Effects of Root Water Uptake Efficiency on Soil Water Utilization in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Severe Drought Environments

Improving wheat production in drought‐prone areas is the key to meet the increasing global demand. The importance of root traits, especially, the structural traits such as root volume and rooting depth, has been well recognized to confer drought tolerance in wheat. However, generation of knowledge on root water uptake efficiency and its application in drought adaptation breeding had lagged behind. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the relevance of the root water uptake efficiency to biomass production under acute soil water deficit in six wheat genotypes. Pot experiments were conducted under polythene rainout shelters at Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, in 2010 and 2011. Under drought that was measured as smaller critical fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW), the root systems with less reduction water uptake efficiency were found to postpone the relative transpiration decline. This study also showed the existence of substantial genotypic variation on the root water uptake efficiency among the wheat genotypes. The expression of hydrophobic root morphology under drought environments, however, did not explain the results obtained on the relative root water uptake efficiency, indicating other regulative mechanisms in operation for the regulation of transverse water flow in the roots. These findings provide new understanding of drought adaptation in wheat through variations in the root water uptake efficiency.     

Response of Mediterranean Tall Fescue Cultivars to Contrasting Agricultural Environments and Implications for Selection

Extensive livestock is a basic socio‐economic feature of the Mediterranean region whose environmental and economic sustainability depends on the ability of forage resources to withstand climatically stressful conditions. Perennial forages such as tall fescue can be a valuable alternative to annuals, if they can survive across successive summer droughts. Three‐year dry matter yield and plant survival of five cultivars of Mediterranean‐type tall fescue were evaluated in six sites of Algeria, France, Italy, Morocco and Portugal, with the following objectives: (i) modelling adaptive responses and targeting cultivars as a function of environmental factors associated with genotype × location interaction; and (ii) defining plant ideotypes, adaptation strategies and opportunities for international co‐operation for regional breeding programmes. Site mean yield and winter temperatures were positively correlated, whereas sward persistence was positively correlated to lower site heat and drought stress. Cultivar adaptation was adequately modelled by factorial regression as a function of site spring–summer (April–September) drought stress (long‐term potential evapotranspiration minus actual water available) for yield, and annual drought stress for final persistence. Specific‐adaptation responses to high‐ or low‐stress environments emerged which were consistent with drought‐stress levels of cultivar selection environments. However, the wide‐adaptation response of cultivar Flecha suggested that breeding for wide adaptation can be feasible.     

水分胁迫对干热河谷乡土树种清香木的光合影响

为了研究水分胁迫对清香木光合特性的影响,根据土壤田间持水量设置不同的土壤水分含量梯度（W1~W6,土壤田间持水量分别为100%、80%、50%、30%、10%、5%）。以清香木为材料,利用Li-6400测量6个不同土壤水分含量梯度下清香木叶片的净光速率(Pn)、胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用率(WUE)。了解清香木对水分过多或过少胁迫的响应,旨在为云南干热河谷地区的植被恢复、清香木的培育种植提供一定的理论指导和技术参考。结果表明：（1）不同土壤水分含量梯度下清香木净光合速率Pn值显著差异,总体Pn呈现“降—升—降”的态势,日变化曲线呈“双峰”型,具明显的午休现象。Pn下降主要受到气孔限制和非气孔限制因素的影响。W1、W2受到气孔的限制,W3~W6受非气孔限制的因素影响,随着土壤含水量的下降,气孔限制向非气孔限制转变。（2）18:00以后,除了W3以外,其他Pn出现负值,呼吸作用大于光合作用,植物的光合生产力下降,植物死亡;W3则为水分适度的最佳选择,其田间持水量和土壤含水量分别在50%和33.6%左右。（3）气孔导度随着土壤含水量的减小而下降,土壤含水量在W3~W6时,气孔导度Gs日变化曲线无明显,基本呈现平缓状态。W1~W6的Gs值在8:00时最大,主要是空气湿度引起。（4）水分利用率WUE随着土壤含水量的下降而增加,适当的干旱胁迫有利于提高清香木光合生产力和水分利用率。     

