CRISPR/Cas9介导的ASGR1基因敲除猪制备

猪(Sus scrofa)内皮细胞的去唾液酸糖蛋白受体1(asialoglycoprotein receptor 1,ASGR1)是诱发异种肝移植后受体发生血小板减少症的主要诱因之一.本研究在α-1,3-半乳糖基转移酶基因(α-1,3-galactosyltransferase,GGTA1)敲除的五指山小型猪基础上,利用规律成簇间隔短回文重复(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9,CRISPR/Cas9)结合体细胞核移植技术制备ASGR1基因敲除猪,针对猪ASGR1基因设计并构建了靶向表达载体单链导向RNAl (single guide RNA1,sgRNA1),将sgRNA1与增强绿色荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescent protein,EGFP)质粒共同电转染GGTA1基因敲除猪耳成纤维细胞,流式细胞仪富集筛选带绿色荧光的细胞后培养单细胞克隆.实验结果表明,PCR测序检测培养获得的41个单细胞克隆,37个克隆发生基因突变,ASGR1基因突变效率为90％,其中双等位基因敲除的细胞克隆30个,效率高达73％.选择4个ASGR1基因敲除类型不同的细胞为核供体进行核移植,将早期重构胚移植到4头受体猪,2头妊娠至终期,产仔猪6头,Western blot显示ASGR1基因敲除仔猪的肝脏中没有ASGR1的表达.对sgRNA1的13个潜在脱靶位点,分别设计引物进行PCR扩增和测序,结果显示没有脱靶现象.总之,本研究利用CRISPR/Cas9结合体细胞核移植技术快速高效地制备了GGTA1/ASGR1基因敲除五指山小型猪模型,有望解决异种肝移植后出现的血小板减少症,为临床过渡肝的应用研究提供了良好的研究材料.     

CRISPR/Cas9介导CMAH基因敲除猪创制及繁育分析

N-羟乙酰神经氨酸(N-acetylneuraminic acid,Neu5Gc)是引起异种移植排斥反应的重要非半乳糖抗原,由单磷酸胞嘧啶-N-乙酰神经氨酸羟化酶(cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase,CMAH)催化生成。本研究以α-1,3-半乳糖基转移酶基因(α-1,3-galactosyltransferase,GGTA1)敲除猪为基础,利用CRISPR/Cas9制备CMAH基因敲除(CMAH~(-/-))巴马小型猪(Sus scrofa),并评估其健康及繁育状况。针对猪CMAH基因设计单链导向RNA(single guide RNA,sgRNA)并进行效率验证,敲除效率较高的CMAH-g1电转染巴马猪耳成纤维细胞(ear fibroblasts of Bama mini pigs,BMEF),鉴定为阳性的细胞作为核供体,利用体细胞核移植技术制备CMAH~(-/-)猪。提取仔猪基因组DNA,PCR测序确定突变类型;用Anti-Neu5Gc抗体进行免疫荧光检测确定仔猪器官Neu5Gc表达情况。采集4月龄CMAH~(-/-)巴马猪血液检测其生理指标;CMAH~(-/-)巴马公猪6月龄性成熟后配种,以母猪的产仔数评价CMAH~(-/-)公猪的繁育能力。结果成功获得CMAH~(-/-)巴马猪,有-2 bp/-2 bp和-1 bp/-1 bp共2种纯合敲除类型。免疫荧光检测结果显示在CMAH~(-/-)猪器官表面未检到Neu5Gc表达,表明CMAH基因被敲除。与野生型(wild type,WT)相比,CMAH~(-/-)猪血常规和血生化无显著差异,与CMAH~(-/-)公猪配种的母猪产仔数正常。本研究利用CRISPR/Cas9技术制备了GGTA1/CMAH基因敲除猪,健康状况和繁育能力正常,该猪可为进一步降低异种器官移植急性排斥反应提供低免疫原性供体。     

