达显著性差异(P<0.05)。用流式细胞仪检测未经静水压处理的胚胎, 其DNA含量约为普通二倍体的1/2, 即单倍体; 检测有丝分裂雌核发育胚胎, 其DNA含量与普通二倍体大体一致。结果表明, 应用该方法可成功诱导获得牙鲆有丝分裂雌核发育二倍体。

     

牙鲆连续四代减数分裂雌核发育家系的遗传特征分析

为了研究纯合度和遗传相似度在牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)连续四代减数分裂雌核发育家系中的变化规律,本研究利用分布在不同连锁群上的24个高重组率微卫星标记对牙鲆连续减数分裂雌核发育二代(G2)、三代(G3)、四代(G4)家系及普通家系对照组进行了遗传分析。结果显示,24个微卫星位点在对照组、G2、G3、G4家系中,分别检测到96、42、32和32个等位基因,平均等位基因数分别为4.00、1.98、1.33和1.33;期望杂合度分别为0.6416、0.3472、0.1694和0.1492;纯合度分别为0.3503、0.6528、0.8306和0.8508;遗传相似系数分别为0.5822、0.9238、0.9890和0.9988。24个位点中已有17个纯合,但尚有7个保持杂合状态。同时,将上述结果和已发表的减数分裂雌核发育一代(G1)家系的数据进行分析,结果表明,诱导连续减数分裂雌核发育不仅能提高个体的纯合度,同时也可提高子代个体间的遗传相似度;纯合度和遗传相似度在G1、G2和G3家系中能够得到逐步提高,代际之间差异显著(P<0.05);但在G4家系中趋于稳定,与G3家系差异不显著。G4家系的遗传相似性(0.9988)已高于连续20代全同胞交配所获得的理论值(0.9860),连续诱导减数分裂雌核发育是快速建立鱼类近交系的良好方法。     

有丝分裂雌核发育牙鲆的微卫星鉴定

通过静水压抑制卵裂方法获得多个牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)有丝分裂雌核发育家系,在仔鱼阶段经历大批死亡后,将各个家系残存的个体混合饲养,24个月后获得1批存活个体。利用11对微卫星分子标记,对173尾有丝分裂雌核发育牙鲆进行分析,结果表明,其中111尾在11位点全部纯合,62尾在部分位点杂合,平均杂合子比例为0.2338。11个位点的等位基因数为4～8,平均等位基因数为5.0336,有效等位基因数为2.0421～5.1268,平均有效等位基因数为3.2815。采用NJ法对111尾纯合牙鲆的亲缘关系进行聚类分析,可分为4群。微卫星标记鉴定结果表明,通过静水压抑制卵裂法可以获得完全纯合的牙鲆,但有部分杂合个体出现。分析其原因,可能是由于某些卵子发育不同步,静水压抑制其第二极体排出而非全部抑制卵裂,导致减数分裂雌核发育所致。     

真鲷精子诱导牙鲆减数分裂雌核发育

采用真鲷精子激活牙鲆卵子,经(0±0.5)℃冷休克处理,诱导了牙鲆减数分裂雌核发育。灭活真鲷精子,紫外线照射剂量3.4mJ/cm2时孵化率最低;随着照射剂量的增加,孵化率恢复,照射剂量73mJ/cm2时,孵化率最高,呈现典型的Hertwig效应。用流式细胞仪检测倍性,未经冷休克处理的胚胎全部为单倍体,经冷休克处理的均为二倍体,表明精子灭活有效。冷休克实验结果表明,冷休克起始时间2～5min均有效,以3min为最好;冷休克持续时间30～90min均有效,以45min为最好。综合两项因素,授精3min后,休克时间持续45min组的授精率和孵化率均为最高,与其他处理组差异显著(P<0.05)。RAPD分析结果显示,异源精子的遗传信息未在雌核发育二倍体的电泳图中出现,表明其遗传信息没有传递给子代。     

