饲料中添加南极磷虾粉对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组分及体色的影响

为探讨南极磷虾粉在对虾养殖中的应用效果,在对虾全价配合饲料中分别添加5%(S5组)、10%(S10组)、15%(S15组)和20%(S20组)的南极磷虾粉,配制成4种实验饲料,以全价配合饲料为对照(S0组),饲养体质量为(7.27±0.88) g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei) 35 d,研究了其对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组分及体色的影响。结果显示,饲料中添加南极磷虾粉：1)可显著提高对虾成活率(P<0.05),添加比例为15%时,终末体质量(FBW)、体质量增长率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)均显著高于S0组(P<0.05);2)逐渐提高粗脂肪含量,且S10、S15和S20组显著高于S0组(P<0.05),而头胸甲亮度值(L^*)及身体处黄色值(b^*)逐渐降低,均显著低于S0组(P<0.05);3)显著提高肝胰腺和甲壳中虾青素的含量,且与体色相关的LVPBP75基因的表达水平与南极磷虾粉添加比例呈正相关。研究结果初步表明,饲料中添加南极磷虾粉能够促进对虾生长,提高其体内虾青素含量和肝胰腺中LVPBP...     

投喂南极磷虾鲜肉对凡纳滨对虾生长、蜕皮及代谢水平的影响

为探究南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)作为饵料生物在凡纳滨对虾养殖中对其生长、蜕皮及代谢水平的影响,进行了间隔投喂试验,设置对照组(全程投喂配合饲料)、间4组(1天磷虾鲜肉和4天配合饲料间隔投喂)、间2组(1天磷虾鲜肉和2天配合饲料间隔投喂)、间1组(1天磷虾鲜肉和1天配合饲料间隔投喂)及全虾组(全程投喂磷虾鲜肉),养殖试验持续36 d。结果表明,间1组、间2组和间4组对虾体长(Lt)、体重(Wt)、特定生长率(SGR)、相对增重率(WGR)均高于对照组,但都与对照组无显著性差异(P0.05),间4组和间2组对虾成活率(SR)较对照组分别升高5%和10%,全虾组对虾Lt、Wt、SGR、WGR、SR均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。投喂磷虾鲜肉能够刺激对虾的蜕皮,其中,投喂磷虾鲜肉各组对虾平均日蜕皮率(ADMR)均高于对照组,在对虾日蜕皮率(DMR)≥10%天数上,全虾组间1组间4组对照组间2组。间1组和全虾组对虾血淋巴中胆固醇(T-CHO)水平显著高于对照组(P0.05),而全虾组葡萄糖(GLU)水平显著低于对照组(P0.05)。投喂磷虾鲜肉影响了对虾肝胰腺中代谢相关酶活力,其中,间2组和间1组对虾肝胰腺中磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)活力显著高于对照组(P0.05),全虾组对虾肝胰腺中丙酮酸激酶(PK)活力显著高于对照组(P0.05),间1组、间2组和全虾组对虾肝胰腺中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力和琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活力均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。综合以上结果,适量投喂南极磷虾鲜肉能够一定程度提高凡纳滨对虾的生长、蜕皮,影响对虾代谢水平。此外,南极磷虾鲜肉不宜投喂过多,以1天磷虾鲜肉和4天配合饲料间隔投喂为宜。     

低鱼粉饲料中添加羟基蛋氨酸硒对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、抗氧化能力和抗亚硝酸盐胁迫的影响

[目的]本实验旨在研究低鱼粉饲料 中添加羟基蛋氨酸硒(HMSe)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长性能、抗氧化能力及抗亚硝酸盐胁迫的影响。[方法]实验选用初始体质量为(0.90±0.05)g的凡纳滨对虾,分别投喂HMSe添加水平为0.000、0.375、0.750、1.500和2.250 mg/kg的实验饲料,命名为HMSe0 、HMSe1、HMSe2、HMSe3和HMSe4,每组3个重复,养殖8周。养殖实验结束后,进行12 h 的亚硝酸盐胁迫实验。[结果]结果表明,凡纳滨对虾的终末体质量(FBW)、增重率(WG R)和饲料效率(FE)随着饲料中HMSe水平的增加呈现先升高后下降的趋势,并在HMSe2组达到峰值。随着饲料中HMSe水平的提高,对虾全体和肌肉中的硒含量均显著增加,而全虾粗蛋白和粗脂肪的含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,并分别在HMSe2组和HMSe1组达到最大值。HMSe4组中凡纳滨对虾的血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和肝胰腺过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于HMSe0组。亚硝酸盐胁迫显著影响凡纳滨对虾的存活率。与胁迫前比较,胁迫后对虾肝胰腺中MDA含量升高,GST、CAT和T-SOD的活性降低,而补充适量的HMSe可减轻这些负面影响。根据凡纳滨对虾胁迫后成活率的二次多项式回归分析,低鱼粉饲料中凡纳滨对虾的HMSe最适添加量为1.350 mg/kg。[结论]综上所述,在低鱼粉饲料中添加0.750~1.350 mg/kg HMSe,能够提高凡纳滨对虾的生长性能、饲料利用率和抗亚硝酸盐胁迫的能力。     

蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长的影响

为探讨凡纳滨对虾饲料中用蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉的可行性及适宜的添加比例,研究了蝇蛆粉替代饲料中部分鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长、成活和饵料系数的影响。饲喂试验共持续了65 d。结果显示:当蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉添加量为7%时,试验中期(32 d)和末期对虾增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)均显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。在低于7%添加范围内,随着蝇蛆粉添加水平的增加对虾WGR和SGR逐渐提高,超过7%后,对虾WGR和SGR逐渐下降。试验中期和末期,17%添加组饵料系数均显著高于其余各组(P<0.05),7%添加组饵料系数略高于对照组但差异不显著。无论是中期还是末期,蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾的成活率未产生显著影响(P>0.05)。在凡纳滨对虾饲料中添加7%的蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉可促进对虾生长,利用蝇蛆粉替代对虾饲料中的部分鱼粉是可行的。     

家蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长、抗氧化和免疫指标的影响

设计6种等氮等能的试验饲料,以评价不同比例的家蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长性能、抗氧化以及非特异性免疫指标的影响。选用960尾体质量为(0.56±0.03)g的凡纳滨对虾随机分为6组,分别投喂用家蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉的6种饲料,替代比例(等蛋白替代)分别为0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%,记为G0、G20、G40、G60、G80和G100。45 d的养殖试验结果显示,G20~G60组凡纳滨对虾的增重率(WGR)与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05),G80、G100组WGR显著降低(P<0.05)。除G40组外,各替代组凡纳滨对虾的特定生长率(SGR)均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。G100组摄食量(FI)显著低于其它各组(P<0.05)。当替代水平不超过60%时,家蝇蛆粉对凡纳滨对虾的饲料系数(FCR)、蛋白质效率(PER)、蛋白质沉积率(PPV)和肝胰指数(HSI)影响不显著(P>0.05);随替代水平的继续增加,FCR和HSI显著升高,PER和PPV显著降低(P<0.05)。替代组对虾肥满度(CF)和存活率(SR)均不同程度的高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。随家蝇蛆粉替代水平的增加,全虾粗蛋白、钙(Ca)和总磷(P)含量显著升高(P<0.05),粗脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05),干物质和灰分含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。各替代组对虾血清和肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、血清丙二醛(MDA)含量与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05),G80和G100组肝胰腺MDA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。血清酚氧化酶(PO)活性随家蝇蛆粉替代量的增加而显著降低,其中G20组显著高于其它各组(P<0.05)。肝胰腺碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性随添加量的增加而显著降低(P<0.05)。家蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾的血细胞总数(THC)、血清一氧化氮(NO)含量、AKP活性和肝胰腺PO活性、NO含量影响不显著(P>0.05)。     

酵母水解物对凡纳滨对虾生长、消化酶活性和肠道形态的影响

本实验旨在研究饲料中添加酵母水解物对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长性能、血清生化指标、肝胰腺消化酶活性以及肠道形态的影响。酵母水解物添加量分别为0%、1%、3%和5%,配制4种等氮等脂(42.5%粗蛋白和8.5%粗脂肪)的实验饲料。选取初始体重为(1.86±0.02)g的凡纳滨对虾480尾,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复30尾,进行为期8周的养殖实验。结果表明饲料中添加5%酵母水解物组的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和蛋白质效率(PER)显著高于对照组(P0.05),而该组饲料系数(FCR)最低(P0.05)。对虾全虾粗蛋白含量随饲料中酵母水解物的增加而呈上升趋势,且5%酵母水解物添加组显著高于对照组(P0.05)。添加5%的酵母水解物显著提高了凡纳滨对虾血清总蛋白(TP)和甘油三酯(TG)含量,降低了谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)的活性(P0.05)。各处理组肝胰腺淀粉酶活性和对照组相比差异不显著(P0.05),但3%酵母水解物添加组的胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。3%酵母水解物添加组的对虾肠道皱襞高度和皱襞宽度显著高于对照组(P0.05),而5%添加组的微绒毛高度显著高于对照组(P0.05)。综上所述,在本实验条件下,饲料中添加3%~5%的酵母水解物能有效改善凡纳滨对虾生长性能、提高饲料利用率、促进消化吸收以及改善肠道形态学指标。     

