山羊胎期肺发育的形态学研究

对3～22周龄山羊胎儿肺进行了肉眼、光镜和透射电镜观察，结果表明：1．7～22周龄山羊胎儿肺的外部形态与胎龄无关，肺的外部形态以左二右四叶者为多见．肺的叶间裂和右肺副裂常不完整，以浆膜、肺组织或混合性组织(肺组织及浆膜)融合；2．山羊胎儿肺的发育分为5个时期：胚胎期(3～5周)肺芽分支形成主支气管，主支气管长度不断增长并萌芽出叶支气管，均衬以假复层柱状上皮。腺状期(6～12周)以支气管树发育为主，小支气管衬以假复层和／或单层柱状上皮；终蕾呈腺状，上皮细胞由假复层柱状逐渐变为单层柱状，胞核向细胞顶端移行；终蕾上皮细胞游离面可见短小的微绒毛；线粒体、粗面内质网及核糖体随着胎龄增加而逐渐增多，它们均位于细胞顶部。小管期(13～14周)以呼吸部发育为主，原始肺泡开始形成，呼吸性细支气管衬以未分化的立方上皮；终蕾腺状结构逐渐消失，终蕾上皮细胞由高矮不等的单层柱状上皮逐渐演变为立方形的原始肺泡上皮；细胞游离面可见较多的微绒毛，胞质内线粒体、粗面内质网及核糖体较发达。囊状期(第15周)呼吸部发育显著，肺内细支气管及其末端呈现出“充气”状态；部分原始肺泡上皮细胞分化为扁平的肺泡Ⅰ型细胞和立方形的肺泡Ⅱ型细胞；Ⅱ型细胞内出现嗜锇小体。肺泡期(16～22周)以肺泡的形成和分化为主，更多的肺泡上皮分化为扁平的肺泡Ⅰ型细胞和立方形的肺泡Ⅱ型细胞。此期，毛细血管内皮与部分肺泡上皮贴近，可将肺泡上皮细胞区分为3种：Ⅰ型细胞，呈矮柱状或椭圆形，胞质中有较明显的核糖体、扩张内质网及变性线粒体；形成了由Ⅰ型细胞一基膜一内皮细胞组成的气血屏障。Ⅱ型细胞，胞质内含丰富的嗜锇板层小体和核糖体，内质网扩张呈大小不一的泡状，多泡体出现，线粒体膨大变性，细胞游离面可见少数微绒毛。Ⅲ型细胞，为未分化细胞，呈立方形，胞体较小，胞核相对较大，呈圆或椭圆形，胞质少，呈带状．电子密度低，细胞器少。     

山羊乳腺上皮细胞的生长特性

用组织块培养法获得山羊乳腺细胞原代培养物。根据山羊乳腺成纤维细胞与上皮细胞对胰蛋白酶的敏感性不同将二者分离纯化，对细胞生长特性进行了光镜观察。结果如下：细胞可形成闭合型细胞群和开放型细胞群。乳腺上皮细胞与成纤维细胞混生时，细胞之间形成许多腔状结构。纯化的乳腺上皮细胞通过单细胞悬浮后传代，部分细胞形成岛屿状聚集，部分细胞以贴壁的自由单个细胞散在形式存在。上皮细胞增殖可形成圆顶型结构，呈乳头状，称之为乳球体；可产生乳腺上皮细胞并分泌乳汁。山羊乳腺上皮细胞含不同的细胞类型．大多数上皮细胞呈短梭形或多角形。细胞之间紧密相靠。互相衔接。连接成片，呈蜂窝状；细胞核呈圆形或椭圆形．核仁2～4枚；部分细胞呈圆饼状，体积较大；出现部分长形细胞；接触抑制的上皮细胞形态不均一。纯化的山羊乳腺上皮细胞传代至第15代时其生长仍正常，经透射电镜观察发现细胞表面微绒毛极为发达，细胞质中线粒体和粗面内质网丰富，细胞质内有大量脂滴及小泡，表明第15代山羊乳腺上皮细胞增殖活力旺盛。染色体数目分析表明．该细胞系稳定，在离体培养条件下细胞不发生转化。山羊乳腺上皮细胞系的细胞染色体数目为60．染色体组型为2n=60。     

