Selective control of graminaceous weeds in spring wheat

Infestation of wheat fields in Israel by graminaceous weeds is increasing due to effective control of broad-leaf weeds and lack of crop rotation. The main graminaceous weeds are wild oat (Avena sterilis L.) and wild canarygrass (Phalaris paradoxa L. andPh. brachystachys L.). In eight experiments carried out in wheat fields during 1975–1977, wild oat was effectively controlled by post-emergence applications of barban, isoproturon and difenzoquat, while wild canarygrass was controlled by post-emergence applications of barban, isoproturon and metha-benzthiazuron.     

THE EFFECT OF CHLORMEQUAT SEED-PARENT TREATMENT ON THE RESISTANCE OF WHEAT SEEDLINGS TO TERBUTRYNE AND SIMAZINE

Summary. The effects of pre-sowing treatments with terbutryne (4-ethylamino-2- niethylthio-6-t-butylamino-1,3,5-triazine) and with simazine (2-chloro-4,6-bisethyl-amino-1,3,5-triazine) on seedling mortality of wheat grown from regular seed and from seed containing about 40 ppm chlormequat (2-chloroethyl trimethylammonium chloride), due to a late chlormequat treatment of the seed-parent, were tested in two pot experiments. In another pot experiment the effects of pre-sowing and post-emergence treatments of terbutryne on dry matter accumulation and moisture content in SPT (= Seed-Parent Treated) and regular wheat seedlings were examined.
No significant differences in simazine resistance between regular and SPT seed were found. However, there was a marked and significant increase in terbutryne resistance of SPT over regular seeds, which was expressed by a longer period to 50% seedling mortality as well as by a lower daily increase in mortality. Growth retardation, caused by pre- sowing as well as by post-emergence terbutryne treatments, was appreciably less in the SPT seedlings than in the regular ones. The higher terbutryne resistance of the SPT seedlings may be attributable to their higher moisture content induced by the chlormequat.
Effet du traitement des pieds meres avec le chlorméquat sur la résistance des plantules de blé a la terbutryne et à la simazine     

除草剂对蚕豆、油菜田小籽虉草的防除效果和安全性评价

小籽虉草Phalaris minor是近年来危害云南中西部地区冬季作物田的恶性杂草。云南冬季作物以阔叶作物为主, 有必要开展在阔叶作物田小籽虉草的化学防除效果研究。本研究在室内和田间测试了108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC、150 g/L精吡氟禾草灵EC、10%精喹禾灵EC、69 g/L精噁唑禾草灵EW、240 g/L烯草酮EC、12.5%烯禾啶EC、5%唑啉草酯EC等7种阔叶作物田茎叶处理剂对小籽虉草的防效以及对油菜和蚕豆的安全性。室内研究结果表明, 药后30 d, 5%唑啉草酯EC、12.5%烯禾啶EC、10%精喹禾灵EC在推荐剂量作用下对小籽虉草的鲜重防效超过90%, 杂草植株表现明显枯死症状, 并且安全性指数均大于2; 240 g/L烯草酮EC的株防效较差, 鲜重防效也低于50%; 其他药剂的鲜重防效为80%左右。田间药效试验表明, 5%唑啉草酯EC防效最优, 接近95%, 108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC和12.5%烯禾啶EC等防效能达到90%, 其他药剂的防效也超过80%, 所有药剂对油菜和蚕豆均安全。以上结果表明, 当前大多数阔叶作物田禾本科杂草除草剂对小籽虉草高效, 对作物安全, 控制小籽虉草的备选除草剂品种较多。     

Weed control in wheat with pyroxasulfone and its combinations with other herbicides

