Rotary subsoiling newly planted winter wheat fields to improve infiltration in frozen soil

Water erosion and runoff can be severe due to poor infiltration through frozen soil in the dryland wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production region of the inland Pacific Northwest (PNW), USA. For more than 70 years, farmers and researchers have used various methods of subsoiling to reduce runoff and erosion and to improve infiltration and soil moisture storage. The practice and equipment have evolved from chiseling continuous open channels across hillslopes to the rotary subsoiler that pits the soil. Farmers often subsoil wheat stubble after harvest, but do not employ this practice on newly planted winter wheat fields. These fields are especially vulnerable to erosion because of meager residue cover after a year of fallow. A 6-year field study was conducted in eastern Washington to determine the effect of rotary subsoiling in newly planted winter wheat on over-winter water storage, erosion, infiltration, and grain yield. There were two treatments, rotary subsoiling and control. The rotary subsoiler created one 40 cm-deep pit with 4 L capacity every 0.7 m². Natural precipitation did not cause rill erosion in either treatment because of mild winters during the study period. Net change in water stored over winter was significantly (P < 0.05) improved with rotary subsoiling compared to the control in 2 of 6 years. Grain yield was not affected by treatments in any year or when averaged over years. In 2003, we simulated rainfall for approximately 3 h at a rate of 18 mm/h on both subsoiled and control plots to determine runoff and erosion responses on frozen soils. Rotary subsoiling reduced runoff (P < 0.01) by 38%. Rotary subsoiling also significantly reduced erosion (P < 0.01) during the 20–45 min period after runoff had begun. The total quantities of eroded soils were 1.3 and 3.4 Mg/ha for the subsoiled and control treatments, respectively, with inter-rill the dominant erosion process. The average infiltration rate for the control treatment (3.3 mm/h) was half of the rate for the subsoiled treatment (6.6 mm/h), at the end of the 3 h simulation. Rotary subsoiling of newly-planted winter wheat can increase soil moisture stored over-winter and reduce runoff and soil loss on frozen soils, but the benefit of this practice for increasing grain yield has not been proven.     

往复切刀式小麦固定垄免耕播种机

针对西北灌溉农业区固定垄保护性耕作条件下玉米秸秆覆盖地垄作免耕播种小麦存在的机具堵塞、垄形破坏等问题,设计了一种集切茬、播种和修垄于一体的往复切刀式小麦固定垄免耕播种机。该机通过利用动力切刀往复垂直切茬和刀刃型开沟器水平切茬相结合的方式实现秸秆防堵,同时采用圆柱熟地型修垄犁解决垄形修复问题。田间试验表明,该机能有效地解决玉米秸秆堵塞问题,防堵能力强,修垄效果好;播种、施肥平均深度分别为46 mm和91 mm,均匀性好,可较好地满足西北灌溉农业区小麦垄作免耕播种的要求。     

Physical characterization of a soil amended with organic residues in a rice–wheat cropping system using a single value soil physical index

The effect of soil incorporations of lantana (Lantana spp.) biomass, an obnoxious weed, on physical environment of a silty clay loam soil (Typic Hapludalf) under rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping was studied in a long-term field experiment conducted in a wet temperate region of north India. Fresh lantana biomass was incorporated into the plough layer at 10, 20 and 30 Mg ha⁻¹ annually, 7–10 days before puddling. Plant-available water capacity (PAWC), non-limiting water range (NLWR) and NLWR:PAWC ratio were determined to characterize soil physical environment during wheat crop in the tenth cropping cycle.

Ten annual applications of lantana at 10, 20 and 30 Mg ha⁻¹, increased organic carbon (OC) content over control by 12.6, 17.6 and 27.9% in 0–15 cm soil layer, and 17.1, 26.3 and 39.5% in 15–30 cm soil layer, respectively. The OC content in 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil layer of control plots was 11.1 and 7.6 g kg⁻¹ soil. Bulk density decreased by 3–14% in 7.5–10.5 cm layer and 1–6% in 15–18 cm layer. Volumetric moisture contents at 10% air-filled porosity were 38.4, 40.0, 54.5 and 55.7% at 7.5–10.5 cm depth, and 31.4, 32.2, 33.9 and 34.6% at 15–18 cm depth corresponding to 0, 10, 20 and 30 Mg ha⁻¹ lantana treatment, respectively. At 15–18 cm soil depth, volumetric moisture contents at 2 MPa soil penetration resistance were 26.9, 24.8, 23.0 and 19.6% in zero, 10, 20 and 30 Mg ha⁻¹ lantana-treated plots, respectively. Lower soil water contents associated with 10% air-filled porosity and greater soil water contents associated with a limiting penetration resistance of 2 MPa resulted in a lower NLWR (4.3%) for control as compared to lantana-treated soil (7.4–15.1%). The PAWC showed slight increase from 12.9 to 13.4–14.9% due to lantana additions. The NLWR:PAWC ratio was also lower in control (0.33) as compared to lantana-treated soil (0.55–1.01). The NLWR was significantly and positively correlated with wheat grain yield (r=0.858^**).     

