植物着丝粒区串联重复序列的研究进展

着丝粒是细胞染色体的重要结构组成,控制姊妹染色单体的结合、动粒的组装和纺锤丝的附着,确保真核生物细胞在有丝分裂和减数分裂过程中染色体的正常分离及遗传信息的稳定传递。植物着丝粒DNA序列主要由反转录转座子和串联重复序列构成。串联重复序列在着丝粒功能实现和基因组进化过程中起重要作用。随着测序技术的成熟,近年来对串联重复序列的研究取得了很大的进展。综述了植物串联重复序列结构、分析方法及在进化中的作用,以期为相关研究提供参考。     

着丝粒特异组蛋白CENH3的研究及应用

着丝粒特异组蛋白CENH3是较早被发现的一种基本蛋白,存在于真核生物的功能着丝粒中,是功能着丝粒染色质最基本的特征。CENH3在进化上比较快速,其氨基末端尾巴和组蛋白质折叠域都具有变异性,在着丝粒的组装及染色体的正常分离与传递中起着关键作用。该文主要围绕CENH3的发现及进化、结构与功能及应用展开综述。     

高等植物着丝粒序列的结构与特征研究

着丝粒是染色体的重要组成成分之一,在细胞有丝分裂和减数分裂中行使重要的生物学功能,着丝粒在不同的物1种中保持着一致的功能,即在细胞分裂中期,着丝粒在纺锤丝的牵引下使染色体向两级运动,从而完成细胞的分裂。如此保守的功能,是乎暗示着丝粒序列不同物种间具有一定的保守性,然而随着测序技术的发展,越来越多的物种的基因组序列被释放,分析发现着丝粒序列主要由重复序列和反转录转座子组成,然而不同物种着丝粒序列比对发现,它们之间的同源性极低,此外染色体的着丝粒的序列的组成和大小都相差甚远。文中回顾了近些年在着丝粒研究方面所取得的进展,探讨维持着丝粒功能稳定性的序列结构特征。     

真核生物重复序列的研究进展

真核生物核基因组内含有大量的DNA重复序列,在核基因组结构和功能研究中居于举足轻重的地位.本文主要介绍真核生物几类重要DNA重复序列的特点和用途,并对其在物种起源和进化、染色体分子指纹图谱绘制、分子标记辅助选择及染色体操作中的应用作了分析与介绍.     

多着丝粒水稻获得与分子细胞学鉴定

着丝粒是真核生物染色体的基本元件,相关变异材料的筛选是进一步解析着丝粒特征的基础。T3623、T3625和T3626是水稻第11号染色体短臂端三体后代中的变异株。通过FISH和q-PCR分析表明均为多着丝粒变异材料,但着丝粒特异DNA序列分布不同。进一步进行蛋白免疫荧光分析鉴定,发现多着丝粒染色体只有1个功能性着丝粒以保证其在有丝分裂过程中的正常传递。3种变异株的获得为进一步解析水稻着丝粒的分子生物学特征奠定材料基础。     

家猪13/17罗伯逊易位染色体着丝粒DNA的FISH检测

根据已报道的家猪着丝粒卫星DNA序列设计引物,对家猪基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,得到AC2卫星DNA序列。用PCR法将D ig-dUTP插入目的片段中得到标记DNA,然后利用荧光原位杂交方法检测13/17易位染色体。研究结果显示杂交信号位于所有端着丝粒染色体和13/17易位染色体的着丝粒区域,表明13号染色体和17号染色体虽然融合为一条亚中着丝粒染色体,但仍含有端着丝粒AC2卫星DNA,13/17易位染色体的AC2卫星DNA未发生缺失。     

端粒生物学在植物中的研究进展

端粒是构成真核生物线状染色体末端重要的DNA-蛋白质复合结构,端粒DNA由简单串联重复序列组成.端粒对染色体、整个生物基因组,甚至对细胞的稳定都具有重要意义.端粒结合蛋白能与端粒DNA上的特异序列相结合,为染色体末端加帽,防止外切核酸酶对其的降解以及染色体末端间的融合,从而保证了染色体的稳定性.端粒DNA的合成由一种特殊的具有反转录活性的核糖核蛋白(端粒酶)参与完成.端粒酶是由RNA模板和蛋白亚基组成的核蛋白颗粒.本文从端粒的研究历史、端粒的结构与功能、端粒结合蛋白、端粒酶的功能及在植物中的研究等方面总结了端粒和端粒酶的研究进展.     

接触二甲苯实验人员淋巴细胞染色体畸变分析

目的:研究二甲苯对实验人员外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变的影响.方法:外周血培养制备染色体标本,分析外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变.结果:二甲苯接触组的染色体数目畸变细胞率(11.3%)高于对照组(6.8%)(P＜0.05);结构畸变细胞率(包括裂隙)(3.57%)高于对照组(2.6%)(P＜0.05)并且呈剂量效应关系;接触组的未成熟着丝粒分离细胞率(1.85%)与对照组(1.34%)相比无显著差异(P＞0.05).结论:二甲苯接触导致外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变增加;二甲苯接触是否诱导未成熟着丝粒分离有待进一步深入研究.     

