饲料中添加芽孢杆菌和硒酵母对异育银鲫的生长及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%、0.2%、0.4%的芽孢杆菌,0.3%、0.6%、1.2%的硒酵母,0.2%+0.3%、0.2%+0.6%、0.2%+1.2%的芽孢杆菌和硒酵母混合物,投喂异育银鲫2个月.测定鱼体的生长和对病原菌嗜水气单胞菌的抗感染能力--LD50.结果表明,添加不同浓度的芽孢杆菌对体重的增加有显著影响(P＜0.05),其中添加0.2%的芽孢杆菌组相对增重率比对照组增加33%.添加不同浓度的硒酵母均可不同程度地促进异育银鲫的生长(P＜0.05),其相对增重率比对照组增加16%～31%.不同配比的芽孢杆菌和硒酵母混合物显著性提高鱼的相对增重率,但增重效果与单一添加芽孢杆菌或硒酵母相似(P＞0.05).饲料中单一添加芽孢杆菌或硒酵母可以极显著地提高异育银鲫对嗜水气单胞菌的抵抗能力,添加效果在各芽孢杆菌水平组间无显著差异,随硒酵母添加量的增大而增大(P＜0.01),但0.6%组和1.2%组无显著差异.混合添加芽孢杆菌和硒酵母也能极显著增强异育银鲫对嗜水气单胞菌的抗感染能力(P＜0.01),但添加效果不及单一芽孢杆菌;与单一硒酵母相比,抗感染能力与硒酵母的添加量有关(P＜0.01),添加量增大,抗感染能力减弱(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).     

芽孢杆菌对泥蚶和养殖底质中菌群的影响

在泥蚶养殖水体中（1000L）投喂浓度分别为1、5和10g微生态制剂（芽孢杆菌）,在30天的投喂期内,采用平板计数法检测底泥中、泥蚶体内的细菌总数和弧菌总数。结果表明,在投喂冻干菌粉后,养殖底泥和泥蚶体内菌群在前7天均呈明显上升趋势,7-30天内缓慢下降。由于芽孢杆菌的抑制作用,弧菌的数量下降,以泥蚶体内的弧菌最明显。芽孢杆菌对养殖底泥和泥蚶体内的细菌菌群影响很大,芽孢杆菌对养殖水体底泥和体内菌群的影响与抗生素具有相近的效果,表明芽孢杆菌作为饲料添加剂可以取代抗生素应用于泥蚶养殖。     

两种潜在益生芽孢杆菌对大口黑鲈生长、消化、免疫及肠道菌群的影响

选取热带芽孢杆菌(Bacillus tropicus)和传染病研究所副芽孢杆菌(Metabacillus idriensis)为潜在益生菌,探讨它们对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)生长、消化、免疫及肠道菌群的影响。将初始体重为(92.95±2.36) g的大口黑鲈随机分为5组,每组设3个重复,分别饲喂基础饲料(对照组)和4种试验饲料[于基础饲料中分别添加10⁴和10⁶CFU/g的B.tropicus(标记为BT4、BT6)或M.idriensis(MI4、MI6)],饲喂期为60d。生长试验结果表明,各菌处理组大口黑鲈的终末体重、增重率及特定生长率均高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05),而饲料系数均显著低于对照组且随菌株添加浓度增加呈显著降低变化(P<0.05)。消化方面结果显示,各菌处理组的肠道淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性均高于对照组,其中BT6和MI6对肠道消化性能具有显著提高效果(P<0.05)。免疫实验结果表明,各菌处理组的血清酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶及溶菌酶以及肠道溶菌酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性均得到显...     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌对河蟹养殖水体中致病菌的抑制作用及对水质的调控作用

为了解解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)对河蟹养殖水体中致病菌的抑制作用及对水质的调控作用,利用平板计数法考察细菌、芽孢数量的变化规律以及解淀粉芽孢杆菌对嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)和弧菌(Vibrio)的抑制作用,利用哈希试剂测定水体中COD、氨氮、总磷、总氮的含量,对解淀粉芽孢杆菌降解水体有害物质的情况进行研究。结果表明,试验组水体中的细菌总数和芽孢数显著高于对照组(P0.05)。在整个养殖期,对照组和试验组水体中嗜水气单胞菌的数量均无显著差异(P0.05);试验组水体中的弧菌数显著低于对照组(P0.05)。通过对水质指标的测定结果发现,在水体中投加解淀粉芽孢杆菌能显著降低氨氮、总氮、COD、总磷的含量(P0.05)。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌HE活性成分鉴定及抗菌特性分析

