好氧堆肥反应器试验系统设计与性能试验

针对现有好氧堆肥反应器试验系统体积小、实时监测和反馈控制功能单一等问题,在已有研究基础上设计了一种好氧堆肥反应器试验系统。根据静力学及热力学原理,对反应器试验系统关键功能单元进行了优化设计,开发了适用于该好氧堆肥反应器的自动控制系统,并对其进行了好氧堆肥性能测试试验。反应器体积为100 L,并具有实时监测不同梯度温、氧数据的功能,其反馈控制系统含有3套反馈控制方案。试验结果表明:好氧堆肥反应器试验系统内堆体上、中、下层温度高于50℃的时间分别为8.1 d、7.2 d和4.8 d;堆体各层最终pH值均小于8,种子发芽指数均大于85%,堆肥试验效果良好。     

猪粪麦秸反应器好氧堆肥工艺参数优化

为了探讨不同初始工艺参数(初始碳氮比、通风速率和初始含水率)对猪粪好氧堆肥过程可挥发性固体降解率η、相对热产量H<,R以及堆体温度超过灭菌温度时间t的影响,以千麦秸作调理剂,选择初始碳氮比分别为20、25、30、35,通风速率分别为0.18、0.26、0.34、0.42L/(min·kg),初始含水率分别为55%、60%、65%、70%,进行强制通风好氧堆肥单因素重复试验.在单因素试验基础上,进行了三因素三水平正交优化堆肥试验L<,9(34).试验结果表明:不同初始碳氮比对η和H<,R影响显著,对t影响极显著,通风速率和初始含水率对堆肥过程η有一定影响,但对H<,R及t影响不显著.结合正交试验结果,猪粪麦秸强制通风好氧堆肥优选工艺参数组合为:初始碳氮比20、通风速率0.34 L/(min·kg)、初始含水率65%.     

猪粪麦秸反应器好氧堆肥工艺参数优化

为了探讨不同初始工艺参数（初始碳氮比、通风速率和初始含水率）对猪粪好氧堆肥过程可挥发性固体降解率η、相对热产量HR以及堆体温度超过灭菌温度时间t的影响,以干麦秸作调理剂,选择初始碳氮比分别为20、25、30、35,通风速率分别为0.18、0.26、0.34、0.42 L/(min?kg),初始含水率分别为55%、60%、65%、70%,进行强制通风好氧堆肥单因素重复试验。在单因素试验基础上,进行了三因素三水平正交优化堆肥试验L9（34）。试验结果表明：不同初始碳氮比对η和HR影响显著,对t影响极显著,通风速率和初始含水率对堆肥过程η有一定影响,但对HR及t影响不显著。结合正交试验结果,猪粪麦秸强制通风好氧堆肥优选工艺参数组合为：初始碳氮比20、通风速率0.34 L/(min?kg)、初始含水率     

滚筒式堆肥反应器通风搅拌系统设计与试验

针对有机废弃物堆肥过程中物料溶氧效率低导致的堆体起温速率慢、发酵不彻底等问题,设计了一种高效堆肥通风搅拌系统,该系统由分段式通风系统和组合式搅拌装置构成,通过对两个主要装置进行理论设计和DEM-FEM耦合仿真,〖JP3〗实现堆肥通风和搅拌工艺优化。结果显示,通风系统中的最大应力出现在通风管上,为13.064MPa,最大形变量为0.038126mm,搅拌装置中最大应力出现在抄板上,为190.31MPa,最大形变量为0.34417mm,符合设计要求。在此基础上,以食物垃圾和梧桐叶为原料,进行为期14d的堆肥试验,监测堆肥过程中关键参数变化并测定发酵产物相关指标,完成通风搅拌系统性能验证试验。试验结果表明：使用该通风搅拌系统的滚筒式堆肥反应器,其内部堆体温度在3d时达到53.34℃,堆肥过程中堆体最高温度可达69.56℃,堆体高温期（大于50℃）可持续6d以上;试验结束后其产物含水率降至27.21%、pH值升至8.4、种子发芽指数最高可达131.4%,符合有机肥料测定标准(NY/T 525—2021),滚筒反应器运行成本仅65.51元/t。     

智能型膜覆盖好氧堆肥反应器设计与试验

设计了一种智能型膜覆盖好氧堆肥反应器试验系统,主要包括发酵系统、布气系统、覆膜系统和控制系统。依据热力学及相关原理,进行了各子系统和整体系统的优化设计。发酵系统采用圆柱形反应器,有效容积约90 L;布气系统采用变频泵精确调速,可提供最大20 L/min曝气量,曝气精度0.1 L/min;覆膜系统选用具有选择渗透性的聚四氟乙烯材料Gore膜并与发酵系统良好密封;控制系统实现多点温度、氧体积分数、压力、气体监测以及经多元反馈实时调控通风供氧量。通过好氧堆肥性能试验并经物理、化学和生物学指标综合评价,结果表明:该膜覆盖好氧堆肥反应器试验系统具有良好的发酵效果,智能化程度高,可满足开展不同需求的膜覆盖好氧堆肥试验。     

