用微卫星标记分析中国山羊品种的遗传多样性和群体遗传结构

本研究采用联合国粮农组织(FAO)和国际动物遗传学会(ISAG)推荐的9对微卫星标记,结合荧光标记PCR技术,检测了我国39个地方山羊(Capra hircus)品种和1个引进山羊品种的遗传多样性,为中国山羊系统分类和遗传资源保护利用提供科学依据.各山羊群体期望杂合度在0.4346～06951之间,遗传分化处于中等水平,FsT为0.115,GsT为0.112.群体间和群体内的遗传变异率分别为13.3%和86.7%;UPGMA聚类结果、主成分分析结果和贝叶斯分组方法基本一致,40个山羊品种可分为5大支系,波尔山羊单独为一个支系,中国山羊分为4个支系:西南支系、华南支系、华中支系和北方支系.中国山羊遗传多样性丰富,遗传变异主要来源于群体内,育种潜力大.     

基于线粒体COII-LrRNA基因对肾形肾状线虫种内群体的遗传多样性分析

肾形肾状线虫(Rotylenchulus reniformis)是一种植物半内寄生线虫,分布于世界的热带和亚热带地区,是许多蔬菜和热带果树重要的病原线虫.为明确该线虫种内群体的遗传变异,本研究采用序列分析法,对采自浙江(ZJ)、福建(FJ)和重庆(CQ)3个地区的肾形肾状线虫的线粒体COII-LrRNA基因序列进行比较.结果表明,肾形肾状线虫线粒体COII-LrRNA基因片段序列为557～563 bp,AT含量为85.5％,明显高于GC含量.序列分析所得3个群体总的变异位点数、单倍型数、单倍型多样性指数(haplotype diversity,Hd)和核苷酸多样性指数(nucleotide diversity,π)分别为176、40、0.946和0.157 4.分子方差分析(analysis of molecular variance,AMOVA)结果显示,这3个肾形肾状线虫群体间遗传分化系数为0.058 15,遗传分化程度中等,没有明显的地理隔离.遗传变异结果显示,94.18％的变异来自群体内个体间,只有5.82％的变异发生在群体间.结果说明,我国肾形肾状线虫种群内COII-LrRNA基因序列变异较明显,具有丰富的遗传多样性,且对环境变化的适应能力较强.研究结果丰富了我国肾形肾状线虫的系统发育信息,为肾形肾状线虫危害植物的内在遗传因素的研究提供了资料.     

利用mtDNA D-loop区研究中国10个绵羊品种的遗传多样性与起源

中国家绵羊的起源目前还不清楚,存在双起源说和三起源说,争论较大。为了进一步研究绵羊的起源和遗传多样性,根据已知家养绵羊(Ovis aries)线粒体基因组序列,利用 Primier premier5.0 设计引物,对我国 10 个家养绵羊品种 133 只个体的 mtDNA D-loop 区进行测序并利用 Laser Gene、MEGA4、Clustalx1.83 等软件对结果进行分析 ,结果标明,整个 D-loop 区为 1 106~1 182 bp,共检测到 103 种单倍型,155 个多态位点,表明我国家养绵羊品种遗传多样性丰富。通过构建 NJ 网络进化树,得出中国家养绵羊分为两个分支,羱羊(O. ammon)(AJ238300)与盘羊(O. vignei)(AY091490)聚为一类,而摩佛伦羊(O.musmon)(AY091487)与一个分支聚为另一类。说明,摩佛伦羊对中国家养绵羊起源与进化的贡献更大。本研究所测定的中国家养 10 个品种分为 A、B 两大支系表明家养绵羊至少有两大母系起源,且单倍型以亚洲 A 型为主。本研究从物种水平上评价了我国家养绵羊品种的遗传多样性,指出了中国家养绵羊分为两个分支,为确立中国家养绵羊种群关系和保护种质资源提供了理论依据。     

湖南典型茶树地理种群遗传多样性研究

本文利用RAPD分子标记技术，对4个湖南典型茶树地理种群的240个单株的遗传多样性、种群内和种群间的遗传变异进行研究，结果表明：21个10碱基随机引物共检测到226条谱带，其中多态性谱带为201条，占88.9%。遗传多样性分析结果显示：Shannon's多样性指数为0.43，74.7%的变异分布于群体内，而种群间变异占了25.3%；Nei's指数群体总基因多样度(HT)为0.37，群体内平均基因多样度(HS)0.28，群体间的基因多样度(HST)0.09，群体Nei's基因分化系数（GST）为0.23，说明76.7%的变异存在于种群间，群体内的变异占了总变异的23.3%，与Shannon's多样性指数相比基本一致，均表明种群内有较丰富的遗传变异；种群间的基因流（Nm）为0.74，显示种群间的基因交流有限。     

罗非鱼选育群体Cytb与D-loop序列变异信息对比分析

对罗非鱼选育群体mtDNA Cytb和D-loop序列遗传变异开展对比研究,根据2种方法得到的多态位点比率平均为0.776 74单倍型多样度比率平均为0.919 45核苷酸多样性指数比率平均为0.769 77平均核苷酸差异数比率均值为0.936 19Cytb序列碱基转换率平均0.042 67Cytb碱基颠换率平均0.004 10D-loop序列碱基转换率平均0.037 25D-loop碱基颠换率平均0.022 84。该结果对比揭示了Cytb和D-loop序列分析中的差异,为类似研究提供参考。     