GH、IGF1及其受体基因在蒙古马不同器官中的表达差异

生长激素(growth hormone,GH)具有调节生长节奏的能力。本研究旨在探索GH、生长激素受体(growth hormone receptor,GHR)、胰岛素样生长因子1(insulin-like growth factor 1,IGF1)以及其受体IGF1R(insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor)在蒙古马(Equus caballus)不同器官中的表达差异。选取4匹平均年龄2岁的蒙古马为研究对象,利用qRT-PCR和免疫组化检测蒙古马不同器官中的GH、GHR、IGF1及IGF1R的表达水平并进行分析。qRT-PCR结果表明,GH基因在脾脏中的表达高于淋巴、心脏、肝脏、肾脏、骨骼肌、尾肌(P0.05),GHR基因在肝脏表达量最高,其次为胰腺、尾肌、睾丸、心脏、骨骼肌、淋巴、肾脏、脾脏、肺脏(P0.05),IGF1基因在肝脏表达高于其他组织器官(P0.05),IGF1R基因的表达量依次为肺、肝脏、脾脏、睾丸、心脏、肾脏、淋巴、骨骼肌、尾肌、胰腺(P0.05)。免疫组织化学检测结果显示,GH、IGF1蛋白在肝脏、肾脏、睾丸、骨骼肌和脾脏中均有分布,阳性反应强度不等。根据阳性细胞数得出,GH蛋白在肝脏、脾脏的阳性表达量高于其他组织器官(P0.05)。IGF1的阳性表达量在肝脏中最高,脾脏、肾脏、睾丸次之,骨骼肌最少(P0.05)。本实验通过RNA水平和蛋白水平两个层面的研究,发现GH、GHR、IGF1、IGF1R在蒙古马各器官中的表达具有差异性,为蒙古马的选育工作提供基础资料和科学依据。     

电转染法电压优化与广西巴马小型猪转基因克隆胚胎的生产

本试验旨在优化电转染电压并构建转基因体细胞,为生产转基因广西巴马小型猪打下技术储备。以新生广西巴马小型猪肾脏成纤维细胞和pEGFP-N1为材料、以细胞存活率和转染率为电转染效率评价指标,筛选最佳电压,然后用优化电压进行电转染并经G418抗性筛选获得转基因体细胞系,通过体细胞核移植技术获得转基因克隆胚胎。本研究筛选出最佳电压为120 V,用优化电压进行电转染并成功构建表达GFP的转基因细胞,最后通过体细胞核移植成功获得表达GFP的转基因克隆胚胎。结果表明优化的电转染电压可以高效构建广西巴马小型猪转基因体细胞,并可通过体细胞核移植生产转基因克隆胚胎。     

CD31可作为分离纯化猪肝窦内皮细胞的标记分子

血小板-内皮细胞粘附分子(platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1,CD31)是内皮细胞表面一种重要的膜分子,常作为特异性标记鉴定内皮细胞.然而,CD31是否可作为纯化猪(Sus scrofa)肝窦内皮细胞(porcine liver sinusoidal endothelial cell,pLSEC)的特异性标记还有待验证.本实验通过CD31流式分选分离纯化pLSEC,观察分离后的pLSEC是否具有标志性的窗孔结构.以α-1,3-半乳糖苷转移酶基因敲除(α-1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout,GTKO)的五指山小型猪为研究材料,采用胶原酶原位肝脏灌注、离体消化,Percoll梯度离心,异硫氰酸荧光素(fluorescein isothiocyanate,FITC)-CD31标记pLSEC进行流式分选.结果表明,分离得到的pLSEC在倒置显微镜下细胞呈典型的内皮细胞形态,铺路石样排列;通过透射电镜观察到细胞具有窗孔结构,通过环境扫描电镜观察到pLSEC与猪主动脉内皮细胞(porcine arterial endothelial cell,pAEC)细胞表面结构具有明显区别,pLSEC具有特殊的窗孔结构.利用实时荧光定量PCR检测pLSEC、pAEC和猪耳成纤维细胞(porcine ear fibroblast cell,pEFC)的CD31、细胞粘附因子(cell adhesion molecules,CD146)、血友病因子Ⅷ基因(hemophilia factorⅧ,Ⅷ-F)、血管性血友病因子基因(von willebrand factor,vWF)的表达.结果表明,pLSEC的CD31、CD146、Ⅷ-F和vWF表达量显著高于pAEC和pEFC.利用免疫荧光法检测到pLSEC具有摄取细胞膜红色荧光探针(1,1’-dioctadecyl-3,3,3’,3’-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate,DiI)标记的乙酰化低密度脂蛋白(acetylated low density lipoprotein,Ac-LDL)的内吞功能.总之,利用CD31分离纯化的pLSEC,具有典型窗孔结构和内吞功能,同时高表达CD146、Ⅷ-F和vWF等肝窦内皮细胞的标记分子,为进一步研究异种肝移植的血小板减少症的问题提供了良好的细胞材料.     