为明确解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)HE发酵液中的活性成分及抗菌特性,根据解淀粉芽孢杆菌发酵液抑菌活性稳定性,用PCR检测脂肽合成相关的基因,再采用UPLC-Q-TOF-MS对活性物质进一步分析;用二倍稀释法测定脂肽对嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC),并从显微结构上来探讨其抗菌作用。稳定实验表明该菌株产生抑菌活性物质对高温、酸、碱和蛋白酶具有一定的耐受性;4对引物的扩增产物经过克隆、测序和BLAST分析,表明解淀粉芽孢杆菌HE基因组含有ituA、fenB、sfP、mycB的脂肽合成相关基因;液质联用分析发现脂肽粗提物中含有Surfactin、Iturin和Fengycin这3类脂肽类抗生素;抑菌圈法测定抗菌脂肽对嗜水气单胞菌的MIC和MBC均为137.97μg·mL-1;显微特征表明脂肽可以导致嗜水气单胞菌细胞膜塌陷和孔洞。该研究结果可为解淀粉芽孢杆菌活性代谢产物结构鉴定和安全性评价提供参考。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌HZ-1510壳聚糖酶基因的克隆、重组表达及其活性

为了研究壳聚糖酶的水解活性,实验进行了解淀粉芽孢杆菌HZ-1510壳聚糖酶基因编码序列的克隆,并构建了谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)-壳聚糖酶融合蛋白表达质粒,在大肠杆菌中表达后提取、纯化得到重组蛋白,并通过生物信息学对该蛋白的信号肽、三维结构等进行了分析,最后以胶态壳聚糖溶液为底物研究了该重组壳聚糖酶的活性。结果显示,该壳聚糖酶基因的ORF长为837 bp,编码279个氨基酸,分子量为31.45 ku。在其氨基末端具有信号肽,切割点位于36和37位氨基酸之间。氨基酸序列同源性分析表明该壳聚糖酶属于GH46家族糖苷水解酶。酶的水解活性最适温度约为55°C,最适pH为5.5。而金属离子Fe3+、Ag+、Cu~(2+)、Ba~(2+)和K+对其水解活性都起抑制作用,但是Mn~(2+)、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)对其活性起增强作用。0.1 mmol/L的Zn~(2+)对壳聚糖酶的活性起增强作用,2.0 mmol/L的Zn~(2+)对壳聚糖酶的活性起抑制作用。本实验研究了解淀粉芽孢杆菌HZ-1510壳聚糖酶在不同条件下的水解活性,为壳聚糖酶的工业应用奠定了理论基础。     

饲料中添加复合芽孢杆菌对草鱼消化道酶活性及肠道菌群的影响

用含复合芽孢杆菌(105cfu/g饲料,枯草芽孢杆菌和解淀粉芽孢杆菌以1∶1比例混合)的基础日粮,按体重3%的日投饵量,饲喂体重(51.37±0.58)g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus),饲养实验45 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,处理组肠道内容物胰蛋白酶活性提高了79.46%(P<0.01);肝胰腺脂肪酶活性提高了16.82%(P<0.01),肝胰腺淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性无显著差异(P>0.05)。肠道菌群数量分析显示,处理组肠道芽孢杆菌数均显著提高(P<0.01),弧菌和大肠杆菌数显著降低(P<0.01)。结果提示,饵料中添加复合芽孢杆菌能够改善草鱼肠道菌群组成,并提高消化道特定消化酶活性。     

酵母培养物和芽孢杆菌对凡纳滨对虾生长、蛋白酶活性和免疫性能的影响

研究了饲料中添加酵母培养物(益康XP)和芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)制剂对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeusvannamei)生长、肌肉成分、蛋白酶活性和免疫功能的影响。在基础饲料(对照组)中分别添加0.075%益康XP、0.100%益康XP、0.200%芽孢杆菌,饲养均重(5.57±0.21)g的凡纳滨对虾45 d。结果表明,添加0.075%益康XP、0.100%益康XP、0.200%芽孢杆菌分别提高凡纳滨对虾增重率17.24%、12.29%、20.18%,降低饲料系数14.28%、9.77%、12.03%,提高蛋白质效率16.49%、10.05%、12.98%(P<0.05);添加酵母培养物和芽孢杆菌对凡纳滨对虾肌肉组成成分没有影响(P>0.05);0.075%益康XP组、0.100%益康XP组、0.200%芽孢杆菌组肝胰脏蛋白酶活性较对照组分别提高25.24%、15.22%、54.92%(P<0.05);各试验组肠蛋白酶活性与对照组相比有所提高,但均未达到显著水平(P>0.05);0.100%益康XP、0.200%芽孢杆菌组凡纳滨对虾血清酚氧化酶活性、溶菌酶活性和超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);攻毒实验表明,感染溶藻弧菌后,芽孢杆菌组对虾第1、3、4天的累积死亡率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),第4天时的免疫保护率达到27.1%,而添加益康XP对累积死亡率无显著影响(P>0.05)。综上所述,饲料中添加酵母培养物益康XP和芽孢杆菌均能改善凡纳滨对虾生长性能和消化功能,芽孢杆菌能增强凡纳滨对虾对溶藻弧菌的抗感染功能。     