中华鳖肠道黏膜上皮细胞的超微结构

应用透射电镜技术，对15只正常中华鳖小肠和大肠黏膜上皮细胞的超微结构进行了研究。结果表明，中华鳖小肠黏膜上皮为单层柱状上皮，以高柱状吸收细胞为主，具有发达的微绒毛、线粒体、粗面内质网和膜包小囊泡，其结构的发达程度已接近高等哺乳动物和鸟类。吸收细胞之间可见少量低电子密度的亮细胞，其种类需进一步确定。杯状细胞明显可见，胞质内含大量黏液性颗粒，细胞游离面形成明显的微绒毛。内分泌细胞很少。大肠黏膜上皮细胞排列松散，全部由上下粗细不均的柱状细胞组成。大肠上皮内未见专门的杯状细胞，但上皮细胞顶部胞质内含大量黏液颗粒，细胞器分布于黏液颗粒团之下的胞质中。细胞间隙宽大明显，有利于黏膜免疫细胞出入上皮。小肠和大肠均未见腺体分布。     

休产期和产蛋期太湖鹅甲状腺的组织细胞结构比较

在光镜和电镜水平对太湖鹅甲状腺休产期和产蛋期的组织和细胞结构作对比观察。鹅甲状腺组织是滤泡状结构 ,滤泡由单层上皮细胞构成。产蛋鹅甲状腺滤泡腔内富含胶质。休产期鹅甲状腺滤泡腔内胶质较少 ,空泡化程度高 ,呈现功能旺盛状态 ,上皮细胞顶端具有许多微绒毛 ,以摄取滤泡腔内的胶体 ;胞质内线粒体、胶质滴、溶酶体数量较多 ,内质网丰富 ,高尔基体发达。     

妊娠毒血症小尾寒羊肾脏与肾上腺的病理组织学变化

通过对妊娠毒血症小尾寒羊肾脏和肾上腺的大体结构、显微结构和超显微结构变化的观察,发现肾脏的小管上皮细胞肿胀,颗粒变性,脱落,细胞核崩解、消失,形成空泡,线粒体空泡化;足细胞突起微绒毛化,基底膜增厚等.肾上腺的上皮细胞颗粒变性,细胞核变性、浓缩、崩解、消失;糖原颗粒增多,滑面内质网增多;线粒体丰富,基质溶解消失,呈空泡化.     

哺乳动物胎肺发育的形态学研究

哺乳动物胎肺的发育可以分5个时期：胚胎期、假腺期、小管期、囊状期和肺泡期。人、绵羊和山羊胎儿至出生时肺的发育已基本完善，处于肺泡期；而兔、大鼠和小鼠的胎儿至出生时肺的发育尚处于囊状期。甩泡表面上皮细胞的分化和气血屏障的形成是肺发育的形态学标志。呼吸功能的建立，与Ⅱ型上皮细胞的分化密切相关。Ⅱ型细胞的分化标志有以下几点：①糖原的变化；②粗面内质网池扩张，并出现絮状物质；③多泡体出现及高尔基小泡增多；④胞质内微管出现；⑤腔面生成微绒毛；⑥致密小体内板层的出现等。     

