渔业污染事故中关于索赔等相关问题的法律依据

我国先后制定了《环境保护法》《海洋环境保护法》《水污染防治法》等一系列法律,为保护环境提供了法律依据。我国政府十分重视海洋环境保护,先后加人了国际油污损害民事责任公约、国际防止船舶造成污染公约、国际防止倾倒废弃物及其他污染物污染海洋公约和联合国海洋法公约,并进一步积极完善国内有关法律使得海洋污染事故能够及时、合法、有效地得到解决。     

Indicators to support an ecosystem approach to fisheries

Indicators are needed to support the implementation of an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF), by providing information on the state of the ecosystem, the extent and intensity of effort or mortality and the progress of management in relation to objectives. Here, I review recent work on the development, selection and application of indicators and consider how indicators might support an EAF. Indicators should guide the management of fishing activities that have led to, or are most likely to lead to, unsustainable impacts on ecosystem components or attributes. The numbers and types of indicators used to support an EAF will vary among management regions, depending on resources available for monitoring and enforcement, and actual and potential fishing impacts. State indicators provide feedback on the state of ecosystem components or attributes and the extent to which management objectives, which usually relate to state, are met. State can only be managed if the relationships with fishing (pressure) and management (response) are known. Predicting such relationships is fundamental to developing a management system that supports the achievement of objectives. In a management framework supported by pressure, state and response indicators, the relationship between the value of an indicator and a target or limit reference point, reference trajectory or direction provides guidance on the management action to take. Values of pressure, state and response indicators may be affected by measurement, process, model and estimation error and thus different indicators, and the same indicators measured at different scales and in different ways, will detect true trends on different timescales. Managers can use several methods to estimate the effects of error on the probability of detecting true trends and/or to account for error when setting reference points, trajectories and directions. Given the high noise to signal ratio in many state indicators, pressure and response indicators would often guide short‐term management decision making more effectively, with state indicators providing longer‐term policy‐focused feedback on the effects of management action.     

Using ecological indicators in the context of an ecosystem approach to fisheries for data-limited fisheries

The tenets of ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) now occupy centre stage in our efforts to maintain the sustainability of fisheries and rebuild marine ecosystems. The paper discusses how an EAF can be adopted for data limited fisheries and uses the northern South China Sea fishery as an example to demonstrate the selection and use of indicators for determining the states of the fishery and its relevant ecosystem to provide advice on management. Implementing EAF management requires indicators and models that address the impact of fishing across entire ecological communities and determine management actions to be taken to achieve the preset objectives according to decision rules. Data limited fisheries necessarily have limited resources for data collection and scientific studies and therefore could not support complex models. To overcome the data limitation and absence of modelling support, simple indicators have to be used to assess the current state and monitor changes of the fishery and its ecosystem. Such indicators should: (1) be observable and understandable by all stakeholders, (2) be based on easily obtainable and reliable data, (3) adequately reflect the condition of the resource, and (4) have associated reference values and responsive management measures. The paper also reviews the recent development and use of indicators and harvest strategies in both conventional and EAF management to better understand the differences and to shed light on the challenges of EAF, in particular for data limited fisheries.     

Current approaches to the enhancement of fisheries

With increasing pressure on the world's inland and coastal marine fisheries, increases in production and quality of yield are being sought through the application of a range of enhancement techniques. Which of these is applied depends on the attitude to the natural resource by societies at different levels of economic development. The range of enhancement techniques involves increasing levels of human input and control which raise productivity significantly, but which also raise costs. Introductions have raised production in many areas of the world at the price of the risk of environmental disruption. Stocking is extremely widespread but has generally been applied uncritically. A variety of models are proposed to serve as a basis for more rigorous evaluation of biological and economic effectiveness of this practice. Fertilization of water bodies is used to raise levels of production further. Elimination of unwanted species then becomes necessary to maximize benefits from the target species. Adjustments to the habitats within the water body assist in raising general levels of productivity which culminate in the conversion of areas of the water into fish ponds or for cage culture. This process has important implications for the social, economic and policy context which necessitates shifts in ownership, finance and education among populations where these types of development occur.     

