The nutritional value of broad beans for laying hens

1. Three trials were conducted to study the influence of diets containing between 40 and 550 g broad bean (Vicia faba, Major) meal/kg on performance, egg quality and pancreas characteristics of White Leghorn hens.

2. The effect of broad beans on performance depended on the dietary content. Up to 100 g/kg did not affect productivity. Contents higher than 200 g/kg depressed egg weight (P<0.05). At 550 g/kg, food intake, egg weight and rate of egg production decreased but efficiency of food conversion was not impaired.

3. At 550 g/kg broad beans caused an increase in albumen density (P < 0.01). Broad beans did not affect shell thickness.

4. The size, weight, moisture content and histology of the pancreas were not affected by broad bean intake.     

小麦的饲用价值

在畜禽日粮中 ,人们通常把玉米作为主要的能量饲料 ,很少使用小麦 ,但随着畜禽业的发展 ,世界上玉米资源开始出现短缺。据预测 :2 0 0 0～2 0 2 0年我国能量饲料的缺口为 0 2 4～ 0 83亿ｔ(韩正康 ,1 996)。在澳大利亚、欧洲和加拿大小麦和大麦已大量用于家禽日粮。在我国小麦是第二大粮食作物 ,作为人的粮食很少用作饲料。随着我国加入ＷＴＯ ,预计不久的将来 ,养殖者用小麦作为能量饲料将有利可图。本文拟对小麦的营养特性、抗营养因子、提高小麦营养价值的方法及在畜禽业上的应用作一概述。1　小麦的营养特性小麦的蛋白质与赖氨酸含量…     

麻疯树籽实饲用营养价值分析

研究测定各种麻疯树籽实的常规营养成分、微量元素和氨基酸等含量,并与棉籽粕、豆粕做对比,其中脱毒麻疯树种仁干物质中的粗蛋白质含量高达64.47%.综合各项指标,认为脱毒麻疯树种仁是一种优质蛋白质饲料,可在反刍动物饲料中代替豆柏和棉籽粕.     

影响蛋鸡产蛋率的营养因素及调控措施

<正>禽蛋营养丰富,是人们日常生活的主要食品之一。随着人民生活水平的不断提高,对禽蛋的需求量不断加大,促进了蛋鸡养殖业的发展。而我国蛋鸡养殖水平不高,如产蛋高峰期维持时间短、产蛋率低、产蛋量少等,直接影响养禽业的经济效益。因此,采取有效的措施,提高蛋鸡的产蛋率成为广大养殖户关注的焦点。对此,本文从营养调控的角度就如何提高蛋鸡的产蛋率问题进行综合阐述。     

The nutritional value of algae for poultry. Dried chlorella in layer diets

1. The nutritional value of a sample of algae meal, mainly Chlorella, was assessed in an experiment with laying hens. The algae meal was that described by Lipstein and Hurwitz (1980).

2. Diets formulated by linear programming contained up to 120 g algae meal/kg with supplementary DL‐methionine.

3. There were no significant effects of dietary algae meal on egg output, food conversion or egg‐shell quality. Thus algae meal at the concentrations tested can be a useful substitute for soyabean meal in diets for laying hens.

4. High concentrations of dietary algae meal caused a deep yellow yolk colour of acceptable appearance.     

The nutritional value of salseed (Shorea robusta) meal for growing chicks

1. Salseed meal contains 98 g crude protein, 22 g ether extractives, 450 g available carbohydrate and 117 g tannins per kg.

2. From the chemical analysis the metabolisable energy (ME) content of salseed meal would be expected to be 11.22 MJ/kg. In vivo assay with chicks yielded values considerably less than this, 7.1 MJ/kg being found at an inclusion rate of 150 g/kg diet.

3. As the inclusion rate of salseed meal was increased to 300 g/kg, dietary ME and the digestion and retention of dietary protein decreased.