中国荷斯坦牛和鲁西黄牛mtDNA D-loop序列多态性分析

为了从母系遗传角度深入阐明中国荷斯坦牛和鲁西黄牛的群体遗传多样性以及起源进化,本研究采用PCR测序法测定了9头中国荷斯坦牛和11头鲁西黄牛的线粒体DNAD-loop区的部分序列,并经剪切后进行生物信息学软件分析。结果表明,20个个体D-loop区共711bp,共检测到19种单倍型和50个多态位点。核苷酸多样性（Pi）为0.02133±0.00454,单倍型多样性（Hd）为0.994±0.019,平均核苷酸差异数（k）为15.14620。构建的NJ网络进化树共分为两大支系,其中部分鲁西黄牛与瘤牛聚为一支,而中国荷斯坦牛和部分鲁西黄牛与普通黄牛聚为一支。说明中国荷斯坦牛和鲁西黄牛群体遗传多样性均较高;鲁西黄牛同时含有瘤牛和普通黄牛的血统,而中国荷斯坦牛只含有普通黄牛的血统。     

甘肃主要马群体遗传多样性及系统发育研究

为了解甘肃主要马(Equus caballus)群体遗传资源及其系统发生关系,本研究测定了普氏野马(E.przewalskii)、蒙古马、祁连马、河曲马(玛曲、合作和碌曲群体)线粒体DNA D-loop高变区核苷酸序列,并进行了遗传多态性检测及系统发育分析。结果表明,甘肃主要马群体线粒体DNA D-loop高变区A+T含量(59.4%)高于G+C含量(40.6%),存在碱基偏倚性,根据检测到的50个多态位点界定了56种单倍型,其总单倍型多样度(Hd)和核苷酸多样度(π)分别为0.967±0.004和0.02100±0.00100。甘肃地方马群体存在6个系统进化枝:A、C、D、E、F和G,A1～A4、A6、C2、D3～D6、G和F1～F3 15个亚进化枝,E枝和F3是河曲马的特有进化枝;C枝是河曲马的优势进化枝;G支系是祁连马的优势进化枝;而F支系是祁连马、蒙古马和河曲马共有的进化枝,其中河曲马占优势;A支系是本研究中6个马群体的共享支系,并发现祁连马与甘肃其它马群体存在共享单倍型,说明祁连马和其它群体有共同的母系祖先。甘肃主要马群体与国内外其它地方马的系统发生关系研究表明,普氏野马有共同的母系祖先,且在共同的母系起源基础上发生了分化。蒙古马、祁连马和河曲马不但与国内地方品种(关中马、西藏马、晋江马、大通马、德保矮马、利川马和百色马)有共同的母系起源,而且与东亚、西亚、中欧、西欧、北美洲、中东等地方马有共同的母系起源,此外,祁连马和河曲马与普氏野马也可能具有共同的母系起源。本研究为甘肃地方马品种的遗传资源保护和开发利用提供参考。     

中国家鸭的分子遗传多样性及其起源探讨

本研究测定了我国重点保护的8个家鸭品种及斑嘴野鸭的线粒体DNA D-loop区667bp序列,分析了这8种家鸭的遗传多态性和起源。遗传多态性分析结果显示A、G、C、T碱基平均含量分别为25.5%,15.3%,33.4%,25.8%;变异类型为转换和颠换,未发现缺失与插入。确定了20种单倍型,Hap2（A7）为家鸭的主体单倍型型,平均单倍型多样度为0.67136,平均核苷酸多样度为0.00192,攸县麻鸭单倍型多样度、核苷酸多样度最高,8个品种之间双参数遗传距离为0.00056-0.00414,其中连城白鸭和攸县麻鸭之间遗传距离最大。38种单倍型系统发生研究表明,8种家鸭都单一地起源于绿头鸭。     

利用微卫星DNA标记分析7个绵羊群体遗传多样性与系统发育

摘要:实验室检测了甘肃藏羊、甘南藏羊、湖羊、青海藏羊、小尾寒羊、滩羊、岷县黑裘皮7个绵羊群体268只个体15个微卫星座位等位基因,进而开展了等位基因变异分析、杂合度分析、哈代—温伯格比率检验、遗传距离估算、系统发生树构建和遗传结构推导。结果表明：7个绵羊群体在15个微卫星座位上共发现187个等位基因。哈代—温伯格比率偏差检验中共发现43个“群体-座位”偏离了哈代—温伯格比率,其中湖羊偏离哈代-温伯格比率的“群体-座位”数最多。群体杂合度分析表明青海藏羊群体的遗传多样性较丰富,而湖羊和岷县黑裘皮羊的遗传多样性较低。遗传距离和系统发生树的分析表明,滩羊、小尾寒羊和湖羊亲缘关系较近,类群起源上享有共同的祖先,岷县黑裘皮羊与其它6个绵羊群体遗传关系较远,7个绵羊群体的遗传结构推演为三类。     

绵羊mtDNA D-环序列与微卫星DNA遗传多样性和系统发育分析

采用mtDNA D-环序列和微卫星DNA两种标记方法,对9个绵羊群体225只个体进行遗传多样性和系统发育分析。结果表明：两种方法在遗传多样性分析中得出的结论一致,即在研究的9个绵羊群体中青海藏羊的遗传多样性最丰富,而湖羊和岷县黑裘皮羊遗传多样性都较低。但在系统发育分析中,通过mtDNA D-环序列和微卫星DNA座位数据构建系统发育树,结果表现为很大的不同。由于微卫星DNA符合孟德尔遗传规律,能够反映群体间的亲缘关系,构建的系统发育树结构可靠。mtDNA是核外遗传物质,具有母系遗传的特点,在反映群体间的亲缘关系上不具优势。此外,青海细毛羊和甘肃高山细毛羊的育种实践表明它们的遗传来源相似,亲缘关系相近,这与微卫星DNA座位数据构建系统发育树反映的结果一致,因此,在群体的亲缘关系研究上,微卫星DNA数据分析的结果比mtDNA序列分析结果更可信。172个单倍型序列网络关系分析表明研究的9个绵羊群体可能有三个母系起源。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.