不同蛋白源日粮对断奶仔猪小肠形态的影响

为了探讨不同蛋白源日粮对仔猪小肠组织形态影响的差异,试验选择24头21日龄断奶仔猪,随机分为2组,处理2组为全植物蛋白日粮,处理1处由乳源蛋白替代30%总蛋白。本研究利用光镜和透射电镜技术对不同蛋白源日粮处理后的断奶仔猪(断奶0,3,8 d和14 d)肠道上皮结构进行观察。光学显微镜观察结果表明,与断奶0 d相比,乳源蛋白替代30%总蛋白日粮组(处理1)和全植物蛋白日粮组(处理2)在断奶后3、7 d和14 d的绒毛高度、绒毛宽度、隐窝深度和固有膜厚度差异极显著(P<0.01)。与处理1组相比,处理2组显著减低了空肠绒毛高度、隐窝深度、绒毛宽度(P<0.01)。透射电镜观察显示,断奶3 d处理1组的吸收细胞微绒毛的整齐度较好,线粒体、粗面内质网和游离核糖体很丰富,处理2组肠道微绒毛稀疏、变短,部分微绒毛丝心小根不清晰,粗面内质网及线粒体部分扩张病变。断奶14 d时,处理1组仔猪空肠上皮细胞超微结构中线粒体个数增加,微绒毛密度增加,但粗面内质网变化不大,处理2日粮组仔猪空肠上皮细胞微绒毛严重脱落,粗面内质网和核糖体数量较少,并大部分发生病变。结论:不同蛋白源日粮对早期断奶仔猪肠道形态组织结构均有显著的影响,且在断...     

海狸鼠消化管显微及亚显微结构

应用光镜、电镜和组织化学技术,对 １０ 只成年海狸鼠消化管的食管、胃底、小肠和大肠壁的显微和亚显微结构进行了研究。结果显示,在 Ｈ Ｅ 染色,海狸鼠食管粘膜上皮细胞角化程度较高,胃底腺壁细胞的数量几乎与主细胞的相等或稍多,小肠肠腺底部含有大量潘氏细胞; Ｓｃｈｉｆｆ 氏染色,胃粘膜的上皮细胞、胃底腺的颈粘液细胞、十二指肠腺的粘液细胞、肠腺的潘氏细胞和杯状细胞均为阳性; Ｍ ａｓｓｏｎｆｏｎｔａｎａ 氨银法染色,在胃底腺和肠腺内均见有银亲合细胞。扫描电镜下,胃粘膜表面见有较多胃小凹,小肠上皮细胞的微绒毛形成许多指状突起。透射电镜观察,胃底部壁细胞中线粒体、滑面内质网、细胞内小管发达,小肠上皮细胞的微绒毛密集排列,细胞间见有连接复合体结构,胃底腺和肠腺内见有散在分布的内分泌细胞。     

成年牦牛扁桃体组织结构及免疫相关细胞分布

为了揭示成年牦牛扁桃体组织结构和黏膜免疫相关细胞的分布规律,本研究采用组织化学法、图像分析法与透射电镜技术,对牦牛扁桃体的形态特征及免疫相关组织与细胞的分布特征进行了详细的研究。结果显示,牦牛共有6个扁桃体,其基本结构主要由上皮层和固有层构成。口咽部扁桃体上皮主要由复层扁平上皮细胞组成,上皮组织结构紧密;鼻咽部扁桃体上皮主要由假复层纤毛柱状上皮细胞组成,在柱状细胞之间分布有大量的杯状细胞;二者上皮层细胞组成差异较大,厚度及上皮内淋巴细胞的数量差异极显著(P0.01)。并且,两者上皮下肥大细胞与淋巴小结的数量也差异极显著(P0.01)。电镜下,腭扁桃体与咽鼓管扁桃体上皮细胞间有大量的连接复合体,且咽鼓管扁桃体上皮细胞游离面有大量排列整齐的微绒毛。肥大细胞的胞质内聚集有许多高电子密度的颗粒。浆细胞核的周围有丰富的粗面内质网和核糖体,胞质中有黏液颗粒。结果表明,牦牛扁桃体组织结构和其他家畜基本相似,但扁桃体分布位置有所不同,且牦牛扁桃体免疫相关组织与细胞分布较丰富,其中腭扁桃体隐窝中分布有较多的杯状细胞,显示牦牛扁桃体具有更发达的黏膜免疫活性。     

