赛乐硒对奶牛产奶量及胰岛素、生长激素和促乳素的影响

选用35头处于干奶期40 d、泌乳期相近和上胎平均日产奶量20 kg的中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用完全随机区组设计分为7组,即:对照组、亚硒酸钠组(含硒量7.5、15和22.5 mg/d)和赛乐硒组(含硒量7.5、15和22.5 mg/d),研究赛乐硒和无机硒对奶牛产奶量和促乳素水平的影响。结果表明:在相同硒水平下,泌乳期30~90 d赛乐硒较无机硒显著提高了奶牛产奶量。产前5 d和产后10 d赛乐硒较无机硒显著提高了血清胰岛素、生长激素和促乳素含量。由此推断:日粮添加赛乐硒能有效提高产奶量和血清促乳素水平。     

硒酵母对西门塔尔牛瘤胃发酵及尿嘌呤衍生物的影响

本试验旨在研究硒酵母对瘤胃发酵及尿嘌呤衍生物浓度的影响。选用8头体重(430±20)kg,年龄2.5岁,装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4重复拉丁方设计,以硒酵母为硒源,分别在日粮中添加硒0、0.3、0.6和0.9 mg/kg。结果表明:试验各组瘤胃pH、乙酸、丁酸和总挥发性脂肪酸差异不显著(P>0.05);处理组较对照组丙酸显著提高,而乙酸/丙酸比例和NH3-N浓度显著降低(P<0.05),0.6 mg/kg组NH3-N浓度显著低于0.3和0.9 mg/kg组;0.6 mg/kg组豆粕干物质、粗蛋白质有效降解率显著高于对照及其他处理组(P<0.05);0.6 mg/kg组玉米秸秆干物质、中性洗涤纤维有效降解率显著高于对照组和0.9 mg/kg组(P<0.05)。处理组尿嘌呤衍生物和微生物氮显著增加(P<0.05),0.6 mg/kg组显著高于0.3和0.9 mg/kg组(P<0.05)。硒酵母显著促进瘤胃代谢和提高尿嘌呤衍生物浓度,适宜添加水平为0.6 mg/kg。     

赛乐硒对西门塔尔牛矿物质存留率的影响

选用7头体重420kg,2．5岁的西门塔尔牛,采用7×7拉丁方设计．研究日粮添加赛乐硒（7．5、15和22．5mg硒／d）和亚硒酸钠（7．5、15和22．5mg硒／d）对日粮矿物质存留率的影响。结果表明：赛乐硒各组硒的表观存留率较亚硒酸钠组和对照组显著提高,钙、磷、锌和铜表观存留率较亚硒酸钠组提高。铁、钼和硫表观存留率无显著变化。赛乐硒组血清硒浓度较亚硒酸钠组显著提高,血清铁浓度无显著变化,赛乐硒组血清铜浓度增加。以上结果表明赛乐硒较无机硒能更有效促进矿物质的消化与利用,硒适宜添加量为7．5～15mg／d。     

赛乐硒对发情奶牛外周血生殖激素含量和繁殖性能的影响

选用35头处于干奶期40d、泌乳期相近和上胎平均日产奶量20kg的荷斯坦奶牛,采用完全随机区组设计分为7组,即:对照组,基础日粮(不加硒);试验组1、2、3添加亚硒酸钠,分别在基础日粮中加硒7.5mg/d、15mg/d和22.5mg/d;试验组4、5、6添加赛乐硒,分别在基础日粮中加硒7.5mg/d、15mg/d和22.5mg/d,研究赛乐硒和无机硒对奶牛发情周期生殖激素分泌和繁殖性能的影响。结果表明:赛乐硒较无机硒显著提高了发情周期促性腺激素释放激素、促卵泡素、促黄体素、雌二醇和孕酮含量,显著提高了受配率和受胎率,缩短了胎衣排出周期,促进母牛正常发情。适宜补硒量为15 mg/d。     

赛乐硒对发情奶牛外周血生殖激素含量和繁殖性能的影响

选用35头处于干奶期40d、泌乳期相近和上胎平均日产奶量20kg的荷斯坦奶牛,采用完全随机区组设计分为7组,即:对照组,基础日粮(不加硒);试验组1、2、3添加亚硒酸钠,分别在基础日粮中加硒7.5mg/d、15mg/d和22.5mg/d;试验组4、5、6添加赛乐硒,分别在基础日粮中加硒7.5mg/d、15mg/d和22.5mg/d,研究赛乐硒和无机硒对奶牛发情周期生殖激素分泌和繁殖性能的影响.结果表明:赛乐硒较无机硒显著提高了发情周期促性腺激素释放激素、促卵泡素、促黄体素、雌二醇和孕酮含量,显著提高了受配率和受胎率,缩短了胎衣排出周期,促进母牛正常发情.适宜补硒量为15 mg/d.     

日粮添加富硒益生菌对奶牛硒吸收转化、抗氧化能力与生产性能的影响

将36头经产荷斯坦奶牛随机分成4组,对照组喂基础日粮,富硒益生菌(Se-Pro)组每头牛添加108.2 g/d,益生菌(Pro)组每头牛添加20.8 g/d,亚硒酸钠(Na2seO3)组每头牛添加5 mg/d.试验期为产前30 d至产后3个月.于试验0、30、60、90、120 d,采血样测定全血se含量、GPx活性和血浆丙二醛(MDA)含量;于产后2(初乳)、30、60、90 d,采乳样测定se含量;产后每个月测定产奶量1次.结果显示,Se-Pro组和Na2SeO3组的全血、初乳、常乳Se含量和GPx活性均显著高于对照组和Pro组(P<0.05);Se-Pro组的全血、常乳Se含量和GPx活性(30 d除外)均显著高于Na2SeO3组(P<0.05);Se-Pro组和Na2SeO3组的血浆MDA含量均显著低于对照组和Pro组(P<0.05);Se-Pro组的血浆MDA含量均显著低于Na2SeO3组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,Se-Pro组、Pro组、Na2SeO3组的泌乳期前3个月的平均日产奶量(4%FCM)分别增加了2.96 kg/d(P=0.069)、1.64 kg/d(P>0.05)、0.69kg/d(P>0.05).结果表明,Se-Pro的作用效果优于Pro和Na2SeO3.     