Field and pot investigations were conducted to determine the effectiveness of pyroxasulfone alone and its combinations with other herbicides against diverse weed flora of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) including multiple herbicide-resistant (MHR) littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor Retz.). Applications of pyroxasulfone 100–127.5 g/ha as pre-emergence (PE) or early post-emergence (EPOE) @ 63.75 g/ha at 21–23 days after sowing (1 day before irrigation) were highly effective for control of grass weeds namely P. minor and wild oat (Avena ludoviciana Dur.). It was poor for control of broad-leaved weeds (Medicago denticulata Willd. and Rumex dentatus L.). However, pyroxasulfone in tank-mix combination with metsulfuron 4 g/ha, triasulfuron 20 g/ha, and pyroxsulam 18 g/ha effectively controlled (96.5%–99.8%) the diverse weed flora and improved the wheat grain yield (69.5%–285.9%) over untreated weedy control. Also, the pre-mix of pyroxasulfone + pendimethalin applied as PE was superior to either of these applied alone for weed control and grain yield. Pyroxasulfone 100–127.5 g/ha had yield gain of 119.6%–125.4% and 10.1%–26% over untreated control and pendimethalin 800–1250 g/ha, respectively. In pot studies, straw burnt ash drastically reduced the pyroxasulfone efficacy against P. minor and A. ludoviciana. Pyroxasulfone was also effective in pot studies for control of MHR P. minor having resistance against acetyl-coA carboxylase (ACCase), acetolactate synthase (ALS), and photosynthesis at the photosystem-II site-A (PS-II) inhibitor herbicides (clodinafop, sulfosulfuron, and isoproturon, respectively). The studies indicate that pyroxasulfone as PE or EPOE can be an alternative grass weed control herbicide in wheat in particular for the control of MHR P. minor.     

Field experiments to investigate long-term effects of repeated applications of MCPA, tri-allate, simazine and linuron: II. Crop performance and residues 1969–78

In four field experiments begun in 1963, each of four herbicides was applied to plots planted wilh the same crop each year. The annual treatments were: MCPA at 17 kg/ha to barley (Hordeum sativa Jess) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at growth stage 15. tri-allate at 17 kg/ha pre-emergcnce to barley and wheat, simazine at l7kg/ha pre-emergence to maize (Zea mays L.) and linuron in two applications of 084 kg/ha pre- and post-emergence to carrots (Daucus carota L.). MCPA did not affect growth or yield of either barley or wheat. In general tri-allate also did not aftect the crops although wheat yield was depressed in 1978, wheat 1000 grain weight was reduced in 1972 and barley germination percentage was increased in 1973. Simazine did not influence the height, yield or appearance of maize. Linuron normally produced no effect on carrot yield, density and size. However, in 2 years when the post-emergence application was late, density but not yield was lower than in control plots. There was no accumulation of residues of any of these compounds in the soil. Rates of loss were similar to those predicted on ihe basis of laboratory experiments. In a fifth experiment these herbicides were applied twice per year (3 times in the case of linuron) at double the rales above on each occasion to bare plots. These applications ceased in 1968 (1969 for MCPA) but residues were monitored until 1972 except in the case of MCPA. Disappearance rates were similar to those in the cropped plots and residues were largely confined to the top 10 cm. The plots treated with MCPA had developed an enhanced ability lo degrade il prior to 1968. This persisted for 5 years after the final application.     

Effects of pre- and post-emergence weed harrowing on annual weeds in peas and spring cereals

To assess the effects of timing and frequency of weed harrowing on weed abundance and crop yield, different pre- and post-emergence weed harrowing sequences were applied to spring cereals and peas in field experiments performed during 2003 and 2004 in Sweden. Post-emergence harrowing was performed at crop growth stages 2–3 and 5–6 true leaves respectively. The best weed control was obtained by a combination of pre- and post-emergence harrowing, but these treatments also caused yield losses of 12–14% in spring cereals, while no yield losses were observed in peas. Pre-emergence weed harrowing treatments alone or combined with weed harrowing shortly after crop emergence proved to be most effective against the early emerging annual weed species Sinapis arvensis and Galeopsis spp. Post-emergence harrowing alone in peas had no effect on S. arvensis . The late emerging annual weed species Chenopodium album and Polygonum lapathifolium were most effectively controlled when pre-emergence weed harrowing was combined with one or two weed harrowing treatments after crop emergence.     