鸡传染性支气管病毒ZZ2004株致SPF感染鸡小肠损伤的病理与超微病变研究

为研究鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV) ZZ2004株引起鸡生长缓慢的发病机理,本实验将100只7日龄SPF雏鸡平均分为两组.实验组经口服病毒进行感染,对照组口服生理盐水,通过临床检查、病理学检查及超微病变观察进行研究.病理解剖学检查表明,实验组鸡各肠段有不同程度卡他性出血性炎性变化.病理组织学显示,小肠绒毛变短,上皮细胞脱落,固有层内炎性细胞增多.扫描电镜观察表明,肠绒毛的游离端常断裂,固有层裸露,在肠上皮细胞之间有大量杯状细胞的开口,并见大块状的分泌物渗出.透射电镜检查显示,残存的肠上皮细胞的微绒毛严重破坏；粗面内质网脱颗粒,滑面内质网明显扩张,呈囊状或泡状,在内质网中出现大量病毒颗粒；核周隙扩张,在核质中能够检出成熟的病毒颗粒.本研究结果表明:IBV ZZ2004株可以在肠上皮细胞中增殖,引起肠的吸收上皮和肠绒毛的一系列退行性病变,从而导致感染鸡代谢障碍,生长缓慢.     

Ultrastructure of the alimentary canal of the sheep scab mite, Psoroptes ovis (Acari: Psoroptidae).

The mite Psoroptes ovis causes sheep scab disease in flocks throughout much of the world. A serious impediment to the development of novel control measures for this mite is our inability to produce in vitro colonies of the mite. Here, we describe the alimentary canal of the mite with the particular aim of determining what it feeds on, as part of a longer term goal, to develop in vitro culture techniques for P. ovis. The alimentary canal of P. ovis consists of a cuticle-lined foregut and hindgut separated by a microvilli-lined midgut. The foregut is divided into a pre-oral cavity and a muscular pharynx and oesophagus. The midgut consists of three ultrastructurally discrete areas: a stomach with bi-lobed ventriculi, a colon and a post-colon. The stomach is composed of two cell types. The most common cells (Type 1) are either cuboidal or squamous depending on the degree of gut distension and possess short microvilli, a single basally located nucleus, extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum and other components suggesting active secretion. The less common cells (Type 2), possess an extensive apical network of tubules and basally food vacuoles suggesting intracellular digestion. These cells extend into the gut lumen, become free-floating and degenerate. The colon and post-colon are composed of cells similar to Type 1 stomach cells but the post-colon epithelium possesses significantly longer microvilli. Cells from these areas have not been observed to leave the surrounding epithelium and enter the gut lumen, but it is suggested that significant absorption occurs in these two areas. Faecal pellets, often containing a significant number of bacteria, leave the digestive system through the cuticle-lined anal atrium.     

Light and electron microscope studies on the nasopharynx and nasopharyngeal tonsil of the horse

Light and electron microscope studies were conducted on the nasopharynx and the nasopharyngeal tonsil of 15 young horses. The nasopharynx and nasopharyngeal tonsil was lined with pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium and goblet cells. The lymphoepithelium of the nasopharyngeal tonsil was folded forming crypts, the mucosa of which was modified into follicle associated epithelium characterized by stratified cuboidal epithelium, loss of cilia, absence of goblet cells and infiltration of lymphocytes. The lamina propria mucosae of the nasopharyngeal tonsil contained well-developed lymphoid tissue and clusters of seromucus acini. Scanning electron-microscopy revealed a dense mat of cilia covering the nasopharynx and nasopharyngeal tonsil. The follicle-associated epithelium consisted of different populations of microvillus cells in addition to M cells with very short microvilli and a few squamous and intermediate cells. Microvillus cells in the deeper part of the FAE had larger microvilli and their cytoplasm contained a dense population of mitochondria, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes and lysosomes. The flat surfaced M cell had a more electron-dense cytoplasm and contained small supranuclear vacuoles in addition to the organelles seen in microvillus cells.     