Photosynthetic Response of Wheat to Soil Water Deficits in the Tropics

The changes in photosynthetic rate and translocation of photosynthates in winter wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) grown in lysimeters were studied, in response to periodic soil water deficit during late tillering and flowering stages. Soil water deficits were imposed to previously nonstressed plants during late tillering and flowering states. Timing of irrigation was scheduled according to the ratio between irrigation water applied and cumulative pan evaporation (IW/CPE) of 0.75 (low deficit), and 0.5 (moderate deficit), as well as by suspending irrigations after crown root initiation stage (severe deficit). To determine the rate of photosynthesis, a short radioactive pulse of ¹⁴CO₂ with 300 ppm concentration was given to second leaf from the top at tillering, and to the flag leaf at flowering stages for 20 second exposure time. The translocation of photosynthates was estimated by scanning ¹⁴C activity in different plant parts. In late tillering the midday Photosynthetic rate (PR) was significantly 3 mg CO₂ dm^?2 h^?1 lower under low water deficit (WD₁) than under zero water deficit (WD₀). Under higher stress conditions, soil water acted as a limiting factor to keep the rate from rising above 13.2 during stress at late tillering (WD₂), 14.5 flowering (WD₄), and 10.0 mg CO₂ dm^?2 h^?1 for stress at both the growth stages (WD₅), respectively. The difference in daily accumulated photosynthesis (8 h), between stressed and nonstressed were 15, 40, 42, and 77 mg CO₂ dm^?2 h^?1 respectively at WD₁ WD₂, WD₄, and WD₅. The retention of ¹⁴C in flag leaf decreased considerably after 24 hours of exposure time when the labelled assimilates were translocated in bulk to the ear head. Under stressed condition a general trend was observed for upward translocation of assimilates towards the ear, even from the stem and root. The percent ¹⁴C activity observed in ear after 24 hours was greatest in severely stressed plants. The photosynthetic rate is reasonable predicted by midday LDR and surface moisture.     

土壤水分对冬小麦初生根和次生根生长发育的影响

１９９３－１９９４年冬小麦管栽水分试验结果表明,初生根与次生根生长量、数量及分枝能力基本与土体水量呈正相关,胁迫程度愈深,受抑程度愈大。初生根特别是一、二次根及其分枝数人有很强抗逆能力。水量愈大,三,四次根数愈多。次生根尤其是其数量对对水土土水环境极为敏感。当土壤含水量低于田间持水量６０％时,受到严重抑制。胁迫后复水,使初一根三次根数量增加,根系活性延长,地次生根的激励作用更大,前期胁迫愈严重。促     

施用膨润土对土壤含水量和有机质含量的影响

通过田间条件下砂滤管试验，研究了不同膨润土施用量及有机物料对砂土土壤含水量和有机质含量的影响。结果表明，施用膨润土和有机物料能显著地提高砂土土壤含水量和有机质含量，且二者存在明显的交互作用，差异达极显著水平，施用膨润土能明显增加土壤有机质的累积是，说明在施用同样有机物料的前提下，施用膨润土可有显著提高砂土土壤有机含量。     