饲喂枯草芽孢杆菌对杂交鲟生长和肠道菌群结构的影响

枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)(Gutcare?,DSM32315)按0.00％(对照组)、0.10％、0.20％和0.40％的浓度添加到饲料中,投喂杂交鲟(西伯利亚鲟Acipenser baerii♀ ×施氏鲟A.schrenckii♂)90 d,通过观察其对杂交鲟幼鱼生长性能、血液理化指标和肠道...     

饲喂枯草芽孢杆菌对银鲫等水生动物肠道菌群及消化酶活性的影响

应用产酶(蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶)能力较强的枯草芽孢杆菌B115制成微生物添加剂，饲料中添加量为2‰。经35d投喂试验，测定翘嘴红鲐、银鲫、日本沼虾胃肠道消化酶活性、肠道微生物菌群和生长的变化。结果表明，添加枯草芽孢杆菌B115，可显著提高鱼虾肠道消化酶的活性。从银鲫整个肠道的平均值看，试验组比对照组的蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性分别提高19．8％、22．7％和11．03％；从翘嘴红鲐整个肠道的平均值看，试验组比对照组分别提高13．1％、15．8％和13．9％。日本沼虾试验组胃的蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性分别高于对照组13．69％、10．05％和10．44％，试验组肠的蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性分别高于对照组8、8％、15．5％和8．43％。微生物添加剂组对鱼虾的生长有促进作用，同时能增加肠道中有益菌群如乳杆菌和双歧杆菌，对气单胞菌、肠杆菌和肠球菌的量基本没有影响。     

Effects of inulin and fructooligosaccharides on growth performance,body chemical composition and intestinal microbiota of farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects of inulin and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on growth performance, whole body and fillet chemical composition and intestinal microbiota of rainbow trouts reared under fish farming conditions. Trouts fed inulin‐ or FOS‐containing diets (5 and 10 g kg^?1) exhibited significant (P = 0.030) body weight gain improvements compared with controls. An increase in gross energy (P = 0.044) and Ca content (P = 0.034) in the whole body of trouts was observed for prebiotic treatments. A decrease in crude protein content (P = 0.009) and a tendency to increase total lipid and gross energy contents (P = 0.090 and P = 0.069, respectively) were detected in the fillet tissue for prebiotic treatments. These results clearly indicate that inulin and FOS improved the intestinal absorption of Ca and that the increased amount was predominantly incorporated into bone tissue. Inulin reduced (P = 0.027) the intestinal population of Vibrio spp. in the distal region to such an extent that no viable counts were detected. The presence of Flavobacterium spp. was not detected in any group, and the numbers of Aeromonas spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Gram‐positive bacteria were not affected (P > 0.05).     

Effect of Thymus vulgaris essential oil on intestinal bacterial microbiota of rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) and bacterial isolates

The application of natural and innocuous compounds has potential in aquaculture as an alternative to antibiotics. We evaluated the effect of diet supplementation with Thymus vulgaris essential oil (TVEO) on the allochthonous microbial composition of rainbow trout. DNA was extracted directly from the intestinal contents, and the V3‐V4 regions of the 16S rRNA genes were amplified by PCR. The bacterial composition was analysed using temporal temperature gradient electrophoresis (TTGE). No significant changes (P>0.05) were detected in the TTGE profiles of TVEO‐treated trout compared with the controls. The Dice similarity index revealed a high stability (C_s >70%) of the intestinal microbiota in both groups during the 5‐week period. Sequence analyses of the TTGE bands revealed the same bacterial composition in both groups, with most bacteria belonging to the Proteobacteria and Firmicutes phyla. The in vitro antibacterial activity of TVEO was assessed using a range of normal intestinal isolates and fish pathogens. The inhibitory concentrations for all the tested bacteria were higher than the TVEO levels used in trout, which may explain the in vivo results.     