植物端粒与端粒酶研究进展

端粒是位于真核生物染色体末端的DNA序列,而端粒酶具有修复延伸端粒的功能,端粒和端粒酶对于维持真核生物染色体的完整性至关重要。在参阅了大量文献资料的基础上,结合课题组的研究工作,对国内外关于端粒、端粒酶的研究进展情况予以汇总,特别突出端粒、端粒酶在植物生长发育中的调控作用,为人类更好地了解和开展有关端粒和端粒酶的研究工作提供借鉴。     

小麦及其近亲基因组中的DNA重复序列研究进展

 以小麦为重点 ,对小麦族植物中 DNA重复序列的划分、特点及其功能进行了概括 ,着重介绍了重复序列在基因组分化、DNA转座及在染色体联会和配对中的作用 ,并用一些实例就重复序列在起源和进化、染色体分子指纹图谱绘制、分子标记辅助选择及染色体操作中的应用作了比较全面的介绍。     

Heterochromatin integrity affects chromosome reorganization after centromere dysfunction

The centromere is essential for the inheritance of genetic information on eukaryotic chromosomes. Epigenetic regulation of centromere identity has been implicated in genome stability, karyotype evolution, and speciation. However, little is known regarding the manner in which centromere dysfunction affects the chromosomal architectures. Here we show that in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the conditional deletion of the centromere produces survivors that carry either a neocentromere-acquired chromosome at the subtelomeric region or an acentric chromosome rescued by intertelomere fusion with either of the remaining chromosomes. The ratio of neocentromere formation to telomere fusion is considerably decreased by the inactivation of genes involved in RNA interference-dependent heterochromatin formation. By affecting the modes of chromosomal reorganization, the genomic distribution of heterochromatin may influence the fate of karyotype evolution.     

Mitotic recombination within the centromere of a yeast chromosome

Centromeres are the structural elements of eukaryotic chromosomes that hold sister chromatids together and to which spindle tubules connect during cell division. Centromeres have been shown to suppress meiotic recombination in some systems. In this study yeast strains genetically marked within and flanking a centromere, were used to demonstrate that gene conversion (nonreciprocal recombination) tracts in mitosis can enter into and extend through the centromere.     

Genomic and genetic definition of a functional human centromere

The definition of centromeres of human chromosomes requires a complete genomic understanding of these regions. Toward this end, we report integration of physical mapping, genetic, and functional approaches, together with sequencing of selected regions, to define the centromere of the human X chromosome and to explore the evolution of sequences responsible for chromosome segregation. The transitional region between expressed sequences on the short arm of the X and the chromosome-specific alpha satellite array DXZ1 spans about 450 kilobases and is satellite-rich. At the junction between this satellite region and canonical DXZ1 repeats, diverged repeat units provide direct evidence of unequal crossover as the homogenizing force of these arrays. Results from deletion analysis of mitotically stable chromosome rearrangements and from a human artificial chromosome assay demonstrate that DXZ1 DNA is sufficient for centromere function. Evolutionary studies indicate that, while alpha satellite DNA present throughout the pericentromeric region of the X chromosome appears to be a descendant of an ancestral primate centromere, the current functional centromere based on DXZ1 sequences is the product of the much more recent concerted evolution of this satellite DNA.     

Centromere: absence of DNA replication during chromatid separation in human fibroblasts

Cultures of human fibroblasts were labeled briefly with tritiated thymidine and fixed; autoradiographs were made and exposed for 3(1/2) months. No labeling was noted over the centromere of metaphase or anaphase chromosomes. The technique was sensitive to replication at the centromere of a DNA helix only 2.5 microns long, considerably shorter than the estimated length of a replicon in humans. This suggests that chromatid separation during mitosis is not associated with delayed replication of a short segment of chromosomal DNA.     

Centric fusion, satellite DNA, and DNA polarity in mouse chromosomes

A fluorescent staining technique has demonstrated a contralateral arrangement of fluorescent spots in the centromeric region of mouse metacentric chromosomes which have resulted from centric fusion. The results suggest that centric fusion involves the maintenance of DNA polaritv through the centromere and that the thymidine-rich chain of satellite DNA in the centromeric region is associated with the same DNA chain in every mouse autosome.     

The centromere paradox: stable inheritance with rapidly evolving DNA

Every eukaryotic chromosome has a centromere, the locus responsible for poleward movement at mitosis and meiosis. Although conventional loci are specified by their DNA sequences, current evidence favors a chromatin-based inheritance mechanism for centromeres. The chromosome segregation machinery is highly conserved across all eukaryotes, but the DNA and protein components specific to centromeric chromatin are evolving rapidly. Incompatibilities between rapidly evolving centromeric components may be responsible for both the organization of centromeric regions and the reproductive isolation of emerging species.