机载红外林火监测系统的野外试验研究

利用研发出的机载红外林火监测系统,选择松鼠飞机作为搭载机型,设计并加工了专用的外挂架,开展了10余小时的目标搜索、跟踪、大小火烧迹地监测及跟踪、薄云监测等野外多科目的飞行试验,全面检验了系统实际应用性能.     

红三叶栽培管理专家系统构建

本文介绍了红三叶(Trifolium pratense L.)栽培管理专家系统的设计思路与结构体系.该系统以地理信息系统(GIS)和数据库管理系统为开发平台,建立了以草地资源环境综合信息、红三叶试验观测数据等为基础的数据库,并构建相关模型,实现在我国南方山区,红三叶品种选择、播种、灌溉、施肥、刈割利用等栽培技术的决策;同时对不同管理措施下红三叶生长情景进行预测,并提供相应的目标管理决策建议.该系统有红三叶基本信息、草地资源环境综合信息数据与模型、红三叶栽培技术决策、红三叶生长情景预测与目标管理决策4个模块.通过系统运行,可实现红三叶栽培管理信息的查询、栽培技术的智能决策,以及红三叶生产情景预测和目标管理的科学决策,为用户提供咨询服务.     

科技动态

“草原蝗虫的气象遥感监测预测服务系统”通过验收本刊讯:据中国气象报报道,受科技部委托,中国气象局科技发展司于2007年1月12日在北京对科技部社会公益研究专项资金项目“草原蝗虫的气象遥感监测预测服务系统”进行了验收。“草原蝗虫的气象遥感监测预测服务系统”项目     

能源自给型水质监测系统的设计与研究

水质监测是水资源管理与保护的重要基础,是保护水环境的重要手段。本文设计了一种基于风光互补和无线传感网络的水质监测系统,首先介绍了系统整体设计方案,然后对系统的工作原理进行分析,最后对水质监测系统进行硬件和软件的设计。     

饲料粉碎系统智能控制及在线监测平台开发

研究旨在进一步提高饲料粉碎机械的自动化水平和打包精度。试验设计了一款基于实验室虚拟仪器工程平台（LabVIEW）和可编程逻辑控制器（PLC）的饲料粉碎系统智能控制及在线监测平台，针对饲料粉碎机械结构与工艺流程，以PLC为核心控制器，完成了控制系统的硬件设计和软件设计；LabVIEW为上位机，实现集中控制与数据监测；提出一种能够自适应系统的控制模式以提高打包精度。结果表明，饲料粉碎系统智能控制及在线监测平台能够平稳运行，提升了平台的数据采集与现场应用能力，提高打包精度的控制模式效果显著，精度能够控制在0.5%以内。研究表明，该研究可为饲料粉碎机械控制系统的设计提供参考。     

煤矿井下断路器实时监测系统设计

针对目前煤矿井下常见的断路器故障及诱因,设计了一种以TMS320F2812为核心的断路器实时监测系统,分析了系统的工作原理,完成了系统中各个功能元件与单元的设计,并实现了软件的预警和抗干扰控制。通过硬件与软件的设计,保证了电气设备中各个硬件模块的安全性及其监控的实时性与稳定性,对于提升断路器的保护能力及其可靠性有着重要的意义。     

基于无线通信网络的金属氧化物避雷器在线监测系统的研制

笔者在分析金属氧化物避雷器(MOA)在线监测系统原理和方法的基础上,设计了基于Zig Bee无线通信网络的避雷器监测系统。该系统采用TMS28335作为避雷器监测装置的主控芯片,监测装置与协调器之间采用Zig Bee无线通信网络,避雷器监测IED与后台系统之间采用IEC61850通信规约,整套系统满足智能变电站应用要求。     

基于ZigBee和C#的奶牛发情远程监测系统设计

为了及时准确地预测奶牛发情、提高奶牛养殖效益,笔者以ZigBee和C#技术为核心,选用STM32作为网关微控制器,结合以太网通信技术设计了奶牛发情远程监测系统。系统通过DHT11接触式温度传感器和ADXL345三轴加速度计采集奶牛的体温和运动量,通过ZigBee组建的网络传输到网关中,同时利用W5500网络模块将发情体征数据通过以太网发送到上位机,并基于C#开发了奶牛发情上位机监测软件。结果表明:该系统布线简单,实时性好,能实现奶牛发情的实时远程监测。     

