10亿活芽孢/g枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂防治黄瓜根腐病田间药效试验

为明确10亿活芽孢/g枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂对黄瓜根腐病的防治效果及使用剂量,以70%敌磺钠可溶粉剂作对照,采用田间试验研究10亿活芽孢/g枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂对黄瓜根腐病的防治效果。结果表明,10亿活芽孢/g枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂对黄瓜根腐病具有良好防效,最佳使用剂量为3.0g/株,防效均优于70%敌磺钠可溶粉剂,且对黄瓜生长安全,是防治黄瓜根腐病较理想的药剂之一。     

微生物杀菌剂及其混配剂防治水稻纹枯病的田间药效试验

对微生物杀菌剂及其混配剂对水稻纹枯病进行田间防治试验,结果表明枯草芽孢杆菌10亿/g可湿性粉剂、井冈霉素·蜡质芽孢杆菌12.5%可湿性粉剂对水稻纹枯病有较好的防治效果。在发病初期施药,枯草芽孢杆菌10亿/g可湿性粉剂1500g/hm2防效为75.4%,产量增幅21.5%;井冈霉素·蜡质芽孢杆菌12.5%可湿性粉剂2880g/hm2防效为83.89%。可以作为井冈霉素的替代产品,进行推广应用。     

4种杀菌剂不同处理模式防治甘蓝根肿病田间药效评价

本文研究了30%氟啶胺·氰霜唑悬浮剂、500g/L氟啶胺悬浮剂、100g/L氰霜唑悬浮剂和100亿个/g枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂4种杀菌剂在3种处理模式下对甘蓝根肿病田间药效的差异。试验结果表明:3种化学杀菌剂不同处理模式下对甘蓝根肿病的防效在60%左右,高于生物制剂枯草芽孢杆菌的防效(40%左右)。不同的处理模式下防效有一定的差异,但未达统计学意义上的显著水平。根据试验结果,推荐将试验的3种化学杀菌剂作为甘蓝根肿病防治的首选药剂,建议移栽前土壤喷雾1次,移栽前对秧苗进行药剂蘸根,移栽后1周左右再灌根1次。     

枯草芽孢杆菌结合3506-2基质使用防治甘蓝根肿病药效试验初报

本研究比较了5种不同措施防治甘蓝根肿痛的效果,结果表明:采用枯草芽孢杆菌粉剂(2.0×10~6cfu/g)400倍液结合3506—2基质处理防治根肿病平均发病率最低(13.70%)、病情指数最低(5.23)、防治效果最好(79.12%)、产量最高(8 094.05kg/667m~2),而且无农药残留,成本约180元/667m~2,符合生产绿色甘蓝食品发展方向,建议在大田防治甘蓝根肿痛中推广应用。     

枯草芽孢杆菌防治稻瘟病药效试验

选用枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂（1000亿活芽孢／克）和常规药剂40％稻瘟灵乳油对稻瘟病进行药效防治对比试验,评价枯草芽孢杆菌对稻瘟病的防治效果。试验结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂每667m2用10g对稻瘟病的防治效果迭95．28％．比对照药剂40％稻瘟灵乳油每667mz用60mL的防治效果81．15％提高14．13个百分点：每667rn2产量385．76kg,比40％稻瘟灵乳油对照区每667m2产量345．69kg,增产40．07kg,增产11．59％。每667m2减少施药用工10元．增加经济效益94．14元。建议在生产中每667m2用枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂（1000亿活芽孢／曲10g对水50奴于稻瘟病发病初期对水稻叶面均匀喷雾。     

4种药剂防治马铃薯晚疫病效果

在田间出现晚疫病中心病株时,每667 m2用80%代森锌可湿性粉剂100 g、枯草芽孢杆菌15 g、68.75%氟菌·霜霉威悬浮剂75 g、50%氟啶胺悬浮剂30 g防治马铃薯晚疫病,试验结果表明,68.75%氟菌·霜霉威悬浮剂和50%氟啶胺悬浮剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果基本相同,且防治效果优于枯草芽孢杆菌和80%代森锌可湿性粉剂。     

蜡质芽孢杆菌8亿个/克可湿性粉剂防治茄子青枯病试验

进行田间试验以明确蜡质芽孢杆菌8亿个/克可湿性粉剂防治茄子青枯病的效果。结果表明,蜡质芽孢杆菌8亿个/克可湿性粉剂能够很好的控制茄子青枯病,防治效果明显高于对照,且对作物安全。     

防治韭菜灰霉病的药剂筛选试验

为筛选生产中防治韭菜灰霉病的适用药剂,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了9种非化学杀菌剂对韭菜灰霉病病菌的室内毒力,发现10%多抗霉素B可湿性粉剂和100亿CFU/g枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂的毒力最强,EC50值分别为0.004 1、0.007 6μg/mL;0.5%大黄素甲醚水剂和3亿CFU/g哈茨木霉菌可湿性粉剂的毒力较弱。田间药效试验验证,10%多抗霉素B可湿性粉剂、100亿CFU/g枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂常规用量处理的防效分别为67.60%和61.01%,适用于田间韭菜灰霉病的防治。     

几种药剂对马铃薯晚疫病田间防效及经济效益评价

本文评价分析了几种药剂对马铃薯晚疫病的田间防治效果和经济效益,结果表明,氟菌·霜霉威68.75%悬浮剂+丙森锌70%可湿性粉剂+赤·吲乙·芸薹0.136%可湿性粉剂组合处理的防效和经济收益最高,其次依次为氟啶胺50%悬浮剂+氰霜唑10%悬浮剂、霜脲·嘧菌酯60%水分散粒剂、枯草芽孢杆菌1 000亿芽孢/克可湿性粉剂。     

防治白菜根肿病的新型海洋微生物农药——解淀粉芽孢杆菌Txc2-1可湿性粉剂配方优化及药效研究

根肿病是十字花科作物的全球性重大病害之一,但可供选择的防治药剂非常有限。以本课题组筛选出的一株对十字花科白菜根肿病具有显著拮抗作用的海洋生境芽孢杆菌Txc2-1为研究对象,通过对载体和助剂的筛选以及采用混料设计确定Txc2-1可湿性粉剂最优配方,同时运用制备的30亿CFU/g可湿性粉剂进行盆栽试验和田间药效的考察。结果表明:Txc2-1可湿性粉剂最佳载体为轻质碳酸钙,最佳润湿剂为十二烷基硫酸钠,最佳悬浮剂为聚乙烯醇(PVA),这3种物质与Txc2-1菌株有较高的生物相容性,且具有良好的理化性能。通过混料设计确定其最优配比为m(轻质碳酸钙):m(十二烷基硫酸钠):m(PVA)=83:9:8。利用5 L罐培养液及上述配方进行喷雾干燥获得了30亿CFU/g Txc2-1可湿性粉剂(Txc2-1 WP);进一步盆栽(40 d)和田间(60 d)药效试验结果表明,Txc2-1 WP对白菜根肿病的防效分别达70.53%和66.84%。该解淀粉芽孢杆菌Txc2-1可湿性粉剂达到了国家质量标准,对白菜根肿病具有良好的防治效果,本研究结果为将Txc2-1开发成首个防治根肿病的海洋微生物杀菌剂奠定了基础。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.