秸秆还田结合秋覆膜对半干旱区春玉米的影响*1

2013-2015年在农业部阜新农业环境与耕地保育科学观测实验站,设置秸秆还田(S)和秸秆还田结合秋覆膜（AM+S）两个春玉米种植处理,其中秸秆还田仅在2013年秋季进行,以裸地种植春玉米为对照(CK)。采用EcH2O土壤水温数据采集器实时观测不同处理的土壤水分和温度动态,结合玉米生长特性,研究秸秆还田结合秋覆膜对春玉米生长和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,AM+S处理极显著增加了0-50cm土层的地积温和土壤体积含水量,增加了春玉米的耗水量,2014年和2015年春玉米播前1m土层分别较CK多贮水83.92mm和92.68mm。但2014年各处理籽粒产量差异不显著,AM+S处理春玉米水分利用效率显著低于CK和S处理;而在2015年,AM+S处理显著促进了玉米干物质积累,增加春玉米产量,春玉米产量和降水利用效率分别达到13560kg·hm-2、58.52kg·hm-2·mm-1,较CK和S处理分别同时提高97.96%和62.83%,籽粒产量水分利用效率(WUE)达到47.09kg·hm-2·mm-1,较CK和S处理处理分别提高90.34%和65.58%。本研究表明,在雨养农田较干旱的年份,采用秸秆一次性还田结合秋季覆膜技术,是解决半干旱区秸秆过剩,提高半干旱地区春玉米翌年产量和农田水分利用效率的较优方案。     

秸秆还田结合秋覆膜对半干旱区春玉米的影响

2013-2015年在农业部阜新农业环境与耕地保育科学观测实验站,设置秸秆还田(S)和秸秆还田结合秋覆膜（AM+S）两个春玉米种植处理,其中秸秆还田仅在2013年秋季进行,以裸地种植春玉米为对照(CK)。采用EcH2O土壤水温数据采集器实时观测不同处理的土壤水分和温度动态,结合玉米生长特性,研究秸秆还田结合秋覆膜对春玉米生长和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,AM+S处理极显著增加了0-50cm土层的地积温和土壤体积含水量,增加了春玉米的耗水量,2014年和2015年春玉米播前1m土层分别较CK多贮水83.92mm和92.68mm。但2014年各处理籽粒产量差异不显著,AM+S处理春玉米水分利用效率显著低于CK和S处理;而在2015年,AM+S处理显著促进了玉米干物质积累,增加春玉米产量,春玉米产量和降水利用效率分别达到13560kg·hm-2、58.52kg·hm-2·mm-1,较CK和S处理分别同时提高97.96%和62.83%,籽粒产量水分利用效率(WUE)达到47.09kg·hm-2·mm-1,较CK和S处理处理分别提高90.34%和65.58%。本研究表明,在雨养农田较干旱的年份,采用秸秆一次性还田结合秋季覆膜技术,是解决半干旱区秸秆过剩,提高半干旱地区春玉米翌年产量和农田水分利用效率的较优方案。     

Permanent raised beds improved soil structure and yield of spring wheat in arid north‐western China

In arid north‐western China, soil degradation, limited water and subsequent yield decline, largely as a result of excessive tillage and residue removal practices, are the main factors limiting further development of local agriculture. The effects of permanent raised beds (PRB), no‐till (NT) and traditional tillage (TT) on soil structure and yield were investigated in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) – maize (Zea mays L.) cropping system from 2004 to 2009 in the Hexi Corridor of Gansu Province, China. PRB and NT had more macro‐aggregates (>0.25 mm, +2.7%), a better distribution of pore size classes and improved hydraulic conductivity, whereas TT soils were dominated by micro‐aggregates and micro‐porosity. In PRB, soil bulk density decreased significantly by 6.3 and 7.0% for the 0‐ to 10‐cm and 20‐ to 30‐cm depths relative to TT. The PRB mean crop yields increased by 4.2% and water use efficiency improved by 21.3% compared with TT because of greater soil moisture and improved soil physical and chemical status. These improvements in soil properties, yield and water use are of considerable importance for soil regeneration, food security and sustainable agriculture in arid regions, such as north‐western China.     