免耕轮作对内蒙古地区农田贮水特性和作物产量的影响

2005—2011年,在内蒙古清水河县进行了免耕留高茬覆盖(NHS)、免耕留低茬覆盖(NLS)、免耕留高茬(NH)、免耕留低茬(NL)和常规耕作(T)5种耕作方式与3种轮作模式(燕麦-大豆-玉米、大豆-玉米-燕麦和玉米-燕麦-大豆)对土壤贮水特性和作物产量影响的研究。结果表明,不同免耕轮作处理中以免耕留茬覆盖结合燕麦-大豆-玉米轮作模式对土壤贮水量的提高程度最大,增幅为常规耕作的35.66%~41.63%。不同免耕轮作模式均能提高作物水分利用效率和作物产量,且作物产量高低与降雨量的变化趋势一致。第一个轮作周期后NHS、NLS、NH和NL分别较T作物水分利用效率增加43.77%、31.45%、26.74%和13.91%,作物产量增加29.68%、27.69%、18.05%和15.66%。第二个轮作周期内由于干旱比较严重,免耕方式结合燕麦-大豆-玉米模式效果较轮作第一个周期有所下降,但NHS、NLS、NH和NL仍分别较T作物水分利用效率增加29.83%、20.51%、6.18%和3.15%,作物产量增加17.52%、13.60%、4.33%和1.95%。因此,在土壤水分基本来源于自然降水的内蒙古旱作区,免耕轮作能够提高土壤蓄水保墒能力,增加作物产量,尤其以免耕秸秆覆盖结合燕麦-大豆-玉米模式效果最佳。     

青海4种抗旱树种水分利用效率对水分和光照的响应

为研究4种青海乡土树种的水分利用效率与水分和光辐射之间的关系,试验采用Li-6400光合测定仪测定净光合速率和蒸腾速率,并计算水分利用效率。结果显示,青海4个抗旱树种获得最大水分利用效率时的土壤湿度在16%~18%之间,光合有效辐射在1300~1600μmol/(m2·s)之间;比较红砂、洛基山刺柏、沙地柏和沙枣在同等土壤湿度情况下的水分利用效率,表明沙枣较其他3个高原树种更容易获得较大水分利用效率,即使在干旱土壤环境,沙枣对水分的利用情况也优于其他3个树种。表明,虽然青海4个抗旱树种均具有耐贫瘠、适应干旱环境的能力,但沙枣在高原极干旱地区适应环境能力更强,可通过速生树种与抗旱树种相结合的造林方式,缓解荒漠地区树种匮乏的压力,实现沙化土地的复绿工作。     

土壤水分对冬小麦初生根、次生根生长发育的影响

１９９３－１９９４年冬小麦管栽水分试验结果表明,初生根与次生根生长量,数量及分枝能力基本与土体水量呈正相关,胁迫程度愈深,受抑程度愈大。初生根特别是一,二次根及其分枝数具有很强抗逆逆能力,水量愈大,三,四次根数愈多。次生根尤其是其数量对土水环境极为敏感。当土壤含水量你于田间持水量６０％时,受到严重抑制,胁迫后复水,使初生根三次根数量增加,根系活性延长对次生根的激励作用更大。前期胁迫愈严重,促进效果     

不同保墒耕作措施对小麦、玉米耗水特征及周年水分利用的影响

为探明土壤结构改良与保墒耕作措施对小麦、玉米周年水分利用的作用机制。采用田间试验,研究了常规耕作、秸秆还田、保水剂、有机肥、免耕、深松、深松+秸秆覆盖等措施对小麦、玉米生长过程中的耗水特征、光合特征及周年水分利用的影响。结果表明:深松+秸秆覆盖在小麦生育期内储水量较高。从小麦播种-返青期,深松+秸秆覆盖处理的耗水量最低。而在返青-拔节期,该处理最大,而其在孕穗-抽穗期的耗水量却最低。在拔节-孕穗期,保水剂处理的耗水量最大,而在抽穗-灌浆期,其耗水量最小。在灌浆-收获期,秸秆还田和保水剂处理的耗水量较其他处理低。在玉米整个生育期内,保水剂和免耕处理的耗水量较其他处理低。不同措施改善了小麦和玉米的光合生理特征,促进了小麦、玉米产量和水分利用率的提高。各处理中,以免耕处理的小麦产量和水分生产效率最高,分布较常规耕作提高了18.3%和20.0%。以秸秆还田处理的玉米产量和水分生产效率最高,分别较常规耕作提高了21.6%和23.8%。而深松处理的小麦-玉米复合产量最高,其次为免耕处理,其分别较常规耕作处理增产14.9%和14.3%。而深松+秸秆覆盖处理和免耕处理的总水分生产效率较其他处理高,分别较常规耕作处理提高了18.5%和18.1%。说明深松和免耕处理更利于小麦、玉米周年节水增产。     

