蜡质芽孢杆菌R_2防治水稻纹枯病研究

选用我们从稻株上分离筛选的能促进水稻生长发育的蜡质芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)R_2号菌株,分别在室内和田间测定其对稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani AG—1)的拮抗性和防病效果。在PDBA平板上,R_2对病菌菌丝生长的抑菌带可达10.9mm宽。在WA平板上可抑制病菌菌核萌发,R_2菌量为4×10~6、2×10~7、2×10~9cfu/ml时,病菌菌核萌发菌丝指数分别较对照降低28.2%、39.7%、56.4%。用菌量为2×10~9cfu/ml的R_2菌液处理人工接种病菌的离体稻叶,对纹枯病病斑扩展的控制效果为55.5%,随R_2菌量降低,其控制效果相应递减。用菌量为4×10~7cfu/ml的R_2菌液喷施田间人工接种病菌的稻株,对纹枯病的防效可达43.8%。     

蔬菜根结线虫的防治技术

蔬菜根结线虫病，是由根结线虫引起的病害。各地普遍发生，蔬菜被害后，不仅直接影响生长发育，降低品质，且可通过根结线虫为害，加剧镰刀菌枯萎病等病发生。寄主范围较广，可发生于黄瓜、冬瓜、番茄、茄子、莴苣、胡萝卜、白菜以及豆科蔬菜等多种蔬菜。它主要为害植株根部，根部受害后，植株发育不良，侧根增多，并在根部形成球形或圆锥形大小不等的瘤状物，有时串生。瘤状物初为白色，质地柔软，后变为褐色至暗褐色，表面有时龟裂。     

蜡质芽孢杆菌AR156防治水稻纹枯病机理初探

蜡质芽孢杆菌AR156是一种防治多种土传病害的生物制剂,对水稻纹枯病具有较好的防治效果。本研究通过温室试验方面验证菌株 AR156的防病效果和促生作用,从细胞水平和基因水平初步揭示了菌株AR156防治水稻纹枯病的机理。结果表明,菌株AR156对水稻纹枯病的温室防效达73.06%,同时促进水稻生物量增加14.45%。菌株AR156处理提高了水稻植株SOD、PAL、POD和CAT等防御酶活性,增强了OsPR1b、OsPR10、OsNPR1和ZB8等防卫相关基因的表达。接种立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani HNW-21之前用菌株AR156预处理的水稻植株,SOD和PAL分别提前4、2 d出现活性峰;防卫相关基因均提前表达,且表达时间延长,从而提高水稻对纹枯病的抗性。     

蜡质芽孢杆菌R2防治水稻纹枯病研究

 选用我们从稻株上分离筛选的能促进水稻生长发育的蜡质芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)R₂号菌株,分别在室内和田间测定其对稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani AG-1)的拮抗性和防病效果。在PDBA平板上,R₂对病菌菌丝生长的抑菌带可达10.9mm宽。在WA平板上可抑制病菌菌核萌发,R₂菌量为4×10⁶、2×10⁷、2×10⁹cfu/ml时,病菌菌核萌发菌丝指数分别较对照降低28.2%、39.7%、56.4%。用菌量为2×10⁹cfu/ml的R₂菌液处理人工接种病菌的离体稻叶,对纹枯病病斑扩展的控制效果为55.5%,随R₂菌量降低,其控制效果相应递减。用菌量为4×10⁷cfu/ml的R₂菌液喷施田间人工接种病菌的稻株,对纹枯病的防效可达43.8%。     

12.5%井冈霉素·蜡质芽孢杆菌防治水稻纹枯病的试验

水稻纹枯病是水稻的主要病害之一,我县每年都有较大面积的发生,局部地方发生较为严重,极大地制约了水稻产量的提高,对粮食生产安全也构成了一定威胁.因此,搞好水稻纹枯病防治,意义十分重大.为了筛选出防效好、增产作用明显、经济安全的防治水稻纹枯病的农药品种,为大面积推广应用提供科学依据,特进行了本试验.     

10%井冈霉素·蜡质芽孢杆菌防治稻曲病试验

应用10%井冈霉素·蜡质芽孢杆菌防治水稻稻曲病、纹枯病试验,结果表明,10%井冈霉素·蜡质芽孢杆菌667m2 150 mL分别于破口前7d和破口期施2次药防治稻曲病、纹枯病效果最好,与对照区比较差异显著;与对照药剂30%苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑667m2 15 mL比较,稻曲病差异显著.     