无公害渔业

我国是一个渔业大国 ,目前 ,我国水产品的总产量已达 4 12 2万吨 ,占世界渔业总产量的三分之一 ,全国人均水产品占有量达 32 7ｋｇ ,超过世界人均占有水平。我国又是一个水产养殖大国 ,从范蠡的《养鱼经》开始 ,我国的水产养殖已有 2 0 0 0余年的历史。我国水产养殖的产量居世界首位 ,占全世界养殖总产量的三分之二。然而当人类跨进新千年的时候 ,这些都不是我们引以为傲的资本 ,因为渔业经济发展的水平不能再以产量的高低为衡量尺度 ,更不能以牺牲环境、消耗资源、危害人类自身健康为代价 ,渔业经济的发展已进入一个以质量效益为方向的新…     

Contribution of marine fisheries to worldwide employment

Marine fisheries contribute to the global economy, from the catching of fish through to the provision of support services for the fishing industry. General lack of data and uncertainty about the level of employment in marine fisheries can lead to underestimation of fishing effort and hence over‐exploited fisheries, or result in inaccurate projections of economic and societal costs and benefits. To address this gap, a database of marine fisheries employment for 144 coastal nations was compiled. Gaps in employment data that emerged were filled using a Monte Carlo approach to estimate the number of direct and indirect fisheries jobs. We focused on estimating jobs in the small‐scale fishing sector. We characterized small‐scale fishing as (i) primarily geared towards household consumption or sale at the local level; (ii) conducted at a low level of economic activity; (iii) minimally mechanized; (iv) conducted within inshore areas; (v) minimally managed; and/or (vi) undertaken for cultural or ceremonial purposes. In total, we estimated that 260 ± 6 million people are involved in global marine fisheries, encompassing full‐time and part‐time jobs in the direct and indirect sectors, with 22 ± 0.45 million of those being small‐scale fishers. This is equivalent to 203 ± 34 million full‐time equivalent jobs. Study results can be used to improve management decision making and highlight the need to improve monitoring and reporting of the number of people employed in marine fisheries globally.     

渔业生态系统方法简述

考虑到生态系统状态对渔业的重要影响,渔业生态系统方法(Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries,EAF)把对生态的关注加入渔业管理框架中,并以生态系统管理和渔业管理2个理论为基础,扩展了传统渔业管理的框架:以生态系统健康与人类福利的依存关系为基础,关注多物种管理,均衡生态、人文和制度3个维度的目标,实现渔业的可持续发展。本研究介绍了EAF的由来、定义、基本原则以及功能要素,概述了EAF的实践基础和模型构建的技术路径,对比了EAF与EBFM的异同。虽然EAF的理论和实践仍处于完善和发展阶段,但确为渔业管理的发展方向,介绍EAF对促进我国渔业可持续发展具有重要意义。     

泸沽湖特有水生生物的保护初探

2018年8月15—19日,利用Lowrance elite-7 Ti回声探测仪首次对云南省泸沽湖展开鱼类空间分布及资源量评估。调查采用“之”字形航线对泸沽湖全湖进行水声学探测,累计航程42.71 km,基于深度变化值将探测水体分为若干探测单元进行鱼类资源评估,并运用反距离插值法 (IDW) 基于各单元密度绘制进行空间分布图。水声学探测结果表明,泸沽湖鱼类空间分布不均匀,水平方向上,鱼类主要集群分布于近岸环形水域,其中小渔坝附近水域鱼类密度最高,湖心区域鱼类密度最低;垂直方向上,鱼类在表层水域分布较为集中;2018年8月泸沽湖鱼类密度为0.153尾·(1 000 m³)⁻¹,数量24.39万尾,总资源量50.55 t;其中,鲫 (Carassius auratus) 21.17万尾、17.36 t,鲤 (Cyprinus carpio) 1.74万尾、23.01 t,草鱼 (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) 8.63万尾、8.63 t,大鳞副泥鳅 (Paramisgurnus dabryanus) 0.68万尾、1.33 t,小口裂腹鱼 (Schizothorax microstomus) 0.07万尾、0.22 t。此次调查未发现曾出现记录的宁蒗裂腹鱼 (S. ninglangensis) 和厚唇裂腹鱼 (S. labrosus)。     