基于ZigBee的智能变电站热点温度远程监测系统研究

针对当前变电站设备温度监测误测、漏测的问题,结合智能检测及物联网技术,设计一种智能变电站设备热点温度远程监测系统,系统分为无线传感网络单元、智能管理单元、网络智能管理单元三个单元,数据采集、传送及远程监测实现了实时性和有效性。试验测试表明,采集的数据准确,实现了监控系统的智能化。     

我国温带草地草畜平衡动态监测系统的研究

本文讨论了我国温带草地放牧系统草畜平衡动态监测的原理与方法，设计了动态监测的数据库与技术系统以及遥感测产和动态监测的有关模型，以期建立可运行的大范围草地资源动态监测系统，为草地管理决策提供依据。     

Tests of 6 energy evaluation systems for dairy cows

The ability of 6 energy systems for accurate animal performance prediction was studied by means of 992 individual results from 40 feed intake trials with dairy cows. The systems are: starch equivalent system (SE), net energy fat system for ruminants (EFr), feed unit for milk production — The Netherlands and Belgium (VEM), feed unit for milk production — France (UFL), metabolizable energy system (ME), net energy lactating cows (NE₁).The results demonstrate that the more recent systems as VEM, UFL, ME and NE₁ are better than the SE system. The EFr system is more accurate than the SE system, but seems less accurate than the others. For all systems, except for UFL, recorded performances were on an average lower than predicted. In the UFL system, energy value of roughages seems to be underestimated.Accuracy of the systems decreases when the level of over- or underfeeding increases, which suggests that standards for body weight change may be improved.     

Comparisons of the starch equivalent (SE) and metabolisable energy (ME) systems in feeding cattle

Rations were formulated for dairy cows and for growing and fattening cattle by the starch equivalent (SE) and the new metabolisable energy (ME) system, to show in quantitative terms the differences that are recognised between the two systems. For a low-yielding cow, rations formulated by both systems are very similar, but for a high-yielding cow the SE system greatly underestimates energy requirement: at a production of 40 kg (8.8 gal) milk daily an extra 2 kg (4.4 lb) of a barley-soyabean concentrate is needed daily to meet the energy requirement according to the ME system. For a particular rate of gain in young newly weaned animals and in older animals gaining weight at a moderate rate on a high roughage diet, the energy level recommended by the ME system is lower than that by the SE system. The difference corresponds in each case to about 0.5 kg of a barley-soyabean concentrate daily. For older animals gaining weight rapidly on a high concentrate diet the ME system requires slightly more energy for a given weight gain, than the SE system.     

Decision support systems for monitoring and maintaining health in food animal populations

To mitigate the effects of risks to food safety and infectious disease outbreaks in farmed animals, animal health authorities need to have systems in place to identify and trace the source of identified problems in a timely manner. In the event of emergencies, these systems will allow infected or contaminated premises (and/or animals) to be identified and contained, and will allow the extent of problems to be communicated to consumers and trading partners in a clear and unambiguous manner. The key to achieving these goals is the presence of an effective animal health decision support system that will provide the facilities to record and store detailed information about cases and the population at risk, allowing information to be reported back to decision makers when it is required. Described here are the components of an animal health decision support system, and the ways these components can be used to enhance food safety, responses to infectious disease incursions, and animal health and productivity. Examples are provided to illustrate the benefit these systems can return, using data derived from countries that have such systems (or parts of systems) in place. Emphasis is placed on the features that make particular system components effective, and strategies to ensure that these are kept up to date.     