甲基异柳磷防治根结线虫

继1985年使用甲基异柳磷防治大豆孢囊线虫病取得成效之后,1986年又进行温室盆栽田间多点药效试验和花生1万亩,大豆数万亩、大面积示范,肯定了此药对花生和黄瓜根结线虫病的防病增产效果。     

蔬菜根结线虫的发生与防治

近年来,随着我省农业种植结构调整,蔬菜栽培面积迅速发展,这同时也为根结线虫的发生、发展提供了适宜的环境,使得土壤中的根结线虫得以积聚增殖。下面介绍一下蔬菜根结线虫发生情况与防治措施。     

土壤化学熏蒸剂在根结线虫防治中的应用

概述了化学熏蒸剂在根结线虫防治中的应用。介绍了溴甲烷、碘甲烷、硫酰氟、棉隆、威百亩、1,3-二氯丙烯、氯化苦、氰氨化钙、异硫氰酸甲酯、二甲基二硫等主要土壤化学熏蒸剂的研究、开发和应用概况。提出应增强新型熏蒸剂的筛选和产品商业化开发,深化作用机制和田间应用技术研究。     

Evaluation of Natural Chemical Compounds Against Root-lesion and Root-knot Nematodes and Side-effects on the Infectivity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

The survival of two species of plant parasitic nematodes: the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus brachyurus, and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica, was evaluated in saturated atmospheres of 12 natural chemical compounds. The infectivity of two isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices, under identical experimental conditions, was also determined. All the compounds tested exerted a highly significant control against M. javanica and among them, benzaldehyde, salicilaldehyde, borneol, p-anisaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde caused a mortality rate above 50% over P. brachyurus. The infectivity of G. intraradices was inhibited by cinnamaldehyde, salicilaldehyde, thymol, carvacrol, p-anisaldehyde, and benzaldehyde, while only cinnamaldehyde and thymol significantly inhibited mycorrhizal colonization by G. mosseae.     

Occurrence of Resistance-breaking Populations of Root-knot Nematodes on Tomato in Greece

Nine populations of Meloidogyne spp. from Greece have been identified as M. javanica or M. incognita using either isozyme phenotypes or the sequence characterized amplified region-polymerase chain reaction (SCAR-PCR) technique. Virulence against the Mi resistance gene was assayed by pot experiments in controlled conditions and revealed the ability of five populations of M. javanica and one population of M. incognita to reproduce on tomato cultivars containing that gene. A resistance-breaking population of M. incognita is reported for the first time in the country; the M. javanica populations constitute new records for the Greek mainland.     

植物源提取物防治根结线虫的分子研究

针对内生真菌的生物防治,重点阐述了中草药提取物的杀虫活性、植物抗线虫基因的发现以及植物防御系统激发的最新研究.植物源提取物作为潜在的线虫杀虫剂,为生物源农药开发和利用提供新的思路.同时,对于今后线虫杀虫剂开发中存在的问题及解决方案进行了探讨,就其发展方向提出了建议.     

对植物寄生线虫具有活性的苏云金芽胞杆菌研究进展

植物寄生线虫是重要的植物病原物之一,给农业生产带来了巨大的经济损失。长期以来,一直缺乏有效防治植物寄生线虫的手段。苏云金芽胞杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt）是重要的昆虫病原细菌,广泛应用于鳞翅目、双翅目、鞘翅目害虫等农林及卫生害虫的防治;部分Bt菌株对植物寄生线虫具有很高的活性。本文总结了杀植物寄生线虫Bt菌株筛选的模型与方法的建立、Bt菌株杀植物寄生线虫的作用机理及其相关应用、以及杀植物寄生线虫的伴胞晶体蛋白与相关基因等,可望为杀植物寄生线虫Bt制剂的研究与开发提供借鉴。     

RAPD Characterization of Single Females of the Root-knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne Spp.

Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting was performed on single females of root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., using a new procedure for DNA isolation. One-fourth of the total DNA amount isolated from a single female proved to be sufficient as a template in a polymerase chain reaction. Electrophoretic patterns of the amplified fragments were reproducible between replicates from a single female or sister females from the same progeny, and identical to those obtained with genomic DNA purified from a large number of nematodes. Moreover, a comparative analysis over three successive generations showed stability of the amplification patterns, thus demonstrating the utility of this procedure for epidemiological and ecological studies on root-knot nematodes.     

Yield Responses in Relation to the Chemical Control of Root-knot Nematodes in Southern Italy

Nematicide trials have been conducted in Southern Italy to determine the yield response of tobacco, tomato and egg-plant. The nematode species involved were mainly Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood and M. arenaria (Neal) Chitwood. Many nematicides have an impact also on other soil pathogens or even on insects, so that the yied increase observed in the field has to be considered as a combined effect. On tobacco, most of the nematicides gave positive results, but it appeared that there might be important differences according to the variety considered. In certain tomato fields, which had not been specially attacked by Meloidogyne, the positive effects seemed to be also due to the insecticidal or fungicidal effect of the chemicals. No statistically significant yield increases were, however, obtained on treated egg-plant fields.     