Ultrastructural pathology of Bordetella avium infection in turkeys

One-day-old turkeys were infected intranasally with Bordetella avium, and tracheas were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy at 1 to 5 weeks post-inoculation (PI). The predominant ultrastructural lesions were progressive loss of ciliated epithelium with replacement by nonciliated cells, bacterial colonization of ciliated cells, membrane-bound crystalline inclusions in cytoplasma of epithelial cells, depletion of mucous granules, and distortion of tracheal rings and the mucosal surface. Tracheal surface exudates consisted of mucus, necrotic cells, heterophils, and fibrin. Ciliated cells were replaced by immature cuboidal cells characterized by abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum with small numbers of electron-dense mucous granules in the apical cytoplasm. Bacterial surfaces were rough and contained numerous pleomorphic, knob-like structures, 20-50 nm in diameter. Other changes included enlarged mucosal gland openings, cell extrusion marks, pleomorphic microvilli, and cells with small numbers of short cilia.     

传染性软化病病毒感染家蚕中肠上皮细胞的免疫电镜观察

家蚕传染性软化病病毒(Bombyxmoriinfectious flacherie virus,BmIFV)专一地侵染家蚕中肠上皮组织,造成中肠上皮细胞的超微结构发生病变,在染毒家蚕的中肠杯形细胞内形成特异性小泡体和电子稠密体等特异性结构。电镜观察显示,在感染早期,微绒毛膜、线粒体附近及相邻两个细胞的细胞膜和内质网中较易发现胶体金颗粒(10 nm)的吸附;其后在微绒毛中间和细胞质中,以及内质网和特异性小泡体的界限膜附近出现或较多存在,但线粒体和特异性小泡体的内部未见金颗粒的吸附。因此可以认为:家蚕传染性软化病病毒主要在染毒细胞的各细胞器膜附近出现。     

体细胞克隆山羊"元元"肺的形态学观察

动物体细胞克隆是指由一个体细胞产生一个和亲代遗传基因一致、形态非常相像的动物。体细胞克隆已相继在牛、小鼠、山羊、猪、野牛、马、猫、大鼠等动物上取得成功。2000年6月中旬,西北农林科技大学生物工程研究所利用成年山羊耳部皮肤成纤维细胞作为核供体,获得两只体细胞克隆山羊——“元元”和“阳阳”。“元元”因呼吸衰竭仅存活36．05h。为了了解“元元”肺的发育情况,作者对“元元”的肺进行了肉眼、光镜和透射电镜观察。     

日本七鳃鳗血细胞显微及亚显微结构

用光镜和透射电镜技术对１０尾日本七鳃鳗的血细胞进行了观察。结果表明：红细胞为圆形或椭圆形,胞质不很均匀,电子密度较低,含有板状嵴线粒体,核呈圆形或椭圆形。中性粒细胞表面有伪足,形态各异,胞质内含有Ａ、Ｂ２种颗粒（Ａ型颗粒为圆形,电子密度较低;Ｂ型颗粒为长椭圆形,电子密度较高）。嗜酸粒细胞数量较少,胞质内含有Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ３种形态各异的有膜颗粒（Ａ型颗粒为圆形,电子密度较高,均质;Ｂ型为长椭圆形,颗粒中央有电子密度较高的长椭圆形致密芯;Ｃ型内含有电子密度较高的杆状致密芯,位于颗粒一侧）。单核细胞表面有伪足,胞质内含有粗面内质网、板状嵴线粒体、溶酶体和液泡。淋巴细胞为圆形,核较大,胞质内含有板状嵴线粒体、粗面内质网和嗜天青颗粒。血栓细胞体积较小,形态各异,胞质内含有线粒体、粗面内质网和细小颗粒。     

Pathogenesis of placentitis in the goat inoculated with Brucella abortus. II. Ultrastructural studies