Occurence of salmonellae in laying hens in different housing systems and inferences for control

As eggs represent now as ever the most important source for Salmonella infection in human beings and because of the currently occurring shift in housing conditions for laying hens from conventional cages to alternative systems it was studied whether the Salmonella prevalence in layers is influenced by the housing system. Following systems were considered: organic farming with free range management systems, floor management systems with free range, floor management systems without free range, conventional cages. 453 pooled faecal samples as single or double examination per herd from 329 flocks in different housing systems for table egg production from three Federal Lander were examined bacteriologically. The share of layer flocks which were Salmonella positive at least once independently of the housing system amounted to 32.2%. Analysis of the Salmonella findings in the single housing systems revealed that the share of Salmonella positive flocks was higher in conventional cage systems (46.3%) than in alternative housing systems (32.996% in organic farming with free range management systems, 21.9% in floor management systems with free range, 23.4% in floor management systems without free range).The results of the study clearly show that Salmonella Enteritidis (mostly phage type 4, other phage types rarely) presents with a share of 78% the dominant serovar in laying hens.The total number of all other serovars (apart from Salmonella Enteritidis and subspecies I rough) reached a share of ca. 14%, however, no other single serovar was dominant. As Salmonella Enteritidis is the predominant serovar in laying hens it is strongly recommended to use Salmonella Enteritidis vaccines for immunisation programmes of chickens during the rearing period. Because of the high prevalence of Salmonella organisms in the different housing systems, detailed information on the epidemiology of Salmonella in laying hens are needed to introduce effective control measures. Of particular interest is the question whether the Salmonella findings in laying flocks are the result of multiplication of already existing Salmonella organisms in the animals or whether the bacteria are introduced only during the laying period.     

Decision support systems for monitoring and maintaining health in food animal populations

To mitigate the effects of risks to food safety and infectious disease outbreaks in farmed animals, animal health authorities need to have systems in place to identify and trace the source of identified problems in a timely manner. In the event of emergencies, these systems will allow infected or contaminated premises (and/or animals) to be identified and contained, and will allow the extent of problems to be communicated to consumers and trading partners in a clear and unambiguous manner. The key to achieving these goals is the presence of an effective animal health decision support system that will provide the facilities to record and store detailed information about cases and the population at risk, allowing information to be reported back to decision makers when it is required. Described here are the components of an animal health decision support system, and the ways these components can be used to enhance food safety, responses to infectious disease incursions, and animal health and productivity. Examples are provided to illustrate the benefit these systems can return, using data derived from countries that have such systems (or parts of systems) in place. Emphasis is placed on the features that make particular system components effective, and strategies to ensure that these are kept up to date.     

An economic evaluation of the differences between intensive and extensive beef production systems

A model to evaluate economic criteria involved when cattle are raised on high-forage diets prior to finishing or finished directly after weaning was developed using data from two experiments. In Exp. 1, each year for 3 yr, 136 Charolais-cross calves were weaned and allotted to either an intensive system, in which they were immediately finished on a high-grain diet, or an extensive system, in which they were wintered on crop residues, grazed on summer pasture and finished on a high-grain diet. In Exp. 2, 160 British breed steers were wintered, in one of eight different wintering systems utilizing crop residues, using supplemental protein and(or) alfalfa hay. After wintering, the steers grazed summer pasture and then were finished on a high-grain diet. Overall cost of gain and final "break-even" price were lower for cattle finished through the extensive system except when the price of corn was very low in relationship to other inputs. Interest costs were higher for cattle in the extensive system. Increasing the feeder calf purchase price had almost no effect on differences between the systems. Corn price and purchase price affected both systems similarly, whereas interest rate, wintering yardage and finishing yardage affected each system differently. Because of the additional weight produced through the extensive system, it yielded lower final "break-even" prices in most situations.     

能网自组织与生态系统耦合

生态系统通过会聚、超循环和耦合而重组联合，从而形成新的能网结构。能网中某些能量作为体现能转化成较高质量的能量形式。这一高质能具有反馈放大器的作用，帮助系统达到最大功率，所以系统耦合必然导致生态效益的放大。     