脂质体法构建广西巴马小型猪转基因体细胞及转基因克隆胚的生产

脂质体法是一种传统的向哺乳动物细胞导入外源基因的方法,然而其转染效率受多种因素影响。本研究将从脂质体和质粒DNA量、转染暴露时间以及混合孵育时间等四方面进行探索,以寻找最佳的转染体系。试验结果表明最佳转染体系为：脂质体1.25μL、DNA 0.7μg、脂质体-DNA混合孵育0 min以及转染暴露6 h。随后我们用优化过的转染体系对新生广西巴马小型猪肾脏成纤维细胞进行转绿色荧光蛋白（green fluorescent protein,GFP）操作,获得了（26.45±2.11）%的转染率,并以此为核供体经体细胞核移植技术成功构建表达GFP的广西巴马小型猪克隆胚胎,同时证实转基因克隆胚的体外发育能力比得上非转基因克隆胚。这为我们构建用于人类疾病研究的基因修饰广西巴马小型猪奠定了基础。     

基于GWAS的6个免疫相关基因在大蒲莲猪和长白猪群体内的表达分析

免疫相关基因的筛选与研究是猪(Sus scrofa)抗病育种的前提与基础。本研究基于课题组前期对仔猪的T淋巴细胞亚群指标进行的全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association study,GWAS),对5号染色体上一个1.05 Mb免疫调控区域内包含的6个免疫相关基因:白细胞分化抗原4(cluster of differentiation 4,CD4)、淋巴细胞活化基因-3(lymphocyte activation gene-3,LAG3)、白细胞分化抗原27(cluster of differentiation 27,CD27)、淋巴毒素β-受体(lymphotoxin beta receptor,LTBR)瘤坏死因子受体超家族成员1A(tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1a,TNFRSF1A)和白细胞分化抗原9(cluster of differentiation 9,CD9)在大蒲莲和长白仔猪群体外周血液中的表达量进行检测,并对各基因开展品种和母猪效应分析,为进一步筛选影响大蒲莲仔猪高抗病力的候选基因提供借鉴。采集大蒲莲猪(104头)和长白猪(171头)35日龄仔猪的外周血,提取总RNA,逆转录为cDNA后,通过qRT-PCR的方法进行上述免疫相关基因和内参基因β2-微球蛋白(beta-2-microglobulin,B_2M)的表达水平检测,在对各免疫基因表达量通过内参基因校正后,对矫正后的表达量ΔCt在大蒲莲猪和长白猪群体内的表达特征、品种和母猪效应进行分析。结果显示,大蒲莲仔猪CD4和CD27基因表达量极显著低于长白仔猪(P0.01),且母猪效应差异也达到极显著水平(P0.01);大蒲莲仔猪TNFRSF1A基因表达量显著低于长白仔猪(P0.05);大蒲莲仔猪CD9基因表达量极显著高于长白仔猪(P0.01)。本研究对基于GWAS的6个免疫相关基因在大蒲莲猪和长白猪群体内的表达开展分析,其中CD4、CD27、TNFRSF1A和CD9 4个基因在大蒲莲和长白仔猪群体间显著差异表达,这些基因可以考虑作为影响大蒲莲仔猪高抗病力的候选基因,为大蒲莲仔猪高抗病力性状的标记辅助选择研究提供基础。     

Identification of oxidation products of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and (-)-epigallocatechin with H(2)O(2)

(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) are two important antioxidants in tea. They also display some antitumor activities, and these activities are believed to be mainly due to their antioxidative effects. However, the specific mechanisms of antioxidant action of tea catechins remain unclear. In this study are isolated and identified two novel reaction products of EGCG and one product of EGC when they were reacted separately with H(2)O(2). These products are formed by the oxidation and decarboxylation of the A ring in the catechin molecule. This study provides unequivocal proof that the A ring of EGCG and EGC may also be an antioxidant site. This study also indicates an additional reaction pathway for the oxidation chemistry of tea catechins.     

Excretion of (14)C-fumonisin B(1), (14)C-hydrolyzed fumonisin B(1), and (14)C-fumonisin B(1)-fructose in rats.

14C-Fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) was produced by Fusarium proliferatum M-5991 in modified Myro liquid medium and purified to >95% purity with a specific activity of 1.7 mCi/mmol. Nine male and nine female F344/N rats were each dosed by gavage with 0.69 micromol of (14)C-FB(1), (14)C-hydrolyzed FB(1), or (14)C-FB(1)-fructose/kg body weight. Urinary excretion of (14)C-FB(1) and (14)C-FB(1)-fructose was 0.5% and 4.4% of the total dose, respectively, and was similar between male and female rats. Urinary excretion of (14)C-hydrolyzed HFB(1) was significantly greater (P > 0.05) in female rats as compared with male rats (17.3% vs 12.8% of the total dose, respectively). There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in biliary excretion of the three fumonisin compounds with a mean of 1. 4% of the dose excreted at 4 h after dosing. Lesser amounts continued to be excreted up to 9.25 h after dosing. Although biliary excretion of the (14)C-FB(1), (14)C-hydrolyzed FB(1), and (14)C-FB(1)-fructose was similar, increased urinary excretion of the (14)C-hydrolyzed FB(1) as compared to (14)C-FB(1) and (14)C-FB(1)-fructose indicated a greater absorption of the hydrolyzed form.     