Pregnant goats were inoculated intravenously or in uterine arteries with Brucella abortus, and tissues from the uterus and placenta were examined by electron microscopy. Identification of B. abortus in placentae was with antibody-coated colloidal gold. B. abortus was first seen in phagosomes of erythrophagocytic trophoblasts and in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of chorioallantoic trophoblasts. Subsequently, trophoblast necrosis and ulceration of chorioallantoic membranes were present. Coincidently, B. abortus was present in the lumen of placental capillaries. In late stages of infection, placental vasculitis was present, and placentomal trophoblasts were separated from maternal syncytial epithelium. In lesions with vasculitis, large numbers of B. abortus were in connective tissue of chorionic villi. Within the placentome, trophoblasts that lined chorionic villi contained no intracellular bacteria and were separated from B. abortus by intact basement membranes. These results suggest that bacteremic B. abortus is endocytosed by erythrophagocytic trophoblasts and that B. abortus replicates in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of chorioallantoic trophoblasts. Replication of brucellae in trophoblastic rough endoplasmic reticulum is unique; we believe that B. abortus may utilize endoplasmic reticulum for synthesis and glycosylation of bacterial membrane proteins or that B. abortus catabolizes trophoblast secretory proteins.     

Ultrastructural and ultracytochemical cyclic changes in the bovine uterine tube (oviduct) epithelium.

Ultrastructural and ultracytochemical features of the uterine tube (oviduct) infundibulum were studied in 8 Hereford cows, which were slaughtered in pairs on days 1 (estrus), 3, 9 or 10, and 18 of the estrous cycle. Fibrous granules (60 to 80 nm), which are supposedly related to basal body replication, were observed in the apical cytoplasm of ciliated cells. Close association between basal bodies and fibrous granules was apparent, especially during the follicular phase. Cilia were observed throughout of estrous cycle, although degeneration of cilia was not observed at any phase of the cycle. Prominent, striated rootlets were observed during both the follicular and luteal phases of the cycle. Maximum secretory cell differentiation was apparent during the follicular phase, at which time these cells were characterized by having a well-developed, rough endoplasmic reticulum with dilated cisternae, numerous ribosomes, and secretory granules of varied size and density. A prominent feature of the secretory granules was their membranous structure, consisting of concentric lamellae of equal dimensions. During the luteal phase, cytoplasmic protrusions were prominent, and extruded nuclei along with other cytoplasmic organelles were present in the tubal lumen. The presence of a well-developed, rough endoplasmic reticulum and numerous secretory granules during the follicular phase indicates that secretory activity of the uterine tube infundibulum may be stimulated by estrogen. During estrus, the cytoplasm of the stromal cells displayed abundant, rough endoplasmic reticulum with dilated cisternae. The increased and extensively dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum at the time of estrus probably indicates increased protein synthesis by the stromal cells. The presence of adenosine triphosphatase activity on the membrane of cilia suggests that this enzyme is involved in energy-forming reactions related to the vigorous action of cilia. The presence of acid phosphatase activity on the cell membrane of the epithelium, microvilli, and secretory granules may indicate involvement in the secretory mechanism of the cell.     

利用mRNA差异显示技术克隆分析捻转血矛线虫滞育相关基因

以培养获得的捻转血矛线虫滞育期虫体及同期正常发育的虫体为研究材料,采用设计的锚定引物和随机引物,通过mRNA差异显示PCR技术对滞育期幼虫的差异表达基因进行了筛选。结果获得了74个滞育期差异表达的基因EST。生物信息学分析表明：29个差异序列与已知的捻转血矛线虫基因组序列具有同源性;14个差异序列与已知线虫的EST具有同源性。同源基因中的rps-30、T24F1.2等已被证明参与了秀丽隐杆线虫的滞育形成。差异序列的克隆为捻转血矛线虫滞育相关基因及滞育形成机制的研究奠定了基础。