Long-term effects of lantana (Lantana spp. L.) residue additions on soil physical properties under rice–wheat cropping: I. Soil consistency, surface cracking and clod formation

Poor soil tilth is a major constraint in realizing optimum yield potential of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat cropping system. The effect of long-term additions of lantana (Lantana spp. L.) biomass, a wild sage, on physical properties of a silty clay loam soil under rice–wheat cropping was studied in north-west India. Lantana was added to soil 10–15 d before puddling at 10, 20 and 30 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (fresh weight). At the end of 10th rice crop, liquid limit, plastic limit, shrinkage limit and plasticity index of soil increased significantly with lantana additions. The friability range of lantana-treated soil decreased from 8.9 to 7.8–8.2% gravimetric-moisture content, but soil became friable at relatively higher moisture content. Soil cracking changed from wide, deep cracks in hexagonal pattern to a close-spaced network of fine cracks. The cracks of sizes <5 mm increased, 10–20 mm and wider decreased, while 5–10 mm remained almost unchanged with lantana additions. The volume density of cracks decreased by 36–76% and surface area density by 19–37% compared with control. The clods of sizes <2 cm diameter increased, while 2–4 cm and 4–6 cm diameter decreased with lantana additions. The MWD of clods varied between 2.15 and 2.34 cm in lantana-treated soil as against 2.83 cm in the control. The bulk density and breaking strength of soil clods were lower in lantana-treated soil by 4–9% and 29–42% than in the control. About 23–47% less energy was required to prepare seed-bed in lantana-treated than in the control soil.     

不同绿肥和覆膜措施对渭北旱塬冬小麦产量和土壤水分动态的影响

  【目的】  冬小麦—绿肥轮作在干旱贫水年份易导致冬小麦减产,我们研究了平水年和干旱年旱地绿肥和覆膜措施相结合对小麦产量及水分利用率的影响,为建立科学高效的小麦–绿肥轮作体系奠定基础。  【方法】  田间试验于2017—2019年布设在陕西省永寿县御驾宫乡御中村,试验采用裂区试验设计,以轮作不同绿肥品种(黑麦豆、油菜,夏休闲为对照)为主处理,覆膜措施为副处理,设常规耕作和垄覆沟播两个水平。在冬小麦返青期、开花期、收获期调查小麦苗期生长状况、产量形成、水分利用效率和麦田0—200 cm土壤水分动态变化。  【结果】  1)平水年和干旱年,轮作油菜的冬小麦产量高于轮作黑麦豆,两年间轮作油菜处理比轮作黑麦豆处理的冬小麦产量分别高出 9.3%和43.5% (P<0.05)。2)采用垄覆沟播,轮作绿肥显著降低了冬小麦生育期耗水量,平水年提高了冬小麦的水分利用效率。平水年轮作油菜的水分利用效率最高[14.3 kg/(hm2·mm)],比夏休闲处理增加了7.4%;而干旱年轮作绿肥降低了冬小麦的水分利用效率,与夏休闲相比轮作黑麦豆和油菜处理分别降低58.5%和38.3% (P<0.05)。轮作绿肥与垄覆沟播对提高小麦水分利用效率有显著的交互作用。3)轮作绿肥并垄覆沟播的栽培模式加重了土壤水分的消耗。相比于夏休闲,平水年冬小麦播前0—200 cm土壤贮水量平均降低10.1% (P<0.05),干旱年平均降低15.7% (P<0.05)。  【结论】  我国渭北旱塬地区在平水年采用种植油菜+垄覆沟播新型种植模式,可以在保证不减产的情况下提高冬小麦的水分利用效率,但干旱年小麦产量和水分利用效率均会受到负面影响。     

Crop responses to applied soil compaction and to compaction repair treatments

Crop responses to annual compaction treatments (applied to whole plots) and management treatments to ameliorate compacted soil were determined in a field experiment on a Vertisol. Initially, all treatments except a control were compacted with a 10 Mg axle load on wet soil (26% gravimetric water content compared with a plastic limit of 22%). Annually applied axle loads of 10 and 6 Mg on wet soil (25–32% soil water) tended to reduce seedling emergence, grain yield (wheat, sorghum and maize), soil water storage and crop water use efficiency (WUE). Annual applications of an axle load of 6 Mg on dry soil (<22% soil water) had little effect on crop performance. Mean reductions in the yield of five crops (three wheat, one sorghum and one maize) in comparison with the uncompacted control were 23% or 0.79 Mg ha⁻¹ (10 Mg on wet soil), 13% or 0.44 Mg ha⁻¹ (6 Mg on wet soil) and 1% or 0.03 Mg ha⁻¹ (6 Mg on dry soil). Maize grown in the fifth year of treatment application was most affected by compaction of wet soil, its WUE being reduced from 14.3 to 9.7 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ in response to an axle load of 10 Mg. Reduced WUE was associated with delayed soil water extraction at depth. A 3-year pasture ley was the most successful amelioration treatment. A wheat and a maize crop grown after the ley outyielded the control by 0.33 and 0.90 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively. So the pasture not only ameliorated the initial compaction damage, with respect to crop performance, but resulted in improvements in two subsequent crops.     