黑鲷精子诱导漠斑牙鲆雌核发育研究

采用紫外线遗传失活的黑鲷精子与漠斑牙鲆卵子授精,获得了漠斑牙鲆雌核发育单倍体受精卵,经冷休克处理后诱导出漠斑牙鲆雌核发育二倍体.试验结果表明,黑鲷精子经紫外线照射后(0～180 J/cm2)与漠斑牙鲆卵子受精,胚胎孵化率呈现明显的Hertwig效应.黑鲷精子遗传失活的最适紫外线照射剂量为120 J/cm2.18℃的水温条件下,冷休克处理的最适时刻为受精后4 min.处理持续时间和处理温度组合试验表明,在相同处理持续时间条件下,3℃休克水温处理效果均优于对应1℃休克水温各组,且45 min处理持续时间诱导效果最佳.综合试验结果,黑鲷精子诱导漠斑牙鲆雌核发育的适合条件为:水温18℃,将黑鲷精子经120 J/cm2紫外线照射后与漠斑牙鲆卵子受精,受精后4min,用3℃冷海水处理45min,可获得46.59％的雌核发育漠斑牙鲆二倍体初孵仔鱼.     

异源精子诱导犬齿牙鲆雌核发育

用冷冻保存的花鲈精子作为异源精子,采用紫外线（UV）对精子进行照射使其遗传物质失活,然后与卵子进行“授精”,可以刺激犬齿牙鲆鱼卵进行雌核发育,在受精后一定时间采用冷休克处理“授精”卵,抑制第二极体排出成功获得了犬齿牙鲆雌核发育二倍体鱼苗。实验表明：犬齿牙鲆同源精子经80 mJ/cm² 的紫外线照射可以完全失活,冻存花鲈精子经紫外线照射后也同样具有诱导犬齿牙鲆雌核发育的能力。无论同源精子还是异源精子,最佳诱导条件为在18 ℃条件下,精子经80 mJ/cm²的紫外线照射,受精后4~5 min将受精卵放在3 ℃海水中进行冷休克处理,持续时间为45 min,同源精子和异源精子二倍体诱导分别为32.66%±7.03%和28.00%±6.48%。采用形态学、流式细胞仪DNA含量分析和微卫星标记技术对雌核发育鱼苗进行了分析,证明了雌核发育鱼苗为雌核发育二倍体。     

真鲷精子诱导漠斑牙鲆减数雌核发育

采用紫外线(UV)灭活的冷冻真鲷(Pagrosomus major)精子激发漠斑牙鲆(Paralichthys lethostigma)卵子发育.冷冻真鲷精子适宜的UV灭活剂量为72 mJ/cm2,随着处理时间延长,胚胎的孵化率呈现哈特维希效应,其中40 s灭活组胚胎孵化率达到最高[(29士1.9)％],单倍体率100％.利用冷休克法抑制卵子第二极体排出,成功获得雌核发育二倍体仔鱼.冷休克处理温度为0～2℃,处理起始时间3 min、持续时间45 min时,雌核发育二倍体胚胎的孵化率最高,达(9.4士0.71)％,获得批量雌核发育仔鱼.雌核发育仔鱼经流式细胞仪和染色体倍性鉴定,均为二倍体(2n=48),未发现单倍体和非整倍体现象.雌核发育二倍体组和单倍体组与正常二倍体组组孵化时间差异显著,分别历时64 h 59 min和55 h 49 min.雌核发育二倍体仔鱼与正常二倍体仔鱼形态特征差异不显著(P＞0.05),单倍体仔鱼明显畸形.研究表明,采用适宜的紫外线剂量灭活的冷冻真鲷精子可成功诱导漠斑牙鲆雌核发育,获得雌核发育二倍体后代,研究结果可为漠斑牙鲆全雌化苗种生产提供技术和理论依据.     

