8种药剂对紫花三叉白及主要害虫的田间防治效果

为明确不同药剂对白及上初次发现的两种重要害虫朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus和棘跳虫Hypogastrura communis的防治效果,筛选高效低毒的杀虫剂,共使用8种药剂在普洱市白及规模化种植基地内进行了药剂试验。结果表明,喷施7天后,防治朱砂叶螨的5种药剂中,20%甲氰菊酯EC 2 000倍液的防效(91.4%)和速效性最优;10%阿维菌素SG 10 000倍的防效(84%)略低于15%哒螨灵EC 2 000倍(85.1%),但无显著差异,为次优;5%苦参碱AS 6 250倍液的防效(23.2%)和速效性均最差。防治棘跳虫的5种药剂中,喷施7天后,10%阿维菌素SG 10 000倍液的防治效(97%)最优、5%苦参碱AS 6 250倍液的防效(41%)最差;5%啶虫脒EC 3 000倍液的速效性最优,70%吡虫啉WG 1 200倍液的速效性最差。综合考量药剂对朱砂叶螨和棘跳虫的持效性、速效性及防治效果,10%阿维菌素SG 10 000倍液是普洱紫花三叉白及重要害虫防治的首选生物防治药剂。     

几种药剂对枸杞木虱的田间防效

为有效防控枸杞木虱,提高宁夏枸杞产品品质,以当地常用药剂吡虫啉为对照药剂,另选4种药剂开展田间枸杞木虱防治试验,比较各药剂处理的田间防效。结果表明,供试药剂中,以22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂1 000倍液、1.8%阿维菌素乳油1 500倍液处理的速效性较好,药后3 d的防效分别为72.07%、74.09%;持效性方面,22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂1 000倍液处理表现最好,药后10、14 d的防效分别为85.94%、75.41%,30%唑虫酰胺悬浮剂7 500倍液次之,药后10、14 d的防效分别为69.12%、66.81%,1.8%阿维菌素乳油1 500倍液在药后10 d的防效保持在70%以上,但药后14 d防效下降幅度较大。     

25%噻虫嗪WG等药剂防治柑橘粉虱田间药效试验

选用25%噻虫嗪WG等8种药剂进行柑橘粉虱田间药效试验,结果表明:参试8种药剂对柑橘粉虱都有一定的防治效果,且对柑橘生长和果实发育安全,可在生产上推广使用。各药剂处理的防效差别较大,其中以400g/L杀扑磷EC1000倍液速效性最好,施药后3d防效可达90.18%,与其它药剂处理差异显著;240g/L螺虫乙酯SC3000倍液和25%噻虫嗪WG4000倍液持效期最长,药后21d防效分别为99.50%和98.27%,与其它药剂处理差异达极显著水平。在生产中建议将速效性好与持效期长的药剂混合使用,防治效果更好。     

20%噻虫胺悬浮剂防治柑橘木虱田间药效试验

应用20%噻虫胺SC进行柑橘木虱田间药效试验,结果表明:20%噻虫胺SC 1 500倍液、2 000倍液和2 500倍液,施药后1 d对若虫的防效分别为89.93%、85.07%和81.01%,对成虫的防效分别为91.67%、85.55%和81.65%;施药后10 d对若虫的防效均为100%,对成虫的防效分别为100%、88.89%和84.40%,由此可见20%噻虫胺SC对柑橘木虱的防效好,具有速效性快、持效期长等特点。     

20%阿维·螺螨酯悬浮剂防治柑橘全爪螨田间药效试验

以1.8%阿维菌素EC和24%螺螨酯SC为对照,进行复配药剂20%阿维·螺螨酯SC防治柑橘全爪螨田间药效试验。结果表明:20%阿维·螺螨酯SC对柑橘全爪螨具有良好的防治效果,其3000倍液和4000倍液药后1～35d防效达82.68%以上,极显著高于2个对照药剂;5000倍液防效达80.59%以上,极显著高于1.8%阿维菌素EC,速效性明显优于24%螺螨酯SC。其速效性好、持效期长、且对柑橘安全,值得在生产中推广应用。     

1%蛇床子素水乳剂防治草莓白粉病药效试验

田间药效试验表明,1%蛇床子素水乳剂对草莓白粉病有较好的防治效果,3次药后7d1%蛇床子素水乳剂400倍液的防效为86.58%,500倍液的防效为76.59%,对照药剂10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂2000倍液的防效为76.45%。从防治效果和使用成本等方面考虑,1%蛇床子素水乳剂400-500倍液防治草莓白粉病,具有较好的推广应用价值。     

7.5%氟环唑乳油对香蕉叶斑病毒力测定与防治试验

香蕉叶斑病在华南香蕉产区夏秋生长季节大量发生,严重危害香蕉功能叶片。7.5%氟环唑乳油是防治香蕉叶斑病的新型杀菌剂。室内毒力测定表明,7.5%氟环唑乳油对香蕉尾孢菌的抑菌效果明显,25 μg/mL和50 μg/mL的抑菌效果分别为91.73%和93.31%。2004-2005年田间药效试验表明,在香蕉营养生长期使用7.5%氟环唑乳油 1 000、750、500、250倍液喷药3次,对香蕉叶斑病的防效为66.25%～84.37%,其中250倍液防效达82.48%～84.37%,显著优于对照药剂25%丙环唑乳油1 500倍液的防效,值得在生产上推广使用。     

3%啶虫脒乳油防治柑桔蚜虫田间药效试验报告

用3%的啶虫脒乳油6 000、3 000及2 000倍3个药液浓度与对照药剂10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂2 500倍及对照药剂20%氰戊菊脂乳油2 000倍液进行防治柑桔蚜虫试验,结果表明,新生产的3%啶虫脒乳油对柑桔蚜虫防效高,与对照药剂的防效相当,具有良好的速效性与持效性,经方差分析,使用3%的啶虫脒乳油防治柑桔蚜虫以6 000倍液较为经济.     

42.8%氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂防治大青枣白粉病田间药效试验

采用42.8%氟菌·肟菌酯SC及对照药剂进行大青枣白粉病田间药效试验。结果表明,42.8%氟菌·肟菌酯SC 1 000倍液和1 500倍液平均防效分别达91.3%和83.27%,显著优于25%三唑酮WP 1 000倍液和70%甲基托布津WP 1 000倍液的防效。建议对大青枣白粉病防治应用42.8%氟菌·肟菌酯SC 1 000倍液和其他药剂轮换使用。     

几种药剂防治烟草病毒病药效试验

7种药剂对烟草病毒病的室内生物测定和田间药效试验结果表明:3.95％病毒必克可湿性粉剂500倍液对烟草病毒病的防效最好,室内接种前和接种后对烟草花叶病毒的防效分别为77.93％和72.56％,田间防效达71.53％。20％病毒A 500倍液、5％菌毒清500倍液和1.5％植病灵600倍液的田间防效均在60％以上,对烟草病毒病有相对较好的防治效果。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.