论淡水渔文化的开发及对产业的促进作用

渔文化的是中国民族文化中极其重要的一支,她和产业的发展密切相关．开发渔文化对保护传统文化、促进产业发展具有积极作用。     

Model uncertainty in the ecosystem approach to fisheries

Fisheries scientists habitually consider uncertainty in parameter values, but often neglect uncertainty about model structure, an issue of increasing importance as ecosystem models are devised to support the move to an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). This paper sets out pragmatic approaches with which to account for uncertainties in model structure and we review current ways of dealing with this issue in fisheries and other disciplines. All involve considering a set of alternative models representing different structural assumptions, but differ in how those models are used. The models can be asked to identify bounds on possible outcomes, find management actions that will perform adequately irrespective of the true model, find management actions that best achieve one or more objectives given weights assigned to each model, or formalize hypotheses for evaluation through experimentation. Data availability is likely to limit the use of approaches that involve weighting alternative models in an ecosystem setting, and the cost of experimentation is likely to limit its use. Practical implementation of an EAF should therefore be based on management approaches that acknowledge the uncertainty inherent in model predictions and are robust to it. Model results must be presented in ways that represent the risks and trade‐offs associated with alternative actions and the degree of uncertainty in predictions. This presentation should not disguise the fact that, in many cases, estimates of model uncertainty may be based on subjective criteria. The problem of model uncertainty is far from unique to fisheries, and a dialogue among fisheries modellers and modellers from other scientific communities will therefore be helpful.     

全力做好水产技术推广工作为我省渔业实现跨越式发展做出贡献

如何加强水产技术推广工作,强化社会公益职能,使"科技兴渔"落到实处,为我省渔业实现跨越式发展提供技术支撑,是今后水产技术推广工作的重要任务和奋斗目标.     

水产品养殖中如何做好渔政执法工作

河北省委省政府、省农业厅高度重视农产品质量安全问题,多次部署开展我省农业、畜牧业,水产业产品的质量安全整治行动。各地方政府、各有关部门做了大量工作,取得了可喜成绩。我省在农业部抽查的水产品中,合格率接近100％,取得认证的养殖基地、良种场都能够按要求操作,建立了生产用药和饲料记录、销售记录、生产规程等,并对产品定期检测。     

The unfulfilled potential of fisheries selectivity to promote sustainability

The recent reform of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) in Europe highlights the need for improvements in both species and size selectivity. Regarding size selectivity, shifting selectivity towards older/larger fish avoids both growth and recruitment overfishing and reduces unwanted catches. However, the benefits to fish stocks and fishery yields from increasing age/size‐at‐selection are still being challenged and the relative importance of selectivity compared to that of exploitation rate remains unclear. Consequently, exploitation rate regulations continue to dominate management. Here, an age‐structured population model parameterized for a wide range of stocks is used to investigate the effects of selectivity on spawning stock biomass (SSB) and yield. The generic effect of selectivity on SSB and yield over a wide range of stocks is compared to the respective relative effects of exploitation rate and several biological parameters. We show that yield is mainly driven by biological parameters, while SSB is mostly affected by the exploitation regime (i.e. exploitation rate and selectivity). Our analysis highlights the importance of selectivity for fisheries sustainability. Catching fish a year or more after they mature combined with an intermediate exploitation rate (F ≈ 0.3) promotes high sustainable yields at low levels of stock depletion. Examination of the empirical exploitation regimes of 31 NE Atlantic stocks illustrates the unfulfilled potential of most stocks for higher sustainable yields due to high juvenile selection, thus underscoring the importance of protecting juveniles. Explicitly incorporating selectivity scenarios in fisheries advice would allow the identification of optimal exploitation regimes and benefit results‐based management.     

国际渔业动态

SFP公布全球水产品可持续性数据工具 可持续渔业伙伴组织(Sustainable Fisheries Partnership,SFP)与其他4个非政府组织公布了在全球范围内可以衡量水产品可持续性数据的工具供公众使用。这款“水产品可持续性数据工具”是为了给用户提供关于“全球水产品环境的可持续性和社会责任性”的图片或数据,其中也同时包含了8个重点水产部门的详细情况。     