绿洲灌区固定道耕作对土壤盐分动态的影响

解决节水灌溉与控制土壤次生盐渍化的矛盾,对干旱内陆绿洲灌区农田节水、防止土壤次生盐渍化和保证绿洲农业稳定持续发展具有重要意义。本研究以传统翻耕(CT)、垄作沟灌(FRB)、固定道保护性耕作(PRB)和固定道平作(ZT)4种耕作方式为研究对象,研究了固定道耕作模式下的土壤盐分特征。结果表明:与播前相比,收获后FRB处理0~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm和60~100 cm土层土壤含盐量分别提高83.3%、77.2%、47.6%和84.0%,PRB处理分别提高62.6%、46.3%、28.2%和103.6%。ZT和CT处理0~200 cm土壤含盐量呈"脱盐"和"聚盐"交替变化趋势,0~60 cm各土层土壤含盐量随灌水显著降低,而60~200 cm各土层土壤含盐量随灌水显著增加。0~20 cm、20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层是PRB和FRB处理土壤盐分的主要累积区,ZT和CT处理土壤含盐量随灌水最终积累在100~160 cm土层。从头水后至收获各个时期,PRB处理0~200 cm各土层土壤含盐量均高于FRB处理,且差异显著。ZT处理0~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm和60~100 cm土层土壤含盐量均显著高于CT处理。垄床不同位置土壤盐分运动水平方向上均呈"垄边向垄中"迁移特点,但PRB处理迁移能力强于FRB处理。垂直方向上,FRB处理在土壤60~80 cm处形成积盐峰,而PRB处理在土壤40~60 cm处形成积盐峰。随灌溉水分入渗再分布后FRB处理土壤盐分向垄沟中部和垄床表层迁移,PRB处理土壤盐分在垄床40~60 cm土层处形成一个积盐层。结果说明,垄作方式能显著增加土壤剖面盐分累积。随着垄作年限增加,盐分向垄床中部积累的能力和含量均增强,由此垄作种植应考虑适时漫灌以达到淋洗土壤盐分的目的。     

覆盖方式对夏玉米土壤水分和产量的影响

为探索半湿润偏旱区不同覆盖栽培模式夏玉米田土壤蓄水保墒和增产效果,于2014年6-10月在陕西杨凌节水灌溉试验站,通过设置垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆（PSM）、全覆膜平作（PM）、覆秸秆平作（SM）、露地平作（CK）4种栽培模式进行玉米种植试验,对0-200cm土壤不同深度土层含水率进行全生育期动态监测,分析比较各种模式下土壤含水率、土层贮水量以及作物耗水量的变化规律,并结合产量资料计算各种种植模式的水分利用效率。结果表明：一次30.5mm降水过程结束后,PSM处理的集水作用最明显,降水2d后,垄沟中40cm土层土壤含水率最高,达35.8%。与降水2d后相比,降水6d后,CK、PSM处理沟中（PSM-F）、PM和SM处理40cm土层土壤含水率分别下降10.3%、2.9%、1.8%和0.2%,而PSM处理垄下（PSM-B）含水率则提高10.4%。PSM处理在干旱季沟中和垄下土壤含水量差异明显,降雨较多时,沟垄土壤含水率基本达到平衡。PSM、PM和SM处理能显著提高玉米生育期0-20cm土层贮水量,其中以PSM处理最为显著;各处理苗期以后20-100cm土层贮水量均低于对照;100-200cm土层贮水量以SM处理最高,PSM处理最低。夏玉米产量与拔节-灌浆期耗水量呈显著正相关（r=0.98*）。PSM、PM和SM处理的玉米产量较CK分别提高95.3%、83.1%和55.4%,水分利用效率较对照分别提高75.7%、71.0%和58.8%。研究结果表明垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆栽培模式能够显著提高玉米产量和水分利用效率,适宜在半湿润偏旱区夏玉米生产中应用。     

The effect of aggregate size on water retention and pore structure of two silt loam soils of different genesis