4. More than 50 g salseed meal/kg in the diet of chicks resulted in poor growth rate and food conversion.     

紫花苜蓿对豁鹅营养价值的评定研究

本试验将18只成年产蛋豁鹅随机分为两组,分别饲喂紫花苜蓿鲜草和紫花苜蓿干草,对比研究了豁鹅对两种饲草各类营养的消化率。分别对概略养分和CNCPS体系组分进行了全面分析,结果表明,豁鹅对紫花苜蓿鲜草的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、钙、磷和粗灰分的表观消化率均高于干草,其中粗灰分差异极显著（P＜0.01）,其他差异不显著（P＞0.05）;对鲜草总能表观消化率低于干草,差异不显著（P＞0.05）;豁鹅对苜蓿鲜草中粗纤维、NDF和ADF表观消化率均高于干草;其中中性洗涤纤维差异极显著（P＜0.01）,其他差异不显著（P＞0.05）。在CNCPS体系测定的各类组分中,豁鹅对鲜草淀粉的表观消化率高于干草,且差异极显著（P＜0.01）,其他各类组分均差异不显著（P＞0.05）。     

The nutritive value of marula (Sclerocarya birrea) seed cake for broiler chickens: nutritional composition,performance, carcass characteristics and oxidative and mycotoxin status

This study was aimed at investigating the nutritive value of marula seed cake (MSC) as an alternative protein source for broilers. In a completely randomised design involving six replicate pens of five chickens assigned to each of five treatments, body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and carcass characteristics were measured in an experiment in which 150 28-day-old broilers were fed maize-based diets containing, respectively, 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% MSC at finisher phase. The results showed MSC to be remarkably high in CP (470.0 g/kg DM) and EE (343.5 g/kg DM), with moderate CF (58.2 g/kg DM), ash (54.3 g/kg DM), Ca (1.1 g/kg DM) and P (11.0 g/kg DM). Whilst very poor in lysine, MSC was found to be rich in methionine, cyst(e)ine, arginine and glutamic acid; it also contains good levels of valine, glycine, threonine, isoleucine, leucine, histidine, phenylalanine, serine, proline and alanine. Also, it contained 85.24% oleic (OA), 9.65% palmitic and 5.11% stearic acids, with a high peroxide value and low levels of mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin. BWG, FI and FCE of broiler chickens significantly decreased (P < 0.001) as the dietary level of MSC increased. Further, dietary MSC significantly decreased bird live weight at slaughter (P < 0.001), plucked weight (P < 0.001), dressed weight (P < 0.001) and weights of the liver (P < 0.001) and neck (P < 0.05). The results therefore demonstrate MSC to be a good source of CP, fat, Ca, P, amino acids (except lysine) and OA that can replace soya bean meal (SBM) in broiler diets. However, its use is currently limited by lipid peroxidation and presence of mycotoxins.

     

杂交狼尾草营养价值评价研究

本研究应用概略分析法和CNCPS体系对接近成熟期的杂交狼尾草进行了营养评价,结果表明,此时收获的杂交狼尾草在碳水化合物营养方面：木质素比例（LIG/NDF为11.95）较高,不可利用纤维-CC（%CHO）-高于羊草、苜蓿、各类秸秆和灌木,而可消化的纤维-CB2（%CHO）-却较低。在蛋白质物营养方面：杂交狼尾草的粗蛋白达到9.77%,可溶性蛋白（SCP）中主要是非蛋白氮（NPN）、快速降解蛋白（PBl）和慢速降解蛋白（PB3）,均高于羊草和苜蓿,结合蛋白（PC）低于羊草、苜蓿、秸秆和灌木类。以上结果表明,接近成熟期的杂交狼尾草蛋白质营养较好,但碳水化合物的木质化程度高,可消化利用性较低。     

The effect of processing on the nutritional value of guar meal for broiler chicks

Guar meal contains two factors which are detrimental to the growth rate and food conversion of chicks. One of the factors is the trypsin inhibitor which can be destroyed by cooking the raw guar meal for a period of 1 hr at a temperature of 110° C. with the injection of super‐heated steam for a period of 15 min. after the cooker attains a temperature of 110°C. The second deterimental factor in guar meal is the guar gum which causes a depression in growth and sticky droppings when the total level of the gum in the diet exceeds 1.8 per cent. The usage of heated guar meal in chick diets is apparently limited by the gum content of the meal. Pectinase, an enzyme preparation added to a chick ration which contained 15 per cent processed guar meal, produced an increase in the weight gain of chicks fed the ration over those fed 15 per cent processed guar meal. Hypertrophy of the pancreas resulted in the chicks fed 20 and 30 per cent processed guar meal and in all groups fed raw guar meal.     