异源精子诱导犬齿牙鲆的雌核发育

用冷冻保存的花鲈精子作为异源精子,采用紫外线(UV)对精子进行照射使其遗传物质失活,然后与卵子进行"授精",可以刺激犬齿牙鲆鱼卵进行雌核发育,在受精后一定时间采用冷休克处理"授精"卵,抑制第二极体排出成功获得了犬齿牙鲆雌核发育二倍体鱼苗.实验表明:犬齿牙鲆同源精子经80 mJ/cm2的紫外线照射可以完全失活,冻存花鲈精子经紫外线照射后也同样具有诱导犬齿牙鲆雌核发育的能力.无论同源精子还是异源精子,最佳诱导条件为在18℃条件下,精子经80 mJ/cm2的紫外线照射,受精后4～5 min将受精卵放在3℃海水中进行冷休克处理,持续时间为45 min,同源精子和异源精子二倍体诱导分别为32.66%±7.03%和28.00%±6.48%.采用形态学、流式细胞仪DNA含量分析和微卫星标记技术对雌核发育鱼苗进行了分析,证明了雌核发育鱼苗为雌核发育二倍体.     

Fast development of genetically uniform strains by gynogenesis in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

The Japanese flounder is a major species in both aquaculture and research. Inbred strains of Japanese flounder were developed efficiently in our laboratory by meiotic and mitotic gynogenetic reproduction techniques. To determine the induction efficiency of gynogenesis and the rate at which full homozygosity is produced, six meiotic gynogenetic females (G1–G6) that had experienced meiotic gynogenesis once and three common females (C1–C3) were selected for production of mitotic gynogenesis in our experiments. Of the nine adult females, all six gynogenetic fish successfully produced viable offspring. However, only one of the three common fish did. Using microsatellite markers, we estimated the homozygosity of gynogenetic fish induced by mitotic gynogenesis. We found that the homozygosity of seven lines (C1, G1–G6) increased quickly, individually from 43%, 72%, 69%, 71%, 78%, 69% and 58% to 100%, 100%, 100%, 90%, 100%, 100% and 90% offspring complete homozygosity. Under mitotic gynogenesis, individuals with higher homozygosity had a higher induction rate. The G4 line showed the highest induction rate, achieving 44.59% convert hatching rate and 29.28% convert normality rate. We conclude that meiotic gynogenesis may be a feasible method to produce DH genetic material in Japanese flounder.     

石鲽、牙鲆精子冷冻保存研究及其在人工杂交中的应用

对石鲽(Kareius bicoloratus )和牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)精子冷冻保存技术进行了研究,筛选到一个优良的稀释液MPRS,用MPRS冷冻保存石鲽、牙鲆精子,冻后成活率在70%以上。在石鲽冻精和牙鲆卵的杂交实验中,杂交组受精率是 28 4%±4 55(n=3),孵化率是 42 7%±7 35(n=3),胚胎发育正常;5 000尾杂交鱼苗有102尾成功度过变态期。在牙鲆冻精和大菱鲆卵的杂交实验中,杂交组的受精率只有2 7%,部分受精卵虽能孵化出膜,但仔鱼全为畸形。这两个杂交实验,特别是石鲽冻精和牙鲆卵的杂交实验,证实了冷冻保存的精子完全可以应用在杂交育种工作中。     

Immunohistochemical localization of three GnRH systems in brain and pituitary of Japanese flounder

ABSTRACT:   To clarify the possible roles of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the reproduction of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus , localization of salmon GnRH (sGnRH), chicken GnRH-II (cGnRH-II), and sea bream GnRH (sbGnRH) immunoreactive (ir) cell bodies and fibers in the brain and pituitary were examined together with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)-ir cells in the pituitary by immunohistochemistry. sGnRH-ir cell bodies were localized in the ventromedial part of the rostral olfactory bulb and cGnRH-II-ir cell bodies were restricted to the midbrain tegmentum, while sbGnRH-ir cell bodies were evident in the preoptic area. sGnRH-ir fibers were distributed throughout the brain, especially abundant in the forebrain. cGnRH-II-ir fibers were also scattered in many areas of the brain with abundance in the midbrain, but sbGnRH-ir fibers were observed in the preoptic–hypothalamic area and innervated the pituitary. In the pituitary, neither sGnRH-ir fibers nor cGnRH-II-ir fibers were found, but sbGnRH-ir fibers were profuse in the neurohypophysis and invaded the proximal pars distalis, targeting FSH and LH cells. These results suggest that three GnRH systems can play different physiological roles in the brain of Japanese flounder. Among them, sbGnRH is considered to be involved in reproduction by stimulating gonadotropin secretion, while sGnRH and cGnRH-II can function as a neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator within the brain in this species.     