Aggregate size distribution and pore structure affect many soil functions and root growth. The aggregate structure is associated with soil genesis and management practices applied. In this study the effects of various size ranges of aggregates (<0.25, 0.25–0.5, 0.5–1, 1–3, 3–5, and 5–10 mm) and undisturbed soil from the plough layer (0–15 cm) of two types of soils (Haplic Phaeozem and Eutric Fluvisol) of the same silty loam textural group on water retention curves (WRC) and pore size distribution (PSD) were assessed. A greater bulk density and lower humus content characterized the Eutric Fluvisol as compared to the Haplic Phaeozem. The WRC was determined using standard Richards chambers in drying process and expressed as the degree of saturation. Equivalent PSD was derived from the WRC. Resin impregnated sections from the layer of 0–8 cm showed that the Eutric Fluvisol, compared with the Haplic Phaeozem, had coarser pores and aggregates. The degree of saturation in beds of aggregates <0.25, 0.25–0.5 and 0.5–1 mm compared to beds of aggregates 1–3, 3–5 and 5–10 mm was greater at higher values of pressure head for both soils, and for undisturbed soil it was greater for the Haplic Phaeozem than for the Eutric Fluvisol at lower values of pressure head. The inverse relationship was true at higher values of pressure head. The derivative curves of PSD showed that the beds of aggregates and undisturbed soils exhibited multi-peak PSD. The pore radius peaks within the textural (primary) pore system were more defined in beds of aggregates <0.25 mm than in beds of coarser aggregates, whereas in the case of the structural and macropore peaks it was often the reverse. Greater magnitude and narrower shape of the peaks in the undisturbed Haplic Phaeozem compared to the Eutric Fluvisol indicated a more heterogeneous nature of the pore system in the former. The PSD data are discussed in relation to aggregate size distribution and stability of the soil aggregates. The results of this study can be helpful in predicting storage and transmission functions of surface aggregated soils.     

Tillage, crop residue and N fertilizer effects on crop yield, nutrient uptake, soil quality and nitrous oxide gas emissions in a second 4-yr rotation cycle

An 8-yr (1998–2005) field experiment was conducted on a Gray Luvisol (Boralf) soil near Star City, Saskatchewan, Canada, to determine the effects of tillage (no-tillage – NT and conventional tillage – CT), straw management (straw retained – R and straw not retained – NR) and N fertilizer (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha⁻¹, except no N to pea (Pisum sativum L.) phase of the rotation) on seed and straw yield, mass of N and C in crop, organic C and N, inorganic N and aggregation in soil, and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions for a second 4-yr rotation cycle (2002–2005). The plots were seeded to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in 2002, pea in 2003, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in 2004 and canola (Brassica napus L.) in 2005. Seed, straw and chaff yield, root mass, and mass of N and C in crop increased with increasing N rate for barley in 2002, wheat in 2004 and canola in 2005. No-till produced greater seed (by 51%), straw (23%) and chaff (13%) yield of barley than CT in 2002, but seed yield for wheat in 2004, and seed and straw yield for canola in 2005 were greater under CT than NT. Straw retention increased seed (by 62%), straw (by 43%) and chaff (by 12%) yield, and root mass (by 11%) compared to straw removal for barley in 2002, wheat in 2004, and seed and straw yield for pea in 2003. No-till resulted in greater mass of N in seed, and mass of C in seed, straw, chaff and root than CT for barley in 2002, but mass of N and C were greater under CT than NT for wheat in 2004 and for canola in 2005 in many cases. Straw retention had greater mass of N and C in seed, straw, chaff and root in most cases compared to straw removal for barley in 2002, pea in 2003 and wheat in 2004. Soil moisture content in spring was higher under NT than CT and with R than NR in the 0–15 cm depth, with the highest moisture content in the NT + R treatment in many cases. After eight crop seasons, tillage and straw management had no effect on total organic C (TOC) and N (TON) in the 0–15 cm soil, but light fraction organic C (LFOC) and N (LFON), respectively, were greater by 1.275 Mg C ha⁻¹ and 0.031 Mg N ha⁻¹ with R than NR, and also greater by 0.563 Mg C ha⁻¹ and 0.044 Mg N ha⁻¹ under NT than CT. There was no effect of tillage, straw and N fertilization on the NH₄-N in soil in most cases, but R treatment had higher NO₃-N concentration in the 0–15 cm soil than NR. The NO₃-N concentration in the 0–15, 15–30 and 30–60 cm soil layers increased (though small) with increasing N rate. The R treatment had 6.7% lower proportion of fine (<0.83 mm diameter) and 8.6% greater proportion of large (>38.0 mm) dry aggregates, and 4.5 mm larger mean weight diameter (MWD) compared to NR treatment. This suggests a lower potential for soil erosion when crop residues are retained. There was no beneficial effect of elimination of tillage on soil aggregation. The amount of N lost as N₂O was higher from N-fertilized (580 g N ha⁻¹) than from zero-N (155 g N ha⁻¹) plots, and also higher in CT (398 g N ha⁻¹) than NT (340 g N ha⁻¹) in some cases. In conclusion, retaining crop residues along with no-tillage improved some soil properties and may also be better for the environment and the sustainability of high crop production. Nitrogen fertilization improved crop production and some soil quality attributes, but also increased the potential for NO₃-N leaching and N₂O-N emissions, especially when applied in excess of crop requirements.     