Evaluation of the nutritional value of glycerol for nursery pigs

In Exp. 1, a total of 144 pigs (BW, 6.68 ± 0.17 kg) were weaned at 21 d, blocked by BW, and allocated to 48 pens with 3 pigs per pen. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% glycerol supplemented to replace up to 10% lactose in a basal starter 1 diet containing 20% total lactose, which was fed for 2 wk), and a negative control diet with 10% lactose and 0% glycerol. A common starter diet was fed for the next 2 wk. In Exp. 2, a total of 126 pigs (BW, 6.91 ± 0.18 kg) were weaned at 21 d of age, blocked by BW, and allocated to 42 pens with 3 pigs per pen. Pigs were assigned to 1 of 6 treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with factors being 1) glycerol inclusion in replacement of lactose in starter 1 diets (0 or 5%) fed for 2 wk, and 2) glycerol inclusion in starter 2 diets (0, 5, or 10%) fed for 3 wk. In Exp. 1, glycerol supplementation at 10% improved (P=0.01) ADG (266 vs. 191 g/d) and G:F (871 vs. 679 g/kg) during the starter 1 period when compared with the negative control. Incremental amounts of glycerol linearly (P<0.05) increased ADG and ADFI, but did not affect G:F during starter 1. There was no effect of feeding glycerol during the starter 1 phase on subsequent performance during the starter 2 phase or overall. Serum glycerol concentrations increased linearly (P=0.003) with increasing dietary glycerol, and serum creatinine (P=0.004) and bilirubin (P=0.03) concentrations decreased with increasing glycerol. In Exp. 2, glycerol did not affect performance during starter 1, but it linearly increased (P≤0.01) ADG and ADFI during starter 2 (464, 509, and 542 and 726, 822, and 832 g/d, respectively) and overall (368, 396, and 411 and 546, 601, and 609 g/d, respectively). At the end of the study, pigs were 1.0 and 1.5 kg heavier when fed 5 and 10% glycerol, respectively (linear, P<0.01). Serum glycerol concentrations increased linearly during starter 2 (P<0.001), but were not affected during starter 1. Glycerol supplementation increased serum urea N quadratically (P<0.001) and decreased creatinine linearly (P<0.05) in the starter 2 phase. Overall, data indicate that glycerol can be added to nursery pig diets at 10%, while improving growth performance.     

The nutritional value of low lathyrogenic Lathyrus (Lathyrus sativus) for growing chicks

1. The feeding value of new low β‐N‐oxalyl‐amino‐L‐alanine (BOAA) lines of Lathyrus sativus (lathyrus) and the benefits of dehulling the seed or of pre‐adapting chicks to lathyrus‐based diets were examined in several experiments.

2. Chicks fed on diets containing 400 g/kg of the low (1.3 g BOAA/kg seed) and medium (2.2 g BOAA/kg seed) BOAA lines did not differ (P>0.05) in weight gain (WG) or in apparent fat and protein digestibilities compared to birds fed on a wheat‐based diet.

3. Consumption of 600 g low BOAA lathyrus/kg diet caused a slight, but significant (P< 0.05), decrease in WG. Food efficiency decreased as the amount of dietary lathyrus was increased, suggesting that lathyrus may contain an antinutritive factor(s) other than BOAA.

4. Removal of the hull (70 g hull/kg seed) from the seed did not affect chick performance (P> 0.05).

5. Pre‐adapting chicks for 7 d to diets containing up to 600 g medium line lathyrus/kg diet did not reduce the detrimental effects of the lathyrus.