土壤水分对冬小麦生长后期光能利用及水分利用效率的影响

通过控制不同土壤水分条件形成不同的小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）群体结构,测定了抽穗到成熟期间小麦冠层光合有效辐射（PAR）截获及垂直分布、干物质积累和产量。研究表明,不同处理小麦冠层对PAR的截获量差异较小（小于15.7%）,但冠层上部（60~80 cm）的PAR截获量和生长后期PAR转化效率差异明显（100.7%和63.7%）,与产量和光能利用效率变化一致,可见土壤水分是通过改变小麦群体内PAR垂直分布及PAR转化效率对作物产量和光能利用效率产生影响。抽穗到成熟期间维持小麦冠层上部PAR截获率在50%左右是实现高产的重要保证。随着土壤水分改善,冬小麦光能利用率和产量持续增加,但水分利用效率却先于二者提前降低,说明改善水分利用效率是提高华北地区农业气候资源利用效率的关键。在底墒充足的条件下,分别在拔节和挑旗期灌水60 mm可获得较高的光能和水分利用效率及经济产量     

水分胁迫下土壤水蒸散模型研究

对水分胁迫下农田土壤水分蒸散模型进行了研究，在水分胁迫下实际蒸散量与潜在蒸散量之间关系为：ＥＴ＝ＫＷ·ＥＴＭ，ＫＷ与根层土壤有效水分含量具有直线相关性。模型中考虑根系分布的影响，能明显提高模型精度。     

地膜覆盖下土壤水分效应的模拟研究

通过分析地膜覆盖后土壤水分平衡的变化特点,建立了地膜覆盖前后农田土壤湿度变化的模拟方程.系统阐述了地膜覆盖土壤水分效应的形成机制及其变化规律.指出了地膜因子、气象因子及植物因子等在土壤水分效应形成中的作用,为地膜覆盖在农业生产中的优化利用提供了理论依据.     

太行山前冲洪积扇地区土壤水分动态变化特征研究

土壤水分含量对土壤物理性质和植被生长状态有重要影响，但土壤水分在时间上具有一定的变异性。大规模开采地下水导致地下水位急剧下降，包气带不断增厚，使土壤水分的储存、运移和转化发生了变化，影响了土壤水的动态变化特征。本研究利用连续多年的土壤水分观测数据，分析了太行山前包气带土壤水分动态变化特征，结果表明：土壤含水量受丰水年枯水年影响存在年际差异，根据不同季节土壤水分的动态特点，可将其划分为三个时期，即土壤水分消耗期土壤水分累积期和土壤水分相对稳定期。在垂向上，土壤含水量从上层向下逐渐增大，土壤水分变异程度随土壤深度的增加而减弱。     

土壤水分胁迫对冬小麦耗水规律及产量的影响

在温定盆栽和池栽防雨旱棚条件下，研究了土壤水胁迫对冬小麦耗水规律及产量的影响，结果表明，随土壤水分胁迫加剧，干物质积累减少，子粒千物质来自贮藏同化物的比例上升，产量下降，产量构成三因子中穗粒数，亩穗数下降均极显著，而千粒重下降较少，随水分胁迫加剧，拔节前耗水量占总耗水量的比率增高，从播种到拔节期，耗水量占总耗水量的比例愈高，拔节后植株衰老死亡愈早，产量降低就愈大，中度水分胁迫下，虽然水分生产率和经     