Effect of catch-and-release angling on growth and survival of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Abstract Catch-and-release angling is popular in many parts of the world and plays an increasingly important role in fish conservation efforts. Although survival rates associated with catch-and-release angling are well documented for many species, sublethal effects have been less studied. An experiment was conducted to directly assess the effects of catch-and-release angling on growth and survival of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Catch-and-release events were simulated in laboratory tanks maintained at 15–16 °C with hooks manually placed in pre-designated locations in the mouths of the fish. There were no differences in standard length ( P  = 0.59) or wet weight ( P  = 0.81) gained between caught and uncaught fish over a 1-month angling and recovery period. Survival was 96.99 ± 0.06% for rainbow trout caught and released, and did not vary with number (one, two or four) of captures. Thus, catch-and-release angling appears to have little effect on growth and mortality of rainbow trout hooked in the mouth.     

孵化后温度调控对虹鳟全雌家系早期生长性能的影响

本研究以建立的虹鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）全雌全同胞家系为研究对象,受精卵在12℃避光孵化至上浮,上浮后设置了四个温度处理组进行饲育,分别为12℃、15℃、18℃、20℃和水温4～7℃之间（平均水温约为6℃）常规涌泉水流水养殖对照组。30d后,所有处理组均转入与对照组相同条件的流水养殖。生长性能数据采...     

Effect of dietary inclusion of lysozyme on growth performance and plasma biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary lysozyme supplementation on growth performance and plasma biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Graded levels of lysozyme [0 (control), 150, 300, 450 and 600 mg kg^?1 diet] were fed to fish (initial average weight 7.76 g) for 10 weeks. Dietary lysozyme supplementation regardless of inclusion level generally improved the growth, feed utilization and nutrient retention, but significant differences were mainly observed between the 450 or 600 mg kg^?1 lysozyme group and the control group. Lysozyme supplementation generally decreased the plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, but significant difference was only observed in the ALT activity between the 450 mg kg^?1 lysozyme group and the control group. In contrast, lysozyme supplementation generally increased the plasma alkaline phosphatase and lysozyme activities, but significant difference was only observed in the lysozyme activity between the 600 mg kg^?1 lysozyme group and the control group. Lysozyme supplementation generally increased the plasma antioxidant activities of enzymes (including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) and total antioxidant capacity, but decreased the plasma malondialdehyde level. These results suggest that dietary 450–600 mg kg^?1 lysozyme inclusion may improve the growth and non‐specific immune response of rainbow trout.     

Timing and duration of constant light affects rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) growth during autumn–spring grow-out in freshwater

Photoperiod enhancement of growth is becoming an area of increasing interest as a means of enhancing rainbow trout production efficiency in commercial practice. This paper examines the possible implications of shortening periods of constant light (LL) exposure on rainbow trout growth during autumn–spring grow-out under ambient water temperatures in freshwater to portion size. Triplicate groups of juvenile all-female rainbow trout were permanently exposed to LL in October, November, December or January. Growth was monitored and compared with those maintained under a simulated natural photoperiod (SNP) until the following May. Permanent exposure to LL (all treatments) resulted in significantly greater weight gain of rainbow trout than those under SNP. Furthermore, greatest growth was achieved when fish were left permanently exposed to LL from October. These findings suggest there may be implications for fish farmers if the period of photoperiod exposure is reduced, or timing of application is not considered with regards to ambient water temperatures.     

Effect of GnRHa injection on milt volume in recently stripped rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

In this study, the effect of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) injection on milt production in spent rainbow trout was investigated. On day 0, 25 newly matured male rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were stripped manually, and sperm quantity (vol: mL fish^?1) and quality, spermatocrit (%), sperm count (cell mL^?1), motile sperm percentage and motility duration (s) were evaluated. After stripping, fish were randomly divided into five groups: intact; sham (injected with propylene glycol as a hormone vehicle); and groups receiving 4, 8 or 16 μg kg^?1 BW of [d ‐Ala⁶ Des‐Gly¹⁰] mGnRHa. On day 7, the fish were stripped again and the same sperm characteristics as on day 0 were measured. At the beginning of the experiment, there were no significant differences in any of the sperm quantity characteristics between groups. On day 7, expressible milt volume was significantly reduced compared with day 0 (P<0.05, t‐test) in the intact and sham groups but milt quality remained the same (P>0.05, t‐test). The present study shows that GnRHa injection with a concentration as low as 4 μg kg^?1 BW after first stripping could prevent a significant reduction in milt quantity collected 7 days later without any adverse effects on sperm quality.