6. Although dehulling and pre‐adaptation of chicks to lathyrus were not beneficial, the low and medium lines of lathyrus tested show potential for use in chick diets up to at least 400 g lathyrus/kg diet.     

The nutritional value of algae for poultry. dried chlorella in broiler diets 1

1. The nutritional value of a sample of algae meal, mainly Chlorella, was assessed in two chick and two broiler trials. The algae were drum‐dried after harvesting from sewage ponds by centrifugation.

2. Diets formulated by linear programming contained between 60 and 150 g algae meal/kg by substituting algae meal and sorghum for fish meal, soyabean meal and maize in a control diet.

3. The effects of the dietary algae meal ranged from nil to a significant depression of growth rate and food utilisation. In certain cases growth retardation was associated with depressed food consumption.

4. The metabolisable energy concentration of the algae meal was estimated to be 11–62 MJ/kg and the nitrogen absorption coefficient 0.81.     

雏鸡脑软化症红细胞免疫功能的实验观察

红细胞免疫功能主要指红细胞免疫粘附(RCIA)。RCIA是指抗原、抗体复合物和补体C3b结合后可粘附于人和多种动物红细胞表面的现象。     

金黄指突水虻作为蛋白质饲料的营养价值评价

本文对金黄指突水虻营养成分进行了分析。结果表明,金黄指突水虻老熟幼虫的粗蛋白质含量为52.12%、氨基酸总量为45.47%、必需氨基酸比例为44.53%、必需氨基酸指数为3.99、必需脂肪酸含量为42.40%、矿物质元素丰富,并含有5.1%的甲壳素。说明金黄指突水虻是一种优质的蛋白质饲料。     

The influence of variety and enzyme supplementation on the nutritional value of barley for chicks

Six experiments were conducted to study the effect of variety and enzyme supplementation on the nutritional value of barleys grown in the same location. Significant differences in chick weights at 4 weeks were observed in 3 of the experiments where the barley varieties were compared. The differences could not be correlated with differences in chemical composition of the varieties tested, since these were insignificant.

Enzyme supplementation significantly improved growth in 2 out of 3 experiments, and when all 3 experiments were analysed together. Enzyme supplementation seemed to have a more marked effect on body weight gains than the variety used. Differences in growth response to different varieties and to enzyme supplementation were closely related to differences in food consumption.     

玉米及其加工副产品的营养价值评定

为了使玉米及其加工副产品在畜禽饲料配制中得到精准应用,试验测定了1种玉米及16种玉米加工副产品的干物质、粗纤维、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总能、粗灰分等常规养分含量以及多种氨基酸含量.结果表明,玉米加工副产品中蛋白质和各种氨基酸含量均基本高于玉米,且不同来源的同种玉米加工副产品养分含量存在较大差异.     

Effect of soaking,germination, and enzyme treatment of whole barley on nutritional value and digestive tract parameters of broiler chickens

1. An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of soaking at 0°C, soaking at room temperature, germination, or enzyme treatment of whole barley on feeding value and digestive tract parameters of 2‐ to 4‐week old broiler chickens given diets with 700g/kg whole barley.

2. Soaking or germination decreased the soluble and total β‐glucan content (P<0.05) and, except for soaking at 0°C, the acid extract viscosity of the grain also decreased (P< 0.05). Germination and soaking in the presence of enzymes produced the lowest β‐glucan content and viscosity.

3. Except for soaking in cold water, the soaking, germination and enzyme treatments increased weight gain and decreased food: gain ratio (P< 0.05). Correspondingly, the digestibility of protein, fat, and ash, and the digestible energy content, increased (P< 0.05) after enzyme treatment or germination.

4. Chickens fed on enzyme‐treated or germinated barley diets had intestinal contents with a greater proportion of dry matter and lower viscosity than chickens fed on untreated barley (P< 0.05). Consequently, the cages and chickens were cleaner (P< 0.05) and the weight of digestive organs as proportion of live weight was lower.

5. Particle size analysis of excreta revealed that whole barley was efficiently ground by the gizzards of 16‐d‐old chickens, and very few whole kernels were found.