Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis for Rice Yield Traits under Two Nitrogen Levels

A recombinant inbred line population derived from a super hybrid rice Xieyou 9308(Xieqingzao B/Zhonghui 9308) and its genetic linkage map were used to detect quantitative trait loci(QTLs) for rice yield traits under the low and normal nitrogen(N) levels. A total of 52 QTLs for yield traits distributed in 27 regions on 9 chromosomes were detected, with each QTL explaining 4.93%–26.73% of the phenotypic variation. Eleven QTLs were simultaneously detected under the two levels, and 30 different QTLs were detected under the two N levels, thereby suggesting that the genetic bases controlling rice growth under the low and normal N levels were different. QTLs for number of panicles per plant, number of spikelets per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle, and grain density per panicle under the two N levels were detected in the RM135–RM168 interval on chromosome 3. QTLs for number of spikelets per panicle and number of filled grains per panicle under the two N levels, as well as number of panicles per plant and grain density per panicle, under the low N level, were detected in the RM5556–RM310 interval on chromosome 8. The above described QTLs shared similar regions with previously reported QTLs for rice N recycling.     

Effect of System of Rice Intensification on Grain Plumpness in Association with Source-Sink Ratio in Mid-Season Hybrid Rice

Grain plumpness under two cultivation methods, the system of rice intensification(SRI) and traditional cultivation, was examined using 18 mid-season hybrid rice combinations. There existed a highly significant negative correlation between the differences of grain plumpness under the two cultivation methods and number of spikelets per panicle. The small- or middle-panicle type hybrid rice though they showed a significant decrease in leaf-grain ratio under SRI maintained normal grain filling due to plenty of source supply, while the large-panicle hybrid rice was on the contrary. It suggested that the number of spikelets per panicle below 173 under traditional cultivation, was an index for selecting variety in application of SRI in the southern region of Sichuan Province, China.     

Parental Selection in Rice Cultivar Improvement

The evaluation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars assists breeders in identifying useful trait relationships and in selecting parents as donors of specific traits. This study was conducted to compare long-grain rice cultivars using genotype × trait (GT) biplot analysis and determine potential donors of traits related to grain yield and quality. Seventeen cultivars in the 2005 and 2006 Uniform Regional Rice Nursery in Beaumont, Texas, USA were analyzed for 20 traits using GT biplot analysis. The GT biplots showed the diversity among cultivars with regards to yield-related traits. Cultivars recommended as donor parents were: Trenasse, Spring, Presidio, and Cocodrie for high grain yield and head rice rate; Trenasse and Presidio for semi-dwarfness; Banks for tall plant height; Wells for high flag leaf area, panicle weight, and number and mass of filled grains per panicle; Hidalgo for high tiller density; Francis for high number of spikelets per panicle; Spring and Trenasse for short flowering duration; Cheniere for more days to heading and maturity and Spring for less days; and Spring and Hidalgo for high grain weight. Breeders can use these cultivars with specific traits to increase grain yield and quality.     

Conditional genes for grain yield in rice

Grain yield in cereal crops was an eternal theme. The number of panicles per plant (PN), filled spikelets per panicle (FSP), and 1000-gram weight (TGW) were the three important yield components. Some QTLs for rice yield had been mapped, but conditional QTLs for grain yield had not been analyzed. Phenotypic values of yield traits, which had no influence on the given components, were used for QTLs conditional analysis. This study was to uncover conditional QTLs for rice yield in a RIL population, and to search for evidences on the genetic basis of yield QTLs.     

Genetic Analysis of Heterosis for Number of Spikelets per Panicle and Panicle Length of F1 Hybrids in japonica Rice Hybrids

Genetic analysis of heterosis for number of spikelets per panicle and panicle length of F1 hybrid was conducted by using japonica rice varieties Bing 8979, C Bao, their F1, F2 and triple test cross (TTC) progenies. The two traits, panicle length and number of spikelets per panicle were controlled by polygenes, which were dispersed in the two parents. The dispersion of these polygenes was the genetic basis for the heterosis. Genetic variation in panicle length was mainly due to additive and dominant effects, and the dominant component played a determinative role. For number of spikelets per panicle, the effect of non-allelic genes was highly significant (1% probability level), and there existed epistasis including effects of additive×additive, additive×dominant, and dominant×dominant.     