智能型规模化膜覆盖好氧堆肥系统设计与试验

设计了一种适用于规模化生产的节能环保智能型膜覆盖好氧堆肥系统,主要包括总控系统、风控系统、传感系统和覆膜系统。结合上述各系统的功能性需求,进行了系统整体性设计、功能模块独立设计选型,该系统可实现堆肥关键参数的高精度实时监测、通风供氧的灵活智能反馈控制、多设备无线通讯等功能。利用该系统进行规模化膜覆盖好氧堆肥性能试验,研究结果表明:整个堆肥过程高温时段满足粪便无害化处理需求,堆体氧浓度维持在适宜水平,覆膜工艺下可确保堆体发酵状况良好。从所监测的流量、频率、温度、压力、氧浓度等多元参数和总体性能来看,与传统技术模式相比,该系统智能化程度显著提升,生产能耗和气体产排显著降低。     

功能膜覆盖好氧堆肥过程氨气减排性能研究

畜禽粪便高温好氧堆肥过程中氨气的排放不仅污染环境,而且会降低有机肥氮素含量。因此,控制好氧堆肥过程中氨挥发是降低氮损失及减少堆肥周边环境恶臭的关键。为研究膜覆盖对畜禽粪便好氧堆肥过程氨气挥发的影响,以猪粪和小麦秸秆为试验原料,采用具有选择渗透性的Gore膜作为覆盖材料,在实验室好氧堆肥反应器系统中进行了为期27 d的好氧堆肥试验。试验设置覆膜组和对照组,采用开启1 h、关闭1 h间歇通风方式,通风速率为3 L/min,重点监测堆肥过程堆体温度、氧浓度和NH3排放速率等。研究表明:覆膜组比对照组高温期持续时间略长,更有利于杀死堆体有害病原菌;相比于对照组,覆膜组NH3排放量减少18.87%;相比于温度峰值出现的时间,两组试验NH3峰值出现时间均延后,且覆膜组延后时间更长。     

小型多层塔式堆肥反应器的设计与试验

针对目前中小型养殖场畜禽粪便堆肥工艺简单粗放,堆肥设备简陋,自动化程度低的问题,设计制造一种多层塔式的小型堆肥反应器。阐述塔式堆肥反应器系统工作原理和主要配置,主要由原料预处理混合装置、堆肥反应器装置、工控机和成品干燥包装装置组成。完成塔式堆肥反应器整体结构和自动控制系统设计,通过理论计算,M0/S=92.595.73,反应器所需通风量693m3/h。规模化养猪场试验结果表明:肥堆1/3处和2/3处温度大于50℃的天数分别为6.1d和5.7d,种子发芽率分别为对照组的92.1%和90.5%,均大于90%;发芽指数分别为0.56和0.55,无显著差异,均大于0.5,具有良好的堆肥试验效果。     

强化堆料径向流动好氧堆肥反应器设计及性能

堆肥过程中物料存在混合不均、曝气不充分及发酵不彻底等问题,制约了有机物料有效生物转化。为此,研制了一种新型桨式曝气搅拌堆肥反应器。装置内的上、中、下层内设6个附有桨叶的搅拌桨,每个桨叶表面安置径向拨片,可有效增加堆肥物料的径向流动,从而使物料与空气充分接触。以牛粪、秸秆、麦麸与沼液为原料进行批式好氧堆肥试验,结果表明:该堆肥反应器可有效实现搅拌、曝气通风同步进行功能;罐体内堆料各层维持50℃以上天数分别达到6.8、5.6、3.9天;各层物料种子发芽指数(GI)均值达到91.03%,可有效地实现混合物料堆肥无害化目标。     

鸡粪沼渣联合好氧堆肥基质降解与气体排放研究

利用好氧堆肥反应器系统开展鸡粪沼渣联合好氧堆肥试验,进行物理、化学、生物学指标和甲烷(CH_4)、氨气(NH_3)及氧化亚氮(N_2O)等排放气体的多元动态表征,并开展主要排放气体与堆体氧浓度和温度相关性分析。研究结果表明,通过合理物料配比、适度供氧的联合好氧堆肥可更有效地实现鸡粪沼渣安全、优质资源化利用。鸡粪沼渣联合好氧堆肥过程中,物理、化学、生物学指标动态变化具有良好的动态对应关系,纤维素类物质的降解主要集中在反应中后期。堆肥过程中CH_4与堆体氧浓度和温度均呈现良好的负相关关系,NH_3和N_2O与温度均呈正相关关系;可通过控制堆体氧浓度和温度调控气体排放。综上,基于多元参数表征、相关性分析可为鸡粪沼渣联合好氧堆肥工艺优化提供理论和方法学支撑。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。