国际渔业动态

2020年全球水产品贸易前景比2019年更具不确定性预计2020年全球水产品产量与2019年持平,总量约1.778×108 t。快速发展的水产养殖业继续稳步发展,2019年养殖产量估计增长了3.9%。2019年,尽管由于亚洲经济增长缓慢,人工养殖虾类的前景不太明朗,但三文鱼类、罗非鱼类和巴沙鱼类等大多数具有重要商业价值的人工养殖鱼种产量稳定增长。据估计,2019年野生渔获量下降了3.4%,这主要是由于秘鲁凤尾鱼类渔获量的急剧下降。在其他地方,头足类的供应一直很紧张,鳕鱼类的捕获量也很有限。然而,金枪鱼类的产量一直在增加,供应压力使金枪鱼的价格持续降低。野生鱼类现在占我们所食用鱼类的45%,且这一比例还在继续下降。     

入世对威海渔业发展的影响及对策

一、威海渔业产业的基本状况 威海是渔业大市，水产品产量、产值和水产业总产值等已连续多年位居全国地级市前茅，雄厚的产业基础、得天独厚的地理位置以及丰富的空间资源和自然资源，为渔业外经贸事业的发展提供了十分广阔的领域和非常优越的条件。截至１９９９年底，全市已发展水产“三资”企业１６０多家，合同利用外资额接近６亿美元。水产品出口现已形成加工产品代理出口、“三资”企业直接出口和海上鲜销直运等多层次、多渠道出口创汇的格局，近几年直接出口水产品数量和创汇一直在６万吨和１．８亿美元以上。日本、韩国和中国香港、…     

适用于数据缺乏渔业的资源评估方法研究进展

开展渔业资源评估研究是制定渔业可持续发展策略的重要前提,而数据有限是全球渔业资源评估面临的普遍挑战.传统资源评估方法具有数据需求量大、要求高等特点,无法应用于数据缺乏渔业的资源评估中.数据缺乏方法(data-limited method)可结合少量易获得数据和相关历史生物学信息对渔业资源状况、生物学参考点以及资源量等进...     

Changing how we approach fisheries: A first attempt at an operational framework for ecosystem approaches to fisheries management

The increasing need to account for the many factors that influence fish population dynamics, particularly those external to the population, has led to repeated calls for an ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM). Yet systematically and clearly addressing these factors, and hence implementing EAFM, has suffered from a lack of clear operational guidance. Here, we propose 13 main factors (shift in location, migration route or timing, overfishing (three types), decrease in physiology, increase in predation, increase in competition, decrease in prey availability, increase in disease or parasites and a decline in habitat quality or habitat quantity) that can negatively influence fish populations via mechanisms readily observable in ~20 population features. Using these features as part of a diagnostic framework, we develop flow charts that link probable mechanism(s) underlying population change to the most judicious management actions. We then apply the framework for example case studies that have well‐known and documented population dynamics. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to provide a clearly defined matrix of all the probable responses to the most common factors influencing fish populations, and to examine possible diagnostics simultaneously, comparatively and relatively in an attempt to elucidate the most probable mechanisms responsible. The framework we propose aims to operationalize EAFM, thereby not only better diagnosing factors influencing fish populations, but also suggesting the most appropriate management interventions, and ultimately leading to improved fisheries. We assert the framework proposed should result in both better use of limited analytical and observational resources and more tailored and effective management actions.     

Narrow lenses for capturing the complexity of fisheries: A topic analysis of fisheries science from 1990 to 2016

Despite increased fisheries science output and publication outlets, the global crisis in fisheries management is as present as ever. Since a narrow research focus may be a contributing factor to this failure, this study uncovers topics in fisheries research and their trends over time. This interdisciplinary research evaluates whether science is diversifying fisheries research topics in an attempt to capture the complexity of the fisheries system, or whether it is multiplying research on similar topics, attempting to achieve an in‐depth, but possibly marginal, understanding of a few selected components of this system. By utilizing latent Dirichlet allocation as a generative probabilistic topic model, we analyse a unique dataset consisting of 46,582 full‐text articles published in the last 26 years in 21 specialized scientific fisheries journals. Among the 25 topics uncovered by the model, only one (Fisheries management) refers to the human dimension of fisheries understood as socio‐ecological complex adaptive systems. The most prevalent topics in our dataset directly relating to fisheries refer to Fisheries management, Stock assessment, and Fishing gear, with Fisheries management attracting the most interest. We propose directions for future research focus that most likely could contribute to providing useful advice for successful management of fisheries.