豌豆灌浆期叶片抗氧化系统对土壤水分变化的响应

为探求豌豆灌浆期叶片抗氧化系统对土壤水分变化的响应情况,采取盆栽土培人工控水试验方法,模拟了干旱胁迫及复水条件,测定了不同程度、不同历时的干旱胁迫和复水对豌豆灌浆期叶片保护酶-超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和细胞内溶物-可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量以及过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量、脂膜相对透性(RC)的影响,并对叶片抗氧化能力进行了综合评价。结果表明:干旱胁迫导致豌豆灌浆期叶片SOD活性和可溶性蛋白含量降低,POD、CAT活性和脯氨酸、可溶性糖、MDA含量以及膜脂相对透性(RC)增加,且随干旱胁迫程度加重和胁迫历时延长降(增)幅加大;复水可对干旱胁迫所引起的叶片保护酶、细胞内溶物以及过氧化产物、膜脂相对透性的变化产生部分补偿效应或等量补偿效应,且随复水时间的延长补偿作用增强;干旱胁迫增强了豌豆叶片的综合抗氧化能力,历时5 d的干旱胁迫处理复水后能够继续保持此趋势,但历时10 d的干旱胁迫处理复水达到10 d时抗氧化能力呈现降低趋势。因此,在豌豆灌浆期实行适度的"干湿交替"灌溉措施,有利于叶片保持较强的抗氧化能力,防止植株早衰,获得较高的经济产量。     

覆盖对果园土壤水热状况及树体生长发育的影响

通过对不同生态环境的果园调查研究表明，覆盖可以显著减少土壤蒸发，维持较高的土壤水分含量，并使得土温的日变化和季节变化发生改变，在冷凉的环境条件下，长期覆盖使得翌年苹果树生长发育延迟，生长量减少。     

土壤水分胁迫下小麦叶片渗透调节与光合作用

在土壤水分胁迫过程中,抗旱性强的小麦品种昌乐5号、北农2号与抗旱性弱的品种济南13,鲁麦5号相比,渗透调节能力高0.41Mpa~0.604Mpa;相对含水量少降7%~8%;叶片水势少降0.40Mpa~0.41MPa。水分胁迫使叶片光合能力下降,抗早性强的品种与抗早性弱的品种相比,其下降的平均百分数为;光合速率前者比后者少降17%~22%;气孔导度     

土壤水分胁迫对水稻产量和品质的影响

以农大3号为试材,盆栽,控水,研究了不同生育阶段土壤水分（水势）胁迫（≤－75 kPa）对水稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明,孕穗中期土壤水分胁迫导致功能叶变短,穗粒数减少,生物产量与经济产量降低,糙米率、米粒长宽比、食味下降。分蘖期干旱胁迫使单穴有效穗数降低,生物产量与经济产量下降。出穗后干旱胁迫导致叶片萎蔫变黄,叶面积指数下降。乳熟期和灌浆期干旱胁迫,饱满粒率、饱满千粒重降低,整精米率下降。灌浆期干旱还导致垩白率、垩白度明显增高。蜡熟期干旱使叶绿素含量减少,胶稠度、蛋白质含量降低。     

Tall Fescue Adaptation to Low Nitrogen Fertilization in Relation to Germplasm Type and Endophyte Infection

Efficient crop growth with low nitrogen (N) application is becoming a requirement to face the concern on excessive N emission to the environment and the increasing cost of fertilizers. This study compared six natural populations and three improved varieties of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) for dry‐matter yield over 4 years under ordinary N fertilization (450 kg ha^?1 in the 4 years) and very low N fertilization (only 40 kg ha^?1 prior to sowing). Both endophyte‐infected (EI) and endophyte‐free (EF) forms of each accession were sown. On average, ordinary fertilization implied 30 % higher yield than very low fertilization and the EI germplasm outyielded the corresponding EF germplasm (+4.4 %). Mean yield of improved varieties was higher than that of natural populations under ordinary fertilization (P < 0.05), whereas the two germplasm groups did not differ under very low fertilization. Accession × N fertilization interaction was found among natural populations but not among varieties (P < 0.05). A few natural populations were top‐yielding under very low fertilization and may be exploited, possibly in combination with endophyte infection, to select tall fescue varieties with enhanced performance under limited N application.