饲料中添加有机酸复合物对凡纳滨对虾生长、营养物质利用、血清生化指标和肠道微生物的影响

本实验研究了饲料中添加有机酸复合物对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长性能、营养物质利用率、肝胰腺酶活、血清非特异性免疫酶活性和肠道微生物组成的影响。在含鱼粉10%的基础饲料中分别添加0、0.05%、0.10%、0.15%的有机酸复合物(organic acids complex, OC,主要成分为富马酸、三丁酸甘油酯),制成4种等氮、等脂饲料(OC-0,OC-5,OC-10,OC-15)。将1 000尾(1.0±0.1) g对虾随机分配到20个网箱(每组5个网箱,每网箱50尾虾)中,分别投喂上述4种饲料8周。结果显示,和对照组相比,饲料中添加0.10%和0.15%有机酸复合物,增重率分别提高了18.7%和17.9%,饲料系数分别降低了16.1%和18.5%。在全虾成分方面,添加OC显著降低了全虾粗脂肪含量,OC-5,OC-10的粗蛋白含量也较对照组显著提高。饲料中添加有机酸复合物对凡纳滨对虾的营养物质消化率无显著影响,但显著提高了肝胰腺淀粉酶活性和血清超氧化物歧化酶活性。对肠道菌群的分析表明,饲料中添加0.10%OC增加了凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群丰度。综上,在饲料中...     

维生素A、E对凡纳滨对虾受精率、孵化率及幼体存活率的影响

通过对凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeusvannamei雌虾投喂添加或不添加维生素A(VA)、维生素E(VE)的4组实验饲料,并以饲喂活饵组为对照组,研究了维生素A、E对凡纳滨对虾受精率、孵化率和幼体存活率的影响.结果表明,第1(饲料中添加0.002%VE)、2(饲料中添加0.002%VE,0.004%VA)、3组(饲料中添加0.004%VA)凡纳滨对虾的受精率、孵化率、幼体存活率及仔虾应激实验(仔虾入淡水30min,再入海水30min)后的存活率均显著高于第4组(饲料中未添加VA、VE),而且第2组凡纳滨对虾的受精率、孵化率及幼体存活率(Z1-M2)与第1、3组相比有增高的趋势.     

饲料中黄曲霉毒素B1对凡纳滨对虾生长、肝胰腺和血淋巴生化指标及肝胰腺显微结构的影响

实验设置黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)为0、400、800、1200,1600、2000μg/kg6组饲料,饲养初始体质量为(0.3±0.02)g的凡纳滨对虾,经过8周的生长实验观察饲料中AFB1对凡纳滨对虾生长、体营养成分组成、肝胰腺显微结构以及血淋巴和肝胰腺生化指标的影响。实验结果表明:随着饲料中AFB1的增加,各组全虾粗蛋白量无显著性差异,1600μg/kg组和2000μg/kg组的全虾粗脂肪量高于其他组。AFB1为1200μg/kg时对虾增重率最低(304.67%),2000μg/kg时增重率显著高于其他组,但成活率最低(58.33%)。随着饲料中AFB1的升高酶活性普遍呈下降趋势。2000μg/kg组肝胰腺中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著下降(P<0.05),1600μg/kg组肝胰腺中谷胱甘肽S转移酶(GST)、超微量ATP酶和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)酶活力最低,但血淋巴中GST显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。从凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺的组织切片可观察到,饲料中含有的AFB1越高,肝胰腺被破坏程度越高。随着饲料中AFB1含量增加,对虾肝胰腺中AFB1残留量逐渐增加,2000μg/kg组对虾肝胰腺中AFB1含量最高(95.49μg/kg),各实验组肌肉中无AFB1残留。     