Relationship Between Canopy Temperature at Flowering Stage and Soil Water Content, Yield Components in Rice

The canopy temperature of rice at the flowering stage and the soil water content were investigated under different soil water treatments(the soil water contents were 24%,55%,90%and 175%at the flowering stage).The canopy temperature was lower than air temperature,and the soil water content significantly influenced the canopy temperature.The lower the soil water content,the higher the canopy temperature,the less the accumulative absolute value of canopy-air temperature difference.Moreover,the maximum difference between treatments and CK in the accumulative absolute value of canopy-air temperature difference appeared at 13:00 p.m.in a day,thus,it could be considered as a suitable measuring time.Under the lowest water content treatment,the peak flowering occurred in the first three days(about 70%of panicles flowered),resulting in shortened and lightened panicle of rice.As to the CK and the high water content treatments,the peak flowering appeared in the middle of flowering duration,with longer panicle length and higher panicle weight.Results indicated the lower the soil water content,the less the filled grain number and grain yield.     

Heterosis Expression of Hybrid Rice in Natural-and Short-Day Length Conditions

Development of hybrid rice is an important strategy to increase yields of irrigated rice in China. Day length is a highly important environmental factor for hybrid rice adaptability,productivity and quality. Heterosis of hybrid rice has been utilized under natural-(long) day length conditions in the middle and lower reaches plain of Yangtze River Valley in China for a long time. However,whether the hybrid rice can show heterosis under short-day length conditions is unknown. In this study,we analyzed plant height,grain number per panicle,and other yield related traits of hybrid rice Liangyoupeijiu(LYP9) and its parents(Pei’ai 64 S and 93-11) under natural- and short-day length conditions and compared the respective heterosis. Results showed that earlier heading,reduced plant height,and reduced grain number per panicle were found in these three varieties under short-day length conditions relative to those under natural-day length conditions. In either natural- or short-day length conditions,heterosis of LYP9 was mainly displayed in grain number per panicle and plant height. This study may help in breeding and selecting suitable hybrid rice for different regions with natural- or short-day length.     

Variation in Yield and Physicochemical Quality Traits among Mutants of Japonica Rice Cultivar Wuyujing 3

To select elite germplasms, 112 mutants derived from japonica rice cultivar Wuyujing 3 were evaluated. The yield components such as panicle number per square meter, grain number per panicle, and grain weight were measured. The quality traits such as percentage of chalky grains(PCG), brown rice yield(BRY), milled rice yield(MRY), degree of milling(DM), amylose content(AC), protein content(PC), and relationships among traits were inverstigated. Results showed that grain yield ranged from 2.15 to 12.49 t/hm~2 with a mean of 6.4 t/hm~2 and number of grains per square meter contributed for 94.64% in grain yield variation. For quality traits, all rice mutants had short size(grain length ≤ 5.5 mm) and bold shape(grain length to width ratio = 1.10–2.00). Most of rice mutants(87.5%) had PCG values below 20%. All mutants had MRY values above 50%, AC values below 20%, and PC values below 10%. Percentage of chalky grains was significantly negatively correlated with MRY and positively correlated with DM. BRY and MRY were significantly negatively correlated with DM. PC was significantly and positively correlated with MRY and negatively correlated with DM, while AC had no significant correlation with these quality traits. It was concluded that there were 25 rice mutants which fulfilled the major requirements of Jiangsu standard japonica rice such as low percentage of chalky grains, low amylose content, optimal protein content, and which could be used as elite germplasms. Thus the mutants identified may lead to significant progress in improvement of rice quality.     

Boron Application Improves Growth,Yield and Net Economic Return of Rice

A field trial was conducted to evaluate the role of boron (B) application at different growth stages in improving the growth,yield and net economic return of rice at farmer’s fields during summer season,2009.Boron was soil applied (1.5 kg/hm2) at the transplanting,tillering,flowering and grain formation stages of rice;foliar applied (1.5% B solution) at the tillering,flowering and grain formation stages of rice,and dipped seedling roots in 1.5% B solution before transplanting;while control plots did not apply any B.Boron application (except dipping of seedling roots in B solution,which caused toxicity and reduced the number of tillers and straw yield than control) substantially improved the rice growth and yield.However,soil application was better in improving the number of grains per panicle,1000-grain weight,grain yield,harvest index,net economic income and ratio of benefit to cost compared with the rest of treatments.Overall,for improving rice performance and maximizing the net economic returns,B might be applied as soil application at flowering.     