Interaction of Root-knot Nematodes (RKN) and the Bacterium Agrobacterium Tumefaciens in Roots of Prunus Cerasifera: Evidence of the Protective Effect of the Ma RKN Resistance Genes Against Expression of Crown Gall Symptoms

Agrobacterium tumefaciens (AT) is the causal agent of crown gall, a major problem in the family Rosaceae and particularly for Prunus spp. Crown gall symptoms result from the bacterial infection of the cells damaged mechanically at the collar or by root parasitic nematodes. Myrobalan plum (P. cerasifera) is susceptible to AT and is not a host for the root-knot nematode (RKN), M. hapla. Some clones of this plum carry single Ma resistance genes that control M. arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica. The four above mentioned RKN and Myrobalan progenies segregating for Ma were used in experiments aimed at obtaining a better knowledge of the interaction between AT and RKN in relation to the RKN resistance genes. Prunus rooted cuttings, naturally infected with the bacterium were repotted, grown and inoculated individually with RKN. In a first experiment, Prunus plants were (i) either inoculated with 10,000 juveniles (J2s) of M. arenaria to provide a short inoculum pressure (SIP) or (ii) inoculated by association with one M. arenaria-galled tomato root system that produced a high and durable inoculum pressure of the same nematode species. Four months after RKN inoculation, plants were rated for nematode and bacterial root galling symptoms. RKN and AT galls were more numerous and more homogenous under DIP than under SIP. Nevertheless, for both inoculum regimes, AT galls were present in the RKN-susceptible clones (= carrying none of the Ma genes) and absent in the RKN-resistant clones. Subsequent experiments, conducted under DIP with M. arenaria, M. incognita, M. javanica and M. hapla, also showed, for the three first species, the presence of AT galls only in RKN-susceptible clones whereas Prunus plants inoculated with M. hapla and nematode-free controls were free of AT galls. Consequently RKN act as a wound agent in the AT infection process of Myrobalan plum only when the plant develops a compatible reaction (i.e. when it lacks the Ma resistance genes). Considering that J2s do penetrate the roots of resistant plants, the absence of crown gall symptoms on this material even under durable inoculum pressure strengthens the hypothesis that this nematode stage has a very weak effect on plant cells during the infection process. This is the first evidence of the protective effect of a RKN resistance gene against the expression of root crown gall consecutive to RKN infection. The protective effect of Ma and presumably of other RKN resistance genes against AT is a strong argument for their introgression into Prunus and other Rosaceae or bacterium-susceptible crops.     

食线虫微生物防控病原线虫的研究

植物寄生线虫是世界范围内普遍发生的植物病害,其中尤以根结线虫、胞囊线虫最为严重。利用食线虫微生物资源开发生物杀线虫剂来防治植物病原线虫日益受到各国科研人员的重视。本文对近年来国内外食线虫微生物资源挖掘、食线虫微生物侵染线虫的机制和具杀线虫活性的次生代谢产物分离、纯化等的研究结果进行了综述,并总结分析了食线虫微生物防控植物病原线虫的成功实例。期盼为研发高效环保的植物线虫生防菌剂提供文献参考。     

Efficacy of Different Control Methods Applied Separately and in Combination in Managing Root-knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Common Beans

Investigations on the efficacy of various methods of managing root-knot nematodes in microplots and under field conditions revealed that soil solarization, Furadan 5G and Tagetes erecta applied separately or in combination with other control methods, were the most effective in reducing the numbers of three root-knot nematodes, and root gall and egg mass indices. These management methods also resulted in significant increases (P0.05) in number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 100-seed weight, and increased seed yield by up to 96.7 percent. Farmyard manure and Crotalaria ochroleuca were the least effective treatments. The use of T. erecta was the most economical root-knot nematode control method.     

芽孢杆菌类生物杀菌剂的研发与应用

本文概述了芽孢杆菌防治植物病害的机理,包括营养和空间位点竞争、分泌抗菌物质、溶菌作用、诱导植物抗病性。简述了国内外芽孢杆菌类生物杀菌剂的研发现状,分析了生防芽孢杆菌在农业生产应用中存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策。最后展望生防芽孢杆菌类杀菌剂由于能够有效控制植物病害,同时具有对人畜安全、环境相容性好、植物病原菌不易产生抗性、生产成本相对比较低廉等优点,必将在现代农业中有广阔的应用前景,并产生巨大的经济、社会和生态效益。