(三唑基-~(14)C-)粉锈宁的标记合成

本文报道了(三唑基-14C)-粉锈宁的制备。由14C-甲酸和重碳酸氨基胍形成(5-14C)-3-氨基-1,2,4-三唑,再经重氮化脱氨得到(5-14C)-1,2,4-三唑,最后再与对氯酚和二氯片呐酮反应得到(三唑基-14C)-粉锈宁。放化收率为26％(从甲酸-14C计),放化纯度大于95％。     

Chemoenzymatic synthesis of homochiral (R)- and (S)-karahanaenol from (R)-limonene

Terpinolene oxide, a monoterpene belonging to the p-menthane group, is easily derived from naturally abundant (R)-limonene. It was isomerized with montmorillonite clay catalyst to karahanaenone (2,2, 5-trimethylcyclohept-4-en-1-one) by ring enlargement. The enantiomers of the corresponding alcohol, karahanaenol (2,2, 5-trimethylcyclohept-4-en-1- ol), known for their individual organoleptic properties, were resolved through Pseudomonas cepacia lipase mediated enantiospecific alcoholysis of its acetate derivative.     

Theoretical speciation of ethylenediamine-N-(o-hydroxyphenylacetic)-N'-(p-hydroxyphenylacetic) acid (o,p-EDDHA) in agronomic conditions

The presence of ethylenediamine-N-(o-hydroxyphenylacetic)-N'-(p-hydroxyphenylacetic) acid (o,p-EDDHA) as the second largest component in commercial EDDHA iron chelates has recently been demonstrated. Here is reported the speciation of o,p-EDDHA by the application of a novel methodology through the determination of the complexing capacity, protonation, and Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Cu(2+), and Fe(3+) stability constants. The pM values and species distribution in solution, hydroponic, and soil conditions were obtained. Due to the para position of one phenol group in o,p-EDDHA, the protonation constants and Ca and Mg stability constants have different values from those of o,o-EDDHA and p,p-EDDHA regioisomers. o,p-EDDHA/Fe(3+) stability constants are higher than those of EDTA/Fe(3+) but lower than those of o,o-EDDHA/Fe(3+). The sequence obtained for pFe is o,o-EDDHA/Fe(3+) >/= o,p-EDDHA/Fe(3+) > EDTA/Fe(3+). o,p-EDDHA/Fe(3+) can be used as an iron chelate in hydroponic conditions. Also, it can be used in soils with limited Cu availability.     

Binding studies of oxovanadium(V) with ovalbumins (OA)

The effect of protein oxovanadium(V) ion concentration and pH on the ratio of diffusion current (id/id₀) was studied in vanadium(V) ovalbumin-S and denatured ovalbumin systems. In both the cases marked decrease in diffusion current was observed at the respective pH values, indicating that binding takes place with cationic groups of the proteins. The binding sites (n) were found to be pH dependent. The uniformity of logK and ΔG ⁰ value at all pH values indicated the involvement of same sites in interaction. Furthermore, the linear scatchard plots in both the systems supported the involvement of single class of independent sites in oxovanadium(V) anion interaction. The difference in binding sites (n) has been attributed to the folded structure of ovalbumin-S while unfolded one of denatured ovalbumin.     

Effect of pH on interaction between As(III) or As(V) and manganese(IV) oxide

The efficiency of As(III) oxidation by MnO₂, and retention of oxidation products varies with system pH. Maximum retention by hydrous Mn(IV) oxide occurs at pH < 5, declining at higher pH to about half total As at pH 10. The adsorption capacities of pyrolusite and cryptomelane at pH ～6.5 for As(V) species were 10 and 25 mmol kg^?1, respectively. HMO surface saturation (～10 mmol kg^?1) was reached with equilibrium As(V) levels of 5 to 8 × 10^?6 M but this was supplemented at higher levels by an absorption process where uptake increased linearly with concentration (e.g., 68 mmol kg^?1 with 2 × 10^?5 M As(V)). Added As(III) was avidly oxidized and most product retained at pH 3. At higher pH increasing amounts of As(III) remained unoxidized due to initial reactions apparently blocking access to internal pores. Added Na⁺ reduced the amount of As retained by the HMO, with the phosphate salt having a significant effect. Extraction studies confirmed that most As could be released by exposure to reducing agents or chelating agents (EDTA). The environmental significance of the results has been considered.