Discovery of and Preliminary studies on a Rapid-Leafing Rice Genotype at the Vegetative Growth Stage

The leafing rates of fourteen rice varieties were measured in a sowing-time experiment, and a rapid leafing genotype at the vegetative growth stage was discovered in an indica variety Yanhui 559. The leaf number on the main culm of Yanhui 559 was always 4-5 leaves more than that of Lemont, and the leafing rate of Yanhui 559 was significantly higher than that of Lemont based on similar growth durations from sowing to heading. Furthermore, the difference of the leafing rate was significant at the vegetative growth stage, but not distinctive at the panicle initiation stage. Genetic analysis of the leafing rates in the two backcross populations of Yanhui 559 and Lemont showed that major and quantitative genes controlled the expression of rapid leafing character. Based on results of investigation for some plants with similar growth durations in the backcrossing populations, the rapid leafing genotypes exhibited earlier tillering and more tiller numbers per plant, and its yield components including the number of panicles per plant and number of grains per panicle were superior to those of the slow leafing genotypes. Further research and application feasibility of the rapid leafing genotype in breeding were discussed.     

土壤铜含量对水稻生长发育和产量形成的影响

 在盆栽土培条件下，以武香粳14号和汕优63为材料，研究了土壤铜含量对水稻生长发育和产量形成的影响。结果表明：(1) 土壤铜含量100、200 mg/kg处理对水稻株高、主茎总叶数、伸长节间数和抽穗期几乎没有影响，土壤铜含量达到400 mg/kg及其以上时，随着土壤铜含量的增加，水稻株高显著变矮、主茎总叶数和伸长节间数显著变少、抽穗期显著推迟；(2) 土壤铜处理使水稻产量显著低于CK，且随着土壤铜含量的提高水稻产量下降幅度显著增大；(3) 土壤铜含量100、200 mg/kg处理使水稻减产是由于每穗颖花数减少所致，土壤铜含量400 mg/kg及其以上处理使水稻减产是由于穗数和每穗颖花数共同减少所致；(4) 土壤铜处理使穗数减少主要是由于返青活棵慢、分蘖发生迟、高峰苗少所致，每穗颖花数减少主要是由于抽穗期单茎干物质量小和单位干物质量形成的颖花数少所致；(5) 随着土壤铜含量的增加水稻生物产量显著下降，经济系数呈下降趋势，但只有土壤铜含量达到800 mg/kg及其以上时经济系数才显著下降。     

吉林省47年来粳稻品种遗传改良过程中某些农艺性状的变化

对吉林省1958-2005年间育成的25个粳稻品种的产量及农艺性状的研究结果表明,随着粳稻品种的改良,产量呈线性增加。根据回归方程计算,产量由1958年的6 198.68 kg/hm2增加至2005年的12 682.8 kg/hm2,平均每年增加137.96 kg/hm2,增长率为2.23%。每穗粒数、结实率、单穗重和总穗数随育成年代推移显著增加,并与产量呈正相关,其中每穗粒数与产量的相关系数最大（r=0.85**）。株高随育成年代推移显著降低,茎叶夹角显著减小,灌浆期叶面积指数增加,抽穗期推迟。结果表明,产量的增加主要与品种改良过程中总库容的扩大有关,其中每穗粒数的增加是关键。     

Pre-anthesis non-structural carbohydrate reserve in the stem enhances the sink strength of inferior spikelets during grain filling of rice

