单嘧磺酯的HPLC/MS/MS研究

采用反相高效液相色谱和质谱联用技术(HPLC/MS),以电喷雾电离质谱(ESI/MS)和大气压化学电离质谱(APCI/MS),研究了单嘧磺酯的质谱特征。单嘧磺酯的ESI/MS正离子模式主要形成 +、 +、 +、 +等准分子离子峰和金属离子加合离子峰及二聚离子峰;ESI/MS负离子模式主要形成 -和 -;单嘧磺酯质谱裂解形成的碎片离子得到了ESI多级质谱的证实。而APCI/MS主要形成 +、 -及与单嘧磺酯结构有关的碎片离子峰(m/z:110.31,136.24,168.18,244.19)。ESI/MS和APCI/MS负离子模式扫描形成明显的准分子离子峰且干扰小,可用于单嘧磺酯的结构表征和定性分析。APCI/MS正离子模式则有助于分析单嘧磺酯的碎片离子裂解方式。     

四氟苯菊酯与苯醚氰菊酯的质谱裂解机理研究

本文利用质谱的高分辨率及高质量准确度的特点,采用气质联用法对四氟苯菊酯和苯醚氰菊酯的质谱裂解机理进行分析研究。结果表明这两种菊酯类农药具有相似的质谱裂解行为:由于羰基上氧原子的电荷诱导作用,发生α断裂得到不稳定的碎片离子,继续失去一个CO,得到稳定的基峰碎片离子。选定这两种杀虫剂痕量检测的定性、定量离子。本实验揭示了拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的质谱裂解途径,为此类杀虫剂残留分析时快速筛查、确证提供参考和捷径。     

杠柳苷类化合物电喷雾多级质谱裂解行为研究

采用电喷雾多级质谱技术研究了杠柳苷A和E的质谱裂解行为。在源内诱导碰撞解离谱图中发现,从准分子离子中脱去二取代吡喃酮是杠柳苷A的主要断裂形式之一。从分子中失去不同长度的糖链以及杠柳甙元D环开裂重排失去甲醛(-30 Da)是识别该类化合物的重要依据。通过对杠柳苷A和E的质谱裂解机制和特征碎片进行研究,总结了鉴别该类化合物的方法,并对杠柳根皮中的一个未报道化合物杠柳苷X的结构进行了推测,该方法对研究杠柳中杠柳苷类化合物的分布及结构具有重要参考价值。     

HPLC/MS/MS测定铁皮石斛中咪鲜胺残留

用高效液相色谱-质谱联用法定量检测铁皮石斛中的咪鲜胺残留,用乙腈提取铁皮石斛植株中的残留咪鲜胺,分析色谱柱为C_(18)(100mm×2.1mm×2.6μm),以甲醇和乙酸铵溶液梯度洗脱,采用选择离子监测模式,以保留时间和质荷比对咪鲜胺予以定性确认,以m/z=308.07为检测定量离子。咪鲜胺出峰时间在3.87min左右,方法检出限为0.52μg/kg,平均回收率在89.2%~114.7%之间。该方法灵敏、准确、定量范围宽、耐用性强,可作为铁皮石斛中咪鲜胺残留的可靠检测方法 。     

超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法快速测定3种含生物碱类中药材中193种农药残留

基于超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱(UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS)技术,建立了快速筛查和分析3种含生物碱类中药材(延胡索、黄连和黄柏)中193种农药残留的方法。样品经QuEChERS法提取,引入含阳离子交换型吸附剂的分散固相萃取净化,采用Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C₁₈色谱柱(3.0 mm×150 mm,2.7μm)分离,以分别含有0.1%甲酸和5 mmol/L甲酸铵的水溶液和甲醇溶液作为流动相梯度洗脱,质谱采用全扫描/数据依赖的二级扫描模式(Full MS/ddMS2),外标法定量。结果显示：193种农药在相应的浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r)均在0.99以上;定量限为10～100μg/kg;在10、50、100μg/kg 3个添加水平下,延胡索、黄连和黄柏中193种农药的平均回收率分别为58%～120%、68%～124%和73%～122%,相对标准偏差(RSD)均在20%以内(n=6)。该方法前处理简便、快速,采用四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱,通过母离子定量定性,二级碎片及保留时间定性,提高了含生物碱...     