聚β-羟基丁酸酯对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺免疫和消化指标的影响

以平均体质量为(5.66±0.14)g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为研究对象,分别投喂含聚β-羟基丁酸酯(PHB)质量分数为0%(对照组)、1%、3%和5%的对虾配合饲料,饲养35 d后检测并比较不同水平PHB对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺免疫和消化指标的影响。结果显示,3%PHB添加组凡纳滨对虾的总抗氧化能力和溶菌酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。Toll基因表达量随PHB含量的升高呈先上升后下降趋势,其中1%和3%PHB添加组的表达量显著高于对照组(P0.05);对照组HSP70基因表达量显著低于其他处理组(P0.05)。5%PHB添加组的淀粉酶、胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶活性显著升高(P0.05),而脂肪酶活性无显著变化(P0.05)。由此可见,饲料中添加适量的PHB有利于增强凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺的消化和非特异性免疫能力。     

Maturation diet based on fatty acid content for male Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) broodstock

The contents of three essential fatty acids, arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), from wild Penaeus monodon broodstock were evaluated in comparison with natural diet fed P. monodon. Spermatophores of wild male broodstock contained higher levels of AA than those of artificial diet fed males. Polychaetes had higher proportion of AA to EPA and DHA at 5.8:5.5:1 in mud polychaetes followed by 12:7:1 in sand polychaetes, while DHA was a preferential n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) in squids and fish. The experimental feed was constructed to simulate the HUFA profile of polychaetes (AA:EPA:DHA as 5:1:1) and then fed to farmed male black tiger prawn broodstock for 1 month. The results exhibited comparable reproductive characteristics to wild male suggesting the possibility of replacing wild males with pond‐reared males. Rearing farmed males in a test unit for a month did not reduce the quality of prawn sperm. Reproductive performance indices (sperm sac weight, total number of sperm, percentage of live sperm, percentage of abnormal sperm) from the males of all treatments were not statistically different except in males fed with pellets. Control (live feeds) and combined diet provided better reproductive performance in pond‐reared males. Analysis of AA, EPA and DHA in reproductive tissues, hepatopancreas and muscle of treated animals in each treatment revealed an accumulation of dietary HUFA into reproductive tissues. No evidence of transfer of HUFA from hepatopancreas or muscle to spermatophore was found.     

Differences in fatty acid composition of egg capsules from broodstock spotted babylon, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Babylonia areolata</Emphasis>, fed a local trash fish and formulated diet under hatchery conditions

This study is the first attempt to condition broodstock Babylonia areolata using formulated diets under hatchery conditions. Samples of spotted babylon egg capsules from broodstock fed either a formulated diet or a local trash fish, carangid fish (Seleroides leptolepis) for 120 days were analyzed for proximate composition and fatty acid composition. The formulated diet contained significantly higher levels of arachidonic acid (20:4n − 6; ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n − 3; EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n − 3; DHA) than those of the local trash fish. The formulated diet also had significantly higher ratios of DHA/EPA and (n − 3)/(n − 6) PUFA than those of local trash fish but not for the ARA/EPA ratio. The compositions of egg capsules produced from broodstock fed formulated diet contained significantly more ARA, EPA and DHA compared to broodstock fed the local trash fish. The ARA/EPA and DHA/EPA ratios in egg capsules were significantly higher in the trash fish—fed group compared to those fed the formulated diet. However, (n − 3)/(n − 6) PUFA ratios in egg capsules produced from broodstock fed the formulated diet did not differ significantly compared to those from broodstock fed the local trash fish. The relatively low DHA/EPA, ARA/EPA and (n − 3)/(n − 6) ratios in the egg capsules produced from the formulated diet—fed broodstock B. areolata suggested that this diet is inferior, when compared to the traditional food of trash fish.     

Advanced broodstock diets for the mangrove red snapper and a potential importance of arachidonic acid in eggs and fry

Mangrove red snapper fed advanced broodstock diets containing squid meal and squid oil exhibited higher hatching rates, cumulative survival and survival activity index than those fed a basal diet or a basal diet supplemented with mixture of antioxidants. On the other hand, fatty acid analyses of ovaries and fry of wild fish and eggs and larvae of broodstock fed raw fish revealed high arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels and relatively lower eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels consequently showing high ARA/EPA and DHA/EPA ratios compared to cold water species. This suggests that ARA may be nutritionally more important for egg and larval development and survival in tropical marine fish and its supplementation in broodstock diets may enhance reproductive performance of mangrove red snapper.     