Sink strength plays an important role in grain filling of cereals but how it is related to the pre-anthesis non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) reserves is not clear. This study investigated if and how an increase in NSC reserves could enhance sink strength, and consequently improve grain filling of later-flowering inferior spikelets (in contrast to the earlier flowering superior spikelets) for rice varieties with large panicles. Two “super” rice varieties (the recently bred high-yielding rice) and two New Plant Type (NPT, named in IRRI for the extra-large panicle) rice lines were compared with two elite inbred varieties under field-grown conditions. Three nitrogen (N) treatments, applied at the stages of panicle initiation, spikelet differentiation or both, were adopted with no N application during the mid-season as control. Both super rice and NPT rice showed a greater yield capacity as a result of a larger panicle than the elite inbred rice. However, a lower percentage of filled grains limited the realization of higher yield potential in super rice and especially in NPT rice, due to their lower grain filling rate and the smaller grain weight of their inferior spikelets. The low grain filling rate and small grain weight of inferior spikelets are mainly attributed to a poor sink strength as a result of small sink size (small number of endosperm cells) and low sink activity, e.g. low activities of sucrose synthase (SuSase) and adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase). The amounts of NSC in the stem and NSC per spikelet at the heading time are significantly and positively correlated with sink strength (number of endosperm cells and activities of SuSase and AGPase), grain filling rate, and grain weight of inferior spikelets. Nitrogen application at the spikelet differentiation stage significantly increased, whereas N application at the panicle initiation or at both panicle initiation and spikelet differentiation stages, significantly reduced, NSC per spikelet at the heading time, sink strength, grain filling rate, and grain weight of inferior spikelets in super rice. The results suggest that pre-anthesis NSC reserves in the stem are closely associated with the sink strength during grain filling of rice, and N application at the spikelet differentiation stage would be a good practice to increase pre-anthesis NSC reserves, and consequently to enhance sink strength for rice varieties with large panicles, such as super rice varieties.     

缓释肥与速效氮肥配比施用对滨海盐碱稻区水稻产量及生长发育的影响

以盐丰47为试验材料,采用小区对比试验方法,研究缓释肥与速效氮肥配比施用对机插水稻生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,在插后1.5叶龄期施用一次蘖肥45 kg/hm^2,在插后7叶龄期施用112.5 kg/hm^2穗肥会获得高产。该施肥模式增加了后期穗肥的施用量,促进了齐穗后干物质向穗部的转移,抽穗期和成熟期干物质积累量大,同时高效叶面积指数、高效叶面积率和有效叶面积率大,该施肥模式齐穗及生育后期仍有较强的光合能力,达到了保蘖促花的作用。通过产量构成因素分析得出该施肥模式通过增加颖花数、千粒重、结实率和每穗成粒数实现高产。     

不同土壤背景下秸秆全量还田对水稻产量及稻米品质的影响

为了探明北方地区不同土壤背景下水稻秸秆全量还田对水稻产量及稻米品质的影响,以辽粳2501为材料,通过盆栽试验,比较分析了在总施纯氮200 kg/hm²条件下不同处理（砂壤土、砂壤土+秸秆、盐碱土、盐碱土+秸秆、棕壤黏土、棕壤黏土+秸秆）辽粳2501的产量结构和品质表现。结果表明,与秸秆不还田处理相比,棕壤黏土背景下秸秆全量还田处理产量提高4.45%,而在砂壤土和盐碱土背景下秸秆全量还田处理表现为显著减产,减产幅度分别为2.20%和3.84%;秸秆全量还田均能显著提高不同土壤背景下的每穗颖花数,尤其是二次枝梗颖花数,但降低了盐碱土和砂壤土背景下的有效穗数;秸秆全量还田显著增加了稻米胶稠度和米饭食味值,但降低了盐碱土和砂壤土背景下稻米的垩白粒率和垩白度。     

不同施肥方式对不同密度下直播稻的产量及群体光合物质生产的影响

以常规粳稻品种云粳41为试验材料,采用两因素裂区设计,研究不同密度下水稻一次性施用控释肥和分次施用尿素对直播稻产量及其构成因素、群体光合物质生产的影响,并探讨了不同施肥方式对不同密度下直播稻的产量性状和产量之间的相关性。结果表明:(1)不同施肥方式下,密度相同时,分次施肥的处理比控释肥一次性基施的处理和不施肥对照增产,产量随着施氮量的增加而增加,分次施肥处理的产量显著高于控释肥一次性基施的处理;在相同氮肥条件下,直播稻产量随着直播密度的增加而降低,以基本苗2万/667 m~2的处理产量最高,6万/667 m~2的处理产量居中,10万/667 m~2的处理产量最低。(2)在施用控释肥的处理中,密度相同时,增加施氮量能够显著提高直播稻的有效穗数和每穗颖花数;施氮量相同时,单位面积有效穗数随密度的增加而提高,每穗颖花数刚好相反。单位面积颖花量和实际产量之间呈极显著正相关关系。在形成适宜穗数的基础上提高每穗颖花量,从而增加单位面积的颖花量是提高直播稻产量的主要途径。(3)当密度相同时,抽穗至成熟期总干物质积累量、群体生长率、群体叶面积和总颖花数都随着施氮量的增加而提高。本试验中,以精确定量栽培技术为核心的分次施肥A1RPQ4处理的群体结构优于其他处理,群体茎蘖消长动态最为平稳,抽穗期至成熟期的总干物质积累量、颖花/叶比和粒质量/叶比最大,产量最高,达到875.14 kg/667 m~2。     