基于Meta分析华北冬小麦高产高效协同提升灌溉方案

目前针对灌溉对冬小麦产量和水分利用效率影响研究大多基于单点实验，受气候、土壤等因素影响，研究结果可比性较差，且难于获得区域结论。本文通过检索搜集获得186篇大田实验文献，共1876对观测数据，采用Meta分析方法分析明确了灌溉对华北冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响，揭示了不同区域、降水年型、土壤质地和施氮量水平下灌溉对产量和水分利用效率的影响差异，明确了不同情景下华北冬小麦产量和水分利用效率协同提升的最佳灌溉量。研究结果表明，与生长季内不灌溉相比，灌溉使华北冬小麦总体增产32.0%～38.3%，水分利用效率降低27.3%～30.1%。冬小麦生长季降水量<150mm的西北区域灌溉增产幅度（39.6%～53.5%）高于降水量>150mm的东南区域（24.3%～27.1%），灌溉后水分利用效率降低幅度（32.4%～37.5%）高于东南区域（22.0%～24.3%）。冬小麦高产高效的生长季内最佳灌溉量西北区域为150～180mm，东南区域为120～150mm；干旱年、平水年和湿润年均为灌溉两次效果最佳，且最佳灌溉时期分别为拔节期和开花期、拔节期和抽穗期、拔节期和孕穗期，最佳总灌溉量均为120～150mm；壤土条件下灌溉对冬小麦增产效果最佳，黏土条件下水分利用效率降低幅度最小，沙土、壤土、黏壤土和黏土四种土壤质地下冬小麦最佳灌溉量分别为60～90mm、120～150mm、180～210mm和150～180mm；施氮量在120～240kg·hm⁻²时，灌水80～140mm增产节水效果最佳，其中灌水110～140mm条件下冬小麦产量更高，而灌水80～110mm冬小麦水分利用效率更高。综上所述，华北地区冬小麦在湿润年型下拔节和开花期灌溉，平水年型下拔节和孕穗期灌溉，干旱年型下拔节和抽穗期灌溉，总灌溉量为120～150mm，可实现高产节水，若该区域为壤土，同时施氮120～240kg·hm⁻²，冬小麦可实现产量和水分利用效率的协同提升。 关键词：华北冬小麦|产量|水分利用效率|协同提升|Meta分析方法     

Determining soil quality indicators by factor analysis

Soil quality indicators (SQIs) can be used to evaluate sustainability of land use and soil management practices in agroecosystems. The objective of this study was to identify appropriate SQI from factor analysis (FA) of five treatments: no-till corn (Zee mays) without manure (NT), no-till corn with manure (NTM), no-till corn–soybean (Glycine max) rotation (NTR), conventional tillage corn (CT), and meadow (M) in Coshocton, Ohio. Soil properties were grouped into five factors (eigenvalues > 1) for the 0–10 cm depth as: (Factor 1) water transmission, (Factor 2) soil aeration, (Factor 3) soil pore connection 1, (Factor 4) soil texture and (Factor 5) moisture status. Factor 2 was the most dominant, with soil organic carbon (SOC) the most dominant measured soil attribute contributing to this factor. For the 10–20 cm depth, factors identified were: (Factor 6) soil aggregation, (Factor 7) soil pore connection 2, (Factor 8) soil macropore, and (Factor 9) plant production. At 10–20 cm depth, Factor 6 was most dominant with SOC the most dominant measured soil attribute. Management × sample and slope position × sample interactions were significant among some factors for both depths. Overall, SOC was the most dominant measured soil attribute as a SQI for both depths. Other key soil attributes were field water capacity, air-filled porosity, pH and soil bulk density for the 0–10 cm depth, and total N and mean weight diameter of aggregates for the 10–20 depth. Therefore, SOC could play an important role for monitoring soil quality.     