高度不饱和脂肪酸对中国对虾亲虾的产卵和卵质的影响

用高度不饱和脂肪酸组成和含量不同的四种饲料饲养中国对虾亲虾以研究高度不饱和脂肪酸对中国对韪亲虾产卵及卵质的影响。试验采用脂肪酸组成模式不同的Ｔｉ鱼油,亚麻油,玉米油和猪油为脂肪源配制的饲料对产卵前的亲虾进行６０天的投喂试验,测定了不同脂及到脂肪酸组成的饲料对亲虾产卵量,孵化率和卵脂肪酸组成的影响,并经回归分析结果表明,卵脂肪中的２０：５ω３与产卵量,２２：６ω３与孵化率有相关关系,表明了ＥＰＡ,Ｄ     

Effects of docosahexaenoic, eicosapentaenoic, and arachidonic acids on the early growth, survival, lipid composition and pigmentation of yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea): a live food enrichment experiment

The role of dietary ratios of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n−3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n−3) and arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n−6) on early growth, survival, lipid composition, and pigmentation of yellowtail flounder was studied. Rotifers were enriched with lipid emulsions containing high DHA (43.3% of total fatty acids), DHA+EPA (37.4% and 14.2%, respectively), DHA+AA (36.0% and 8.9%), or a control emulsion containing only olive oil (no DHA, EPA, or AA). Larvae were fed differently enriched rotifers for 4 weeks post-hatch. At week 4, yellowtail larvae fed the high DHA diet were significantly larger (9.7±0.2 mm, P<0.05) and had higher survival (22.1±0.4%), while larvae fed the control diet were significantly smaller (7.3±0.2 mm, P<0.05) and showed lower survival (5.2±1.9%). Larval lipid class and fatty acid profiles differed significantly among treatments with larvae fed high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) diets having higher relative amounts of triacylglycerols (18–21% of total lipid) than larvae in the control diet (11%). Larval fatty acids reflected dietary levels of DHA, EPA and AA while larvae fed the control diet had reduced amounts of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and increased levels of PUFA relative to dietary levels. A strong relationship was observed between the DHA/EPA ratio in the diet and larval size (r²=0.75, P=0.005) and survival (r²=0.86, P=0.001). Following metamorphosis, the incidence of malpigmentation was higher in the DHA+AA diet (92%) than in all other treatments (50%). Results suggest that yellowtail larvae require a high level of dietary DHA for maximal growth and survival while diets containing elevated AA exert negative effects on larval pigmentation.     

Effects of varying dietary docosahexaenoic acid levels on growth,proximate composition and tissue fatty acid profile of juvenile silver pomfrets,Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen, 1788)

This study investigated the effects of varying dietary levels of decosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on growth performance, proximate composition and whole body fatty acid profiles of juvenile silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus. Triplicate groups of fish (30.55 ± 0.08 g) were fed diets containing 5.2%, 9.31% and 13.38% DHA (% of total fatty acids) or 0.85%, 1.52% and 2.18% DHA on dry diet weight for diets 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Survival was not affected by dietary DHA levels. The growth performance and feed utilization parameters of fish fed diets 2 and 3 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those fed diet 1, although these parameters in diets 2 and 3 did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). Whole body lipid and fatty acid profiles were influenced by dietary DHA levels. Significantly higher n‐3 fatty acids particularly DHA, DHA:EPA(eicosapentaenoic acid) ratios and n‐3:n‐6 ratios were observed in fish fed diets 2 and 3 compared to those fed diet 1. Better growth performance and higher whole body DHA:EPA (2.31, 2.29) ratios and n‐3:n‐6 ratios (2.17, 2.12) observed in fish fed diets 2 and 3, respectively, suggests that silver pomfret juveniles have a higher requirement for n‐3 fatty acids, notably DHA for optimum growth and survival.     

Effects of dietary DHA/EPA ratios on growth performance,survival and fatty acid composition of juvenile swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus)

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary docosahexaenoic to eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA/EPA) ratios on growth performance, survival and fatty acid composition of juvenile swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus). Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental diets were formulated to contain different DHA/EPA ratios (0.70, 0.84, 1.06 and 1.25). There were three replicates (15 crabs per replicate) for each diet treatment. The crabs were fed (about 6–8% body weight) twice daily for 8 weeks. A good growth performance and feed utilization were observed in swimming crabs fed the diets with DHA/EPA ratios of 0.70 and 0.84. Crabs fed diet with 0.70 DHA/EPA ratio showed a significantly higher weight gain (WG) compared with the crabs fed the diet with DHA/EPA ratio of 1.25 (P < 0.05). The result of this study showed that the survival increased with decreasing the ratio of DHA/EPA. The DHA/EPA ratios in polar lipid from tissues were influenced by the dietary DHA/EPA ratios. Results of this study indicated that the growth performance and survival of juvenile swimming crab are correlated to the DHA/EPA ratio in the diets, and the best growth performance and survival were achieved with the ratios of 0.70–0.84.     