不同施肥方式和播种量对华南直播稻产量的影响

水稻直播是一种轻简高效栽培模式,具有良好的应用前景。在粤西直播稻区开展大田试验,探究不同施肥方式（习惯法和“三控”法）和播种量（2.0、3.5、5.0、6.5、8.0和10.0 kg/667 m²）对直播稻产量的影响。结果表明,与习惯法施肥相比,采用“三控”法施肥的水稻有效穗数和结实率分别降低20.1%和5.1%,但每穗颖花数增加31.6%,稻谷产量增加11.3%。随着播种量的增加,水稻有效穗数从304万/ hm²增加到464万/hm²,每穗颖花数从112.09个降低到81.90个;稻谷产量以播种量为3.5 kg/667 m²的处理最高,达6.66 t/hm²。综上所述,华南直播稻生产应选择每穗颖花数多、收获指数高且千粒重大的品种,播种量3.5 kg/667 m²,采用“三控”法施肥。     

“九二〇”和插植本数对籼型不育系广抗13A繁种的影响

研究"九二〇"和插植本数对广抗13A繁种的影响。结果表明:每穗总粒数、产量在不同插植本数间有显著或极显著差异;喷施"九二〇"剂量及时期对包颈度、包颈粒数、包颈粒率、每穗总粒数、穴有效穗、产量等特性均产生显著影响;插植本数与喷施"九二〇"剂量及时期共同影响广抗13A抽穗集中程度;广抗13A的繁种产量与穴有效穗、结实率呈极显著正相关,与包颈度、包颈粒数、包颈粒率呈极显著负相关;双本配以始穗期1 d喷施"九二〇"180 g/hm2、始穗期3 d喷施"九二〇"180 g/hm2、始穗期5 d喷施"九二〇"120 g/hm2和三本配以始穗期1 d喷施"九二〇"60 g/hm2、始穗期3 d喷施"九二〇"60 g/hm2、始穗期5 d喷施"九二〇"120 g/hm2处理的产量效果较好。     

不同锰浓度环境下OsNRAMP5突变对水稻耐热性和主要经济性状的影响

OsNRAMP5是水稻吸收镉、锰的主效转运蛋白.OsNRAMP5突变造成水稻镉含量大幅度降低,使其成为镉低积累水稻分子育种中最重要的靶标基因,而其突变造成的锰含量大幅度降低是否会影响水稻农艺性状和环境适应性一直备受关注且存在争议.以籼稻华占、粳稻中花11这2种不同遗传背景下同一突变位点的osnramp5突变株系为材料,...     

云南干热籼稻区水稻高产形成规律及群体质量指标研究

为鉴定杂交籼稻组合在云南干热籼稻区种植的产量潜力,研究不同产量水平水稻产量形成规律及群体质量指标,选用大面积生产应用的6个杂交籼稻品种为材料进行了比较试验,并根据当地水稻生产特点制定了相应的高产栽培技术。结果显示,广优1186、德优4727、两优2186、宜优673、两优2161、宜香3003产量分别为15.65、15.29、15.19、15.18、14.89和13.95 t/hm~2。为更好的分析水稻高产形成规律,将6个品种产量划分为高产(13.0~14.0 t/hm~2)、更高产(14.0~15.0 t/hm~2)、超高产(15.0~16.0 t/hm~2)3个不同产量水平。超高产水稻较更高产水稻有效穗数提高10.25%,较高产水稻总粒数、实粒数、结实率分别提高32.13%、35.69%、12.50%;超高产水稻高峰苗数较更高产、高产水稻分别低10.32%和30.02%;成穗率随着产量水平的增加而增加。超高产水稻齐穗期总LAI为7左右,高效叶面积率70%左右。颖花量随着产量的增加而增加。超高产水稻实粒/叶、粒重/叶较高产水稻分别增加20.00%和25.54%。超高产水稻齐穗期、成熟期、齐穗至抽穗期干物质积累量较高产水稻分别提高11.70%、11.96%和12.35%。