高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱法测定土壤中的矮壮素残留

研究建立了土壤中矮壮素残留的高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱(HPLC-ESI-MS)检测方法。样品经甲醇-乙酸铵水溶液提取、离心及浓缩后,经反相色谱柱分离,采用高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱检测,在选择离子监测模式(SIM)下以碎片离子m/z 122.2进行外标法定量。土壤中矮壮素残留的检出限(S/N=3)为0.01 mg/kg,定量限为0.05 mg/kg;在0.01 ~1.0 mg/L范围内峰面积与质量浓度的线性关系良好(r2 ＞0.996)。在0.05、0.5和1.0 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,矮壮素的平均回收率范围为75.1% ~87.2%,相对标准偏差小于10%。对矮壮素在土壤中消解动态的研究结果表明,其在土壤中的消解半衰期为4.47 d。     

二硫代氨基甲酸盐类（EBDCs）杀菌剂残留检测及降解动态综述

鉴于二硫代氨基甲酸盐类（EBDCs）农药的代谢物乙撑硫脲（ETU）具有致癌、致畸特性,其环境残留性日益受到关注。本文主要综述了EBDCs和ETU环境残留检测方法,及其在土壤和农产品中的降解动态。顶空气相色谱法是测定EBDCs的传统方法,缺点是不能进行定性测定。改进的衍生化-液相色谱/质谱法检出限低,精密度可靠,为目前推荐的方法;直接液相色谱法为水中ETU快速检出的方法。大量田间试验研究表明,施药后EBDCs及其代谢物ETU在土壤和作物中降解半衰期〈30d,属易降解类农药。未来EBDCs类农药残留研究应更多关注于原药及代谢物在不同环境介质中的迁移转化规律,以及生物富集特性,以为其生态安全性提供依据。     

超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱法快速筛查香橼中180种农药残留

建立了QuEChERS法结合超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱 (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS)快速筛查香橼中180种农药多残留的方法。通过优化样品前处理净化方式及保留时间窗口、精确质量数提取窗口和绝对峰面积阈值 (peak filter)等主要检索参数,建立了精确质量数数据库和高分辨碎片离子谱图库,并对筛查方法的定性及定量结果进行了验证。结果表明:在0.005~1 mg/L质量浓度范围内,180种农药在香橼中的线性关系良好( r > 0.99),其中96.6%的农药筛查限 (SDLs)均低于0.05 mg/kg。在0.02、0.05和0.1 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,180种农药在香橼中的平均回收率分别为58%~129%,68%~131%和66%~132%,相对标准偏差 (RSD)在0.7%~18% (n = 5)之间。该方法利用TOF-MS一级精确质荷比筛查并结合高分辨碎片质谱图确证,提高了多农药残留快速筛查的准确性,有效降低了假阳性率,对中药材香橼中农药残留的日常监测具有普遍适用性。     

气相色谱法测定对硫磷(FID—内标法)

对硫磷是0,0—二乙基—0—(对硝基苯基)硫逐磷酸酯的通用名,是一种已登记的杀虫剂.其化学结构为:(?)分子式:C_(10)H_(14)NO_5P_S分子量:291。3熔/沸点:在6mmHg 压力下,熔点是6。0℃,沸点是157—162℃。物理性状,颜色和气味:淡黄色液体;工业品为棕色液体,具有一种类似大蒜的气味。     

"胃袋式"大体积直接进样分析大米中多种有机磷农药残留

初步研究了"胃袋式"大体积直接进样和质谱选择离子监测技术相结合检测大米中多种有机磷农药残留的方法。考察了无前处理进样时大米基质对14种农药信噪比的影响,结合质谱的选择离子监测技术,建立了其中9种有机磷农药的检测方法。其中7种农药的最低定量限(LOQ)为4.0~10.0 μg/kg,样品添加回收率范围在67%~106%之间,RSD大部分小于20%(n=6)。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.