Application of microparticle diets for Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus larvae

ABSTRACT:   A feeding trial was conducted with two newly developed microparticle diets (MD-Q and MD-V), which differed in the mixing ratios of two types of casein hydrolysates (C700 and C800) as the protein source. The ratio of C700 and C800 were adjusted to 7:3 in MD-Q and 6:4 in MD-V, respectively. Japanese flounder larvae were fed from 7 days after hatching (d.a.h.) to 32 d.a.h. on live food (LF), MD solely, MD + 1/3 LF (either of the MD and one-third quantity of the live food) and 1/3 LF (one-third quantity of live food alone), respectively. They were then switched to Kyowa diet B from 33 d.a.h. until 40 d.a.h. The larvae fed on MD-Q exclusively had a higher survival rate (36.4%) than those fed on MD-V (24.2%) by 22 d.a.h. Unfed larvae could survive up to only 12 d.a.h. Larvae fed on MD-Q + 1/3 LF also had a significantly higher survival rate (34.2%) than those on MD-V + 1/3 LF (16.3%) and 1/3 LF solely (15.4%) at 32 d.a.h. These results suggest the potential of MD-Q as a part replacement for LF from the early developmental stage in the seed production of Japanese flounder.     

Dietary vitamin A requirements of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

A 70‐day feeding experiment was conducted to assess the dietary vitamin A (VA) requirements of juvenile Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Six semi‐purified diets with VA supplementations of 0, 5000, 10 000, 15 000, 20 000 and 25 000 IU kg^?1 were fed twice a day to triplicate groups of 20 juveniles per tank with an initial weight of 1.59 ± 0.01 g (mean ± SE). Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) increased as dietary VA increased up to 10 000 IU kg^?1. Significantly lower WG and SGR were observed for the 0 IU kg^?1 treatment than for treatments of 5000, 10 000 and 15 000 IU kg^?1. Highest WG and SGR were observed in fish fed 10 000 IU kg^?1; slightly lower values were recorded in fish fed 15 000, 20 000 or 25 000 IU kg¹. No significant difference was observed in survival rate among treatments. Whole body total lipid was significantly higher in fish fed 0 and 5000 IU kg^?1 than for other levels. Reduced growth and small livers were observed as signs of VA deficiency in fish fed 0 IU kg^?1. Slightly reduced growth and pale fragile livers were observed as effects of VA excess in fish fed 25 000 IU kg^?1. Total retinol contents in liver and eyes increased with increasing levels of dietary VA. No retinol was detected in livers, and significantly lower total retinol content was observed in eyes, of fish fed 0 IU kg^?1. WG analysed by the broken line method indicated that an optimum dietary VA requirement of 9000 IU kg^?1.     

牙鲆亲本对子代贡献率的实验研究

利用18对高度多态性微卫星标记, 对13尾牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)亲鱼的188尾后代进行亲子鉴定, 计算其非亲排除率、鉴定准确率以及亲本对子代的贡献率。使用4个微卫星标记进行亲子鉴定, 排除率≥0.999 9, 准确率为92.02%; 用6个标记的排除率≥0.999 999, 准确率为96.81%; 用8个标记的排除率≥0.999 999 999, 准确率为97.87%; 用10个标记的准确率为99.47%; 用12～18个标记的准确率为100%。亲子鉴定准确率随非亲排除率和微卫星标记数目的增多而升高。检验所有子代全部是实验亲本的后代, 即13个亲本对子代均有贡献, 但不同亲本的贡献率不同, 最高为47.34%, 最低为0.53%。实验表明, 基于多标记的非亲排除率检测方法可以用于牙鲆亲子鉴定, 其鉴定准确率可以达到100%; 不同亲本对子代贡献率不同, 差异很大, 产生差异的原因有待进一步研究。