The effect of seeding and tillage methods on productivity of rice–wheat cropping system

Many farmers in southeast Asia are growing rice on unpuddled soil. This practice does not permit breaking of the deadlock of increase in productivity in spite of using high yielding varieties and practising all known scientific technologies. Furthermore, farmers do dry seeding which leads to heavy infestation of weeds and reduces response to other inputs. Similarly, in rice–wheat belt due to short turn around time farmers resort to broadcast sowing of wheat after rice and no data on benefits or otherwise of tillage are available. A field study was therefore conducted for 3 years (1993–1994 to 1995–1996) at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the effect of tillage and seeding methods in rice–wheat cropping system. Treatments included four combinations of two puddling treatments (puddling and no puddling) and two methods of rice seeding (direct seeding and transplanting) in rice and two tillage treatments (zero and conventional tillage) in wheat. Results indicated that puddling increased grain yield of rice by 0.7–1 t ha⁻¹ and of succeeding wheat by 0.2–0.4 t ha⁻¹, straw yield of rice by 0.8–1.7 t ha⁻¹ and of succeeding wheat by 0.1–1.0 t ha⁻¹.

Puddling reduced water requirement of rice by 75 mm ha and increased net return of rice–wheat system by US $175 ha⁻¹. Transplanted rice gave significantly higher grain and straw yields and net returns than direct seeded rice both on puddled and unpuddled seedbed. Conventional tillage in wheat also increased productivity of rice–wheat cropping system significantly over zero tillage after both puddled and non-puddled rice. Our results thus show that rice should be grown on puddled soil and wheat after rice should be sown after conventional tillage.     

Land configuration and soil nutrient management options for sustainable crop production on Alfisols and Vertisols of southern peninsular India

Land configuration in combination with nutrient management has the potential to improve the productivity of Alfisols and Vertisols in the semi-arid tropics. A four year (1989–1990 and 1992–1993) field experiment was conducted at Coimbatore, India on Alfisols (Chromic Cambisol) to compare the effect of land configuration and nutrient management practices on yield of rainfed sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). The land configuration treatments were flat bed (FB, the traditional practice), open ridging (OR, ridges, 45 cm apart and 30 cm high) and tied ridging (TR, same as OR plus ridges were tied randomly). The manure and fertilisers were farm yard manure (FYM, livestock excreta plus litter at 5 Mg ha⁻¹) and coir dust (CD, by-product after the extraction of coir from the coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) husk at 12.5 Mg ha⁻¹) in combination with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertiliser levels. Tied ridges stored 14% more soil water and produced 14% and 11% more grain and straw yields of sorghum, respectively, than did flat bed. However, crop yield in TR was comparable with OR. Application of CD at 12.5 Mg ha⁻¹ combined with 40 kg N ha⁻¹ and 9 kg P ha⁻¹ was beneficial for more soil water storage and increased yield of sorghum by 7% over FYM at 5 Mg ha⁻¹ + 40 kg N ha⁻¹ and 9 kg P ha⁻¹. In Vertisols (Vertic Cambisols), experiments were conducted for two years (1991–1992 and 1992–1993) to evaluate land configuration practices. The treatments were broad bed furrow (BBF, 120 cm wide bed with 30 cm wide and 15 cm deep furrows on both sides), compartmental bunding (CB, bunds of 15 cm height formed in all the four sides to form a check basin of 6 m × 5 m size), ridging (RD, ridges were formed for each and every row of the crop manually at four weeks after sowing) and FB under sorghum + pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glacum (L.) Stuntz) + cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) intercropping separately. Compartmental bunding stored 22% more soil moisture and increased the yield of sorghum + pigeonpea intercropping than did FB in a low rainfall year. In a high rainfall year, BBF produced 34% and 33% more grain yield of sorghum and pearl millet base crops, respectively, over FB. However, BBF and CB were comparable. Pigeonpea intercrop under sorghum followed the same trend as its base crop, whereas, yield of cowpea differed compared to the pearl millet base crop. Tied ridging and application of manures (CD or FYM) in combination with inorganic N and P fertiliser can increase the soil water storage and yield of crops compared to traditional flat bed cultivation in rainfed Alfisol and related soils of semi-arid tropics. Similarly BBF and CB land configuration practices could be adopted on Vertisols for better water conservation to increase the soil fertility and productivity of intercropping systems.     