异丁酸对西门塔尔牛瘤胃发酵及尿嘌呤衍生物的影响

本文旨在研究异丁酸对西门塔尔牛瘤胃pH、NH3-N、VFA和营养物质降解率及尿嘌呤衍生物浓度的影响。选用4头平均体重420 kg,年龄2.5岁装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和风干玉米秸秆为基础日粮,在基础日粮中分别添加异丁酸0、0.02、0.04和0.06 g/(kgW.d)。结果表明:各组瘤胃pH差异不显著(P>0.05),0.04 g/(kgW.d)组和0.06 g/(kgW.d)组NH3-N浓度极显著低于对照和0.02 g/(kgW.d)组(P<0.01);0.02 g/(kgW.d)组豆粕干物质、有机物和粗蛋白质动态降解率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.04 g/(kgW.d)组玉米秸干物质、有机物、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的降解率显著提高(P<0.05),0.04 g/(kgW.d)组瘤胃乙酸、乙酸/丙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸和尿嘌呤衍生物显著增加(P<0.05)。根据试验结果推断日粮中异丁酸的适宜添加水平为0.04 g/(kgW.d)。     

包被硒对西门塔尔牛瘤胃发酵和尿嘌呤衍生物的影响

选用4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究日粮中添加包被硒(0、0.3、0.6、0.9mg/kg)对瘤胃发酵和尿嘌呤衍生物的影响。结果表明:添加包被硒瘤胃中pH值、VFA、乙酸/丙酸比值均无显著差异(P>0.05);瘤胃氨态氮浓度显著降低(P<0.05);玉米秸秆DM、OM、ADF和NDF有效降解率提高;0.6mg/kg和0.9mg/kg组豆粕DM、OM和CP有效降解率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.6mg/kg组和0.9mg/kg组尿囊素、PD显著高于对照组和0.3mg/kg组(P<0.05)。兼顾基础日粮含硒量以及考虑硒的安全剂量,建议以包被硒为硒源时日粮硒添加水平为0.60mg/kg(以干物质计)。     

不同硒源对胎衣滞留母牛血清P_4和E_2水平的影响

选用90头2～4胎次,体况良好的西门塔尔经产母牛,采用完全随机区组设计,研究亚硒酸钠、赛乐硒、蛋氨酸硒和包被硒(0.6mg/kg)对分娩前后胎衣滞留母牛外周血P4、E2水平及P4/E2比例的影响。结果表明,产前第2天和产犊时各加硒组和胎衣滞留对照组血清P4含量显著高于正常牛(P<0.05);E2水平显著低于正常牛(P<0.05),但亚硒酸钠组、赛乐硒组、蛋氨酸硒组和包被硒组显著高于胎衣滞留对照组(P<0.05);加硒组和正常牛组血清P4/E2比例显著低于胎衣滞留对照组。产后加硒组和胎衣滞留对照组血清P4含量显著高于正常牛(P<0.05);胎衣滞留对照组血清E2含量与正常牛无显著差异,但亚硒酸钠组、赛乐硒组、蛋氨酸硒组、包被硒组血清E2含量显著提高,各硒源间无显著差异;胎衣滞留对照组血清P4/E2显著高于正常牛组(P<0.05),各硒源组显著低于胎衣滞留对照组(P<0.05),赛乐硒组、蛋氨酸硒组和包被硒组显著低于亚硒酸钠组(P<0.05),但与正常牛组无显著差异(P>0.05),亚硒酸钠组显著高于正常牛组(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,产前第10天到第6天P4/E2比例升高可以作为牛胎衣滞留的指征,添加硒可以减缓这些指征,有机硒和包被硒优于无机硒。     

富铜酵母对西门塔尔牛阉牛瘤胃发酵及尿嘌呤衍生物的影响

本文旨在研究富铜酵母对瘤胃发酵和尿嘌呤衍生物浓度的影响.选用4头体重(420±15.2)kg、年龄2.5岁、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理1,2、3组分别在基础日粮干物质基础七添加富铜酵母(含铜10%)80、160和240 mg/kg.结果表明:瘤胃pH和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)无显著差异(P>0.05);160和240 mg/kg组氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度显著低于对照组和80 mg/kg组(P<0.05),240 mg/kg组乙酸/丙酸比例低于对照组和80 mg/kg组(P<0.05).玉米秸秆和豆粕的干物质(DM)以及有机物(OM)有效降解率无显著差异,240 mg/kg组玉米秸秆中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)有效降解率显著降低(P<0.05),160和240 mg/kg组豆粕粗蛋白质(CP)有效降解率显著降低(P＜0.05).尿酸含量无显著变化,80和160 mg/kg组尿囊素和尿嘌呤衍生物含量显著高于对照组和240 mg/kg组(P<0.05).在本试验条件下,富铜酵母添加量在每千克干物质80～160 mg时效果较好;考虑在不同生产条件下,基础日粮中的铜水平有所不同,建议在以富铜酵母为日粮铜源时,日粮铜水平不可超过每千克干物质13.87 mg.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.