Modification of essential fatty acid composition in broodstock of cultured European eel Anguilla anguilla L

Farmed eels had lower levels of arachidonic acid (20:4 n‐6) (ARA) and higher ratios of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n‐3) (EPA):ARA compared to wild European eels collected from the Baltic Sea and southern Norwegian coast. Eels fed a formulated feed (JD) with a distribution of essential fatty acids (EFA) resembling wild European eel were sampled after 0, 5, 10, 14 and 44 weeks of feeding to examine changes in fatty acid composition (FAC) in ovaries, visceral fat and muscle. The results showed a slow but steady incorporation of EFA. Lipids are incorporated in the oocytes early in oogenesis, and the leading cohort of oocytes is rich in lipid droplets before the onset of vitellogenesis. This indicates that feeding with optimized broodstock feeds should start early to allow the incorporation of EFA in the first cohort of oocytes. At least 14 weeks of feeding is required to change lipid EFA in broodstock eel to resemble EFA in the diet or in wild fish. After 44 weeks of feeding, ARA was significantly higher in the neutral lipids of ovaries (1.9%) compared to visceral fat (1.2%) or muscle (1.0%). EPA:ARA ratios decreased two‐ to threefold in all tissues examined during that time. ARA and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n‐3) (DHA) had accumulated in ovarian polar lipids.     

Fatty acid nutritional quality of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck 1816) eggs and endotrophic larvae: relevance for feeding of marine larval fish

Sea urchin eggs and larvae have been suggested as potential live prey for marine fish larval feeding. This study evaluated the fatty acid composition of Paracentrotus lividus eggs, prisms and four-armed plutei, obtained from wild and captive broodstocks fed on raw diets: maize, seaweed and a combination of maize and seaweed. Amounts of essential fatty acids (EFA) for marine fish larvae [arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA)] were determined in eggs and endotrophic larvae. ARA ranged from 3.93% in eggs from combination to 18.7% in plutei from maize diets. In any developmental stage, EPA amounts were always lower than 5% for the raw diets, and DHA showed null or trace amounts including the wild diet. Thus, broodstock-prepared diets had to be formulated based on different lipid sources (Algamac, linseed oil, cod liver oil and olive oil) in order to test eggs and larvae EFA enhancement. EFA improvement was possible for all tested prepared diets. Algamac diet lead to superior EFA enhancement mainly in DHA (7.24%, 4.92% and 6.09% for eggs, prisms and plutei, respectively) followed by cod liver oil diet. Only these two lipid sources should be considered for prepared broodstock diets in order to obtain suitable live prey for fish larval feeding.     

Evaluation of Live Feeds for Larval and Postlarval Mahimahi Coryphaena hippurus

Live hatchery feeds were assayed for fatty acids (FA), amino acids (AA), and their ability to support growth and survival of larval and postlarval mahimahi Coryphaena hippurus at two different hatchery stages. Euterpina acuritrons copepods (C), mahimahi yolk-sac larvae (YSL), Artemia parthenogenica brine shrimp nauplii (BSn), A. parthenogenica juveniles (BSj), and Brachionus plicatilis rotifers (R) were assayed, using several enrichment media. There was little difference in AAs among feeds.
Levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were about 10 times higher in YSL than in their feeds. This explains previous findings where first stage larval survival (0–9 days) was not affected by feed HUFA levels. Second stage survival was significantly higher when larvae were fed copepods. Enrichment with 100 ppm SuperSelco greatly improved the survival of larvae that were fed brine shrimp. The even higher omega-3 fatty acids found in copepods appear to be important for survival of larvae under more stressful conditions.
Brine shrimp juveniles enriched with SuperSelco are a good food for postlarval mahimahi. Yolksac larvae of mahimahi are an even better food, promoting faster growth at less cost, for large scale mahimahi aquaculturists. Different batches of yolksac mahimahi larvae varied by a factor of 10 in their concentration of DHA, but always had the highest level of DHA as much as 40% of total fatty acids (FAs). These "high HUFA" batches of YSL also had the highest levels of EPA and total fatty acids. The data suggest that climate and broodstock age may have considerable influence on larval nutrition.