覆土浅埋滴灌对春小麦耗水特性及水分利用效率的影响

  目的  探索新疆伊犁河南岸灌区覆土浅埋滴灌条件下春小麦耗水规律和水分利用效率。  方法  通过对覆土（覆土深度5 cm）浅埋滴灌（4个灌溉定额水分处理:W1 = 450 mm、W2 = 360 mm、W3 = 315 mm和W4 = 270 mm）和地表滴灌（灌溉定额CK = 450 mm）的春小麦各生育期耗水量分析,研究覆土浅埋滴灌对春小麦生长阶段各土层水分动态变化、耗水特性、作物系数及水分利用效率的影响。  结果  覆土浅埋（5 cm）滴灌可以显著性提高20 ~ 40 cm土层水分含量,滴灌小麦全生长阶段0 ~ 40 cm土层水分变化率大,该土层是小麦根系吸水主要利用层,40 ~ 60 cm土层为小麦根系稳定吸水层,该土层水分波动不明显。灌水量为360 mm处理下,全生育期内覆土浅埋滴灌小麦耗水量为482.78 mm,日均耗水量为4.88 mm d?1,耗水量呈抛物线变化趋势,在拔节 ~ 抽穗阶段达到抛物线最高点;小麦全生育期各滴灌量处理耗水量存在显著差异。在滴灌小麦整个生长周期内作物系数呈初期小、中期大、后期小的变化规律,在春小麦需水关键期拔节 ~ 抽穗期作物系数达到最大值为1.5。覆土浅埋滴灌小麦W1、W2、W3和W4处理的水分利用效率分别比地表滴灌CK提高了16.47%、38.73%、36.37%和13.20%,且覆土浅埋滴灌处理显著性高于地表滴灌处理。滴灌量为360 mm的W2处理产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率均达到最优;CK处理最低,但产量除外。  结论  在本试验条件下覆土浅埋滴灌灌溉定额为360 mm为理想的高产节水滴灌处理。     

Long-term effects of tillage systems and rotations on soil structural stability and organic carbon stratification in semiarid central Spain

Under semiarid Mediterranean climatic conditions, soils typically have low organic matter content and weak structure resulting in low infiltration rates. Aggregate stability is a quality indicator directly related to soil organic matter, which can be redistributed within soil by tillage. Long-term effects (1983–1996) of tillage systems on water stability of pre-wetted and air dried aggregates, soil organic carbon (SOC) stratification and crop production were studied in a Vertic Luvisol with a loam texture. Tillage treatments included conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and zero tillage (ZT) under winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and vetch (Vicia sativa L.) rotation (W–V), and under continuous monoculture of winter wheat or winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (CM). Aggregate stability of soil at a depth of 0–5 cm was much greater when 1–2 mm aggregates were vacuum wetted prior to sieving (83%) than when slaked (6%). However, slaking resulted in tillage effects that were consistent with changes in SOC. Aggregate stability of slaked aggregates was greater under ZT than under CT or MT in both crop rotations (i.e., 11% vs. 3%, respectively).

SOC under ZT tended to accumulate in the surface soil layer (0–5 and 5–10 cm) at the expense of deeper ones. At depths of 10–20 and 20–30 cm no differences in SOC were encountered among tillage systems, but CT exhibited the highest concentration at 30–40 cm depth. Nevertheless, when comparisons were made on mass basis (Mg ha⁻¹), significant differences in stocked SOC were observed at depths of 0–10 and 0–20 cm, where ZT had the highest SOC content in both rotations. The stock of SOC to a depth of 40 cm, averaged across crop rotations, was greater under ZT (43 Mg ha⁻¹) than under CT (41 Mg ha⁻¹) and MT (40 Mg ha⁻¹) although these figures were not significantly different. Likewise, no significant differences were encountered in the stock of SOC to a depth of 40 cm among crop rotations (i.e., 42 Mg ha⁻¹ for W–V vs. 40 Mg ha⁻¹ for CM).

Crop production with wheat–vetch and continuous cereal showed no differences among tillage systems. Yields were strongly limited by the environmental conditions, particularly the amount of rainfall received in the crop growth season and its distribution. Similar yield and improved soil properties under ZT suggests that it is a more sustainable system for the semiarid Mediterranean region of Spain.     

不同秸秆还田处理对旱地冬小麦土壤水分的影响

为了更全面地了解秸秆还田对土壤水分的影响,通过田间试验,分时期分土层研究了小麦和玉米两种秸秆在不同处理下还田对西北雨养农区冬小麦土壤水分的影响。结果表明:秸秆还田各处理土壤含水量的差异在时期上表现为前期大于后期,以越冬期的土壤墒情差异最大;在土层上表现为下层大于下层,以120—150 cm土层处理间差异最大。总体表现为:土壤含水量的差异随着生育时期的推进和土层加深而减小。同时,除小麦秸秆还田后不覆膜不镇压（T6）外其余秸秆还田处理的小麦产量和土壤水分利用效率均高于CK。其中,玉米秸秆还田后小麦产量和土壤水分利用效率均高于小麦秸秆还田;秸秆还田不覆膜,镇压（T2,T5）高于不镇压（T3,T6）。全生育期200 cm土体墒情秸秆还田好于露地（CK）,秸秆还田覆膜（T1,T4）好于不覆膜（T2,T3,T5,T6）。无论是增产还是保墒,秸秆还田和地膜覆盖组合模式是最好的。