天然芸苔素内酯减轻胺苯磺隆对水稻药害的作用

采用土培法在室内测定了不同浓度胺苯磺隆对水稻生长的影响，不同浓度天然芸苔素内酯对胺苯磺隆的解毒效应，以及不同浓度胺苯磺隆处理下天然芸苔素内酯浸种对水稻根生长的影响。结果表明，当天然芸苔素内酯浓度在0.01-0.05mg/L范围内时，可显著缓解1.0μg/kg的胺苯磺隆对水稻的药害，用0.02mg/L的天然芸苔素内酯种可不同程度地缓解0.1-20μg/kg的胺苯磺隆对水稻的药害。     

芸苔素内酯0.01%水剂调节黄瓜生长田间药效试验

进行田间试验以明确芸苔素内酯0.01%水剂对调节黄瓜生长的效果及最佳田间使用量。结果表明,在推荐用量为芸苔素内酯0.01%水剂有效成分为0.03～0.06 mg/kg时,在黄瓜移植后、初花期、结果期喷雾,即可收到良好效果。     

襄阳市樊城区小麦化学除草减量化初试

本文以麦田禾阔双除为基础药剂,以芸苔素内酯制剂和超支化卵磷脂制剂分别作为减量增效助剂,对小麦化学除草减量化可行性进行了初试。结果表明,麦田禾阔双除除草剂减量50%,配合施用助剂芸苔素内脂或超支化卵磷脂,杂草减退率均在90%以上;麦田禾阔双除除草剂减量30%,配合施用助剂芸苔素内脂或超支化卵磷脂,杂草减退率可达在98%以上。采用芸苔素内酯为助剂的不同减药剂量除草剂处理均有不同程度的稳产增产效果。     

0.01%芸苔素内酯对小麦经济性状及产量的影响

小麦是我国北方主要粮食作物 ,提高单产是栽培的重要环节 ,增加穗数、每穗粒数和千粒重是获得高产的基础。植物生长调节剂可以增加小麦穗数 ,防止倒伏 ,提高产量 ,在小麦的栽培中起着极其重要的作用。芸苔素内酯是一类重要的植物生长调节剂 ,在小麦栽培中有着广泛的用途。为了更好的使用芸苔素内酯 ,特进行了本次试验 ,现将结果报道如下。1　试验材料及方法试验小麦品种为“鄂恩 1号”,试验田为前茬水稻 ,地势平坦 ,肥力均匀 ,排灌方便。土壤类型为粘性壤土 ,p H值为 6.5 ,有机质含量 1 .9%左右。试验设每 hm2 0 .0 1 %芸苔素内酯 EC 0 .0…     

新农药介绍

中文通用名称：丙酰芸苔素内酯英文通用名称：brassinolide农药登记名称和商品名称：0.0016%丙酰芸苔素内酯水剂（金福来）理化性质：丙酰芸苔素内酯原药（≥80%）外观为白色结晶粉末状固体，熔点155-158℃，溶于甲醇、乙醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯，难溶于水，正常贮存条件下，具有良好的稳定性，在弱酸、中性介质中稳定，在强碱介质中分解。毒性：该原药和水剂对大鼠急性经口LD50＞4640mg/kg，大鼠急性经皮LD50≥2150mg/kg，对皮肤、眼睛无刺激性，无致敏作用。原药致突变试验：Ames试验、小鼠微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验均为阴性，无致突变性…     

芸苔素内酯在小麦上的应用效果

芸苔素内酯属激素类植物生长调节剂,可广泛应用于多种阔叶作物,如棉花、烟草及各种果蔬,均可有效地促进作物生长、提高产量,增强作物抗逆性。为了解芸苔素内酯在禾谷类作物上的应用效果,我们于2007年4—6月在武汉市江夏区五里界镇民主村进行了0．01％芸苔素内酯在小麦上的田间试验,并取得了较好的应用效果,增产4．93％～7．69％。现将试验结果整理如下。     

丙酰芸苔素内酯对3种作物产量品质及生化指标调节效果的研究

为了评价丙酰芸苔素内酯对花生、辣椒、棉花的产量品质、生化指标的效应,开展田间药效试验及室内生化检测。0.003%丙酰芸苔素内酯水剂使花生增产15.8%～24.7%,花生株分枝数增加值为9.3%～17.4%,提高了花生蛋白质、脂肪含量。辣椒增产率6%～20.1%,辣椒单株座果数显著增加,辣椒Vc、可溶性固形物、辣椒红素峰值显著改善。棉花增产率4.4%～17.2%,单株棉铃数增长率最高,为1.7%～10.4%,整齐度、伸长率、断裂比强度略有提高,麦克隆值4.2左右。丙酰芸苔素内酯可提高花生、辣椒、棉花生理功能的表达强度,增加产量,改善植物脂肪、蛋白质、Vc等品质。     

0．01％芸苔素内酯乳油（威敌408）在蔬菜上的应用

用0．01％的芸苔素内酯乳油3750倍液,对白菜、芹菜、油麦菜和菠菜进行茎叶喷雾处理,结果表明：白菜叶肉明显增厚,叶色加深,生长速度快,可提前团颗,结球质量好,白菜抗病虫害能力增强;芹菜的茎变得更为粗壮,增产显著;油麦菜和菠菜的产量均有显著增加,其中油麦菜比菠菜增产效果更明显,7d施药一次,连续施药5次,比15d施药一次,连续施药3次增产效果更好,表明普通芸苔素内酯的持效期较短。     

天然芸苔素内酯缓解胺苯磺隆对后茬水稻药害的作用机理初探

通过测定天然芸苔素内酯对水稻幼苗谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性以及在离体和活体条件下对水稻幼苗乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)活力的影响,研究天然芸苔素内酯减轻胺苯磺隆对水稻药害的作用机理。结果表明,其作用机理与水稻幼苗GSH含量、GST活性变化没有太大相关性,可能与其能间接激活水稻幼苗ALS活力有较大相关。     

苯肽胺酸对辣椒抗逆性及产量的影响

为明确植物生长调节剂苯肽胺酸对作物的生物学效应,以辣椒为供试植物,芸苔素内酯为对照药剂,研究了苯肽胺酸不同浓度处理对辣椒植株抗逆生理指标及产量的影响。结果表明:200.0 mg/L质量浓度的苯肽胺酸可显著提高辣椒植株的抗逆性,与空白对照相比,辣椒叶片中类黄酮、总酚以及游离脯氨酸含量分别提高了10.06%~21.19%、7.42%~16.95%以及8.46%~241.26%;丙二醛含量下降了28.58%~52.79%;超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性分别提高了2.31%~9.00%、4.20%~471.72%和34.98%~121.19%。200.0 mg/L的苯肽胺酸处理具有明显增产效果,与空白对照相比,产量增加了13.91%。研究表明,苯肽胺酸的生物学效应与芸苔素内酯类似,可诱导辣椒抗逆性增强,且具有一定增产效应。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.