小麦/玉米/大豆套作的产量、氮营养表现及其种间竞争力的评定

采用多年大田试验研究了小麦-大豆(A1)、小麦-甘薯(A2)、玉米(A3)、小麦/玉米/大豆(A4,麦/玉/豆)和小麦/玉米/甘薯(A5,麦/玉/薯)5种种植模式的生物积累和氮素吸收特性,以探讨麦/玉/豆套作体系的种间竞争力变化规律。试验通过土地当量比(LER)、种间相对竞争力(A)、氮营养竞争比率(NCR)等指标来评定不同套作系统内的作物竞争力。结果表明,麦/玉/豆套作表现出明显的套作优势(LER＞1、A_wc<0、A_cs>0、NCR_wc<0、NCR_cs>1),玉米始终占据套作系统的优势生态位,小麦、大豆处于竞争劣势;与A1、A2、A3及A5相比,麦/玉/豆套作提高了各作物在开花期(或吐丝期)与成熟期的籽粒产量与吸氮量和地上部植株的总生物量与总吸氮量;各作物的生物量与吸氮量在处理间的变化规律为套作＞单作、大豆茬口＞甘薯茬口,以A4处理最高。麦/玉/豆套作的全年总经济产出比麦/玉/薯套作平均高28.02%。     

Sensors and management support in high-technology milking

Two directions can be distinguished in the development of high-tech milking equipment: 1) high-capacity milking parlors with a high throughput of cows per person per hour and 2) automatic milking systems in which manual labor is replaced by a milking robot. High-capacity milking parlors are developed in such a way that one operator is able to milk many cows, partly by automation and partly by optimization of available labor. In such parlors, one operator can milk up to 125 cows per hour. This means that there are only a few seconds available for udder preparation. In an automatic milking system, a robot takes over all manual labor during milking. Currently available systems have one robot arm working with one milking stall (one-stall system) or one robot arm working with more milking stalls (multiple-stall systems). Cows have to go to the automatic milking system voluntarily. Therefore, there is a large variation in milking intervals. Moreover, a large variation between milkings and between cows was observed in milk flow rate, machine-on time and udder preparation time. Both developments in high-tech milking have effects on the milk ejection. The small amount of time dedicated to udder preparation in high-capacity milking parlors has negative effects on the milk ejection, among others leading to more bimodal milk flow curves and longer machine-on time. In automatic milking systems, the variation in time between udder preparation and cluster attachment and in milking frequency might have an effect on milk ejection. Lactation physiology can play a role in solving the questions around milk ejection in high-tech milking systems. The introduction of high-tech milking systems makes decision support systems using sensors necessary. These systems should assist in detection of abnormal milk and mastitis. To a lesser extent, diseased cows need to be brought to the attention of the dairy farmer. Some sensors are currently available for this purpose, but they do not fulfill all demands. In the near future other sensors might be developed. It is important that this development is demand driven and not technology driven. Lactation physiology can play an important role in the determination of milk components useful for automatic detection.     

The impact of suboptimal animal husbandry practices on animal health and economic profitability using the example of tie-in and loose housing system of dairy cattle

In this study of two common housing systems of dairy cattle, the tie-in system and the loose housing system, check lists were created to evaluate whether these husbandry systems fulfill the needs of the animals. Furthermore, a combination of questionnaires and interviews were employed to assess the qualification of dairy stockmen to handle the animals. These checklists should provide a useful tool for those persons involved in the examination of husbandry systems, both by providing a written record and by providing a clear outline of all the points that need to be covered during such an examination. The study, done in the way of an explorative analysis of data, included 22 farms (14 with tie-in systems and 8 with loose housing systems) and a total of 802 animals. With regard to the economic effects of poor management and housing conditions, several interesting and statistically noteworthy correlations emerged. TIE-IN SYSTEM: Positive correlations were found between severity of behavioural abnormalities (behave)and number of injuries due to husbandry system (injury); injury and number of inseminations per pregnancy (preg); injury and age of cow (age); preg and cell count of milk (cell). Negative correlations were found between cell and milk yield (milk) as well as between the qualification of stockmen (equal) and inappropriate technical design of the housing environment (tech). LOOSE HOUSING SYSTEM: Positive correlations existed between behave and injury, and between tech and injury. Negative correlations were found between milk and cell, equal and tech, and milk and age. The magnitudes of these correlations were quantified by means of linear regression analysis. Comparison of the two husbandry systems revealed that while the loose housing systems is associated with significantly more problems related to tech, it is associated with significantly fewer problems related to injury. It seems that in this housing system cows are better able to avoid injury since they are allowed to move freely. No significant differences in behavior were found between the two husbandry systems. The present study shows the importance of proper technical design of housing environments, both in relation to animal welfare and to economic profitability.