Assessment of Chemical and Manual Weed Control Approaches for Effective Weed Suppression and Maize Productivity Enhancement Under Maize-Wheat Cropping System

Effective weed management in maize-wheat (M-W) cropping systems are accountable for higher yield and plant biomass. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of manual weeding and chemicals (pre- and post-emergence herbicide) for actual weed control to enhance maize yield and M?W system productivity. Herbicides were treated as pre-emergence (sole), post-emergence (sole) and its combined application (pre- and post-emergence) for weed eradication and suppression. Sole pre-emergence herbicide (acetyclour?+?atrazine) and sole post-emergence herbicides (nicosulfuron), and its mixed application were used in the experiments. The experiment was comprised on 6 treatments with one weedy check or control plot: W1?=?weedy check, W2?=?acetyclour?+?atrazine, W3?=?atrazine, W4?=?nicosulfuron, W5?=?nicosulfuron?+?atrazine, W6?=?acetyclour?+?atrazine?+?nicosulfuron and W7?=?manual weeding. Main weeds were Cyperus rotundus, Tribulus terrestris, Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Cynodon dactylon. Experiential findings revealed that manual weeding was found most effective in terms of controlling weed and suppression. Among the herbicides application, promising results in terms of weed destruction and suppression were shown by combined application of acetyclour?+?atrazine?+?nicosulfuron which effectively controlled weeds as compared to other treatments. It was concluded that manual weeding drastically reduced weeds frequency and biomass while among the herbicides application acetyclour?+?atrazine and nicosulfuron could be promising for weeds suppression and clamp downing as compared to all other treatments under M?W cropping system.

     

Optimizing the performance of diclofop-methyl, cycloxydim, and clodinafop-propargyl on littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor) and wild oat (Avena ludoviciana) control with adjuvants

Optimizing the herbicide dose by the addition of adjuvants is an acceptable way to reduce the risk of side-effects from herbicides. Therefore, to detect a suitable adjuvant for diclofop-methyl, cycloxydim, and clodinafop-propargyl against littleseed canarygrass ( Phalaris minor ) and wild oat ( Avena ludoviciana ), six dose–response experiments were conducted. The treatments consisted of diclofop-methyl at 0, 112, 225, 450, 675, and 900 g ai ha⁻¹, cycloxydim at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 g ai ha⁻¹, and clodinafop-propargyl at 0, 8, 16, 32, 48, and 64 g ai ha⁻¹ with and without the adjuvants of Frigate, olive oil, and castor oil at 0.2% (v/v) in order to control both littleseed canarygrass and wild oat. Tested herbicides performance was enhanced by all adjuvants against littleseed canarygrass and wild oat. The addition of Frigate and the vegetable oils had the lowest and the highest effect on the performance of all of the herbicides on both littleseed canarygrass and wild oat, respectively, which confirms the solubilizing nature of the cuticular waxes by vegetable oils. A comparison between the two vegetable oils revealed that olive oil exerted a greater control of littleseed canarygrass than did the castor oil. In contrast, castor oil exerted a greater control of wild oat than did the olive oil, which can be related to differences in the leaf surface micromorphology of the weeds.     

11种除草剂对小麦田恶性杂草阿拉伯婆婆纳的防除效果

针对我国黄淮海冬麦部分区域恶性杂草阿拉伯婆婆纳,开展了田间茎叶处理除草剂筛选试验,并比较了不同施药时期防效的差异.结果表明,防除阿拉伯婆婆纳,越冬前施用除草剂的防效优于返青期施药,可选择10％苯磺隆可湿性粉剂27.00 g/hm2,或56％2甲4氯钠可溶粉剂1 260.00 g/hm2,或40％唑草酮水分散粒剂36.0...     

入侵杂草虉草在云南的发生、危害和防除状况调查

采用倒置"W"九点取样法和5级目测法,调查了云南冬季作物田杂草虉草的发生和危害状况。结果表明,截至2017年在云南有7个地州33个区县发现有虉草危害,其中保山地区危害最为严重,占全省受害面积的92%,其次是大理白族自治州。虉草在冬季作物田大麦、小麦、油菜和蚕豆田均有发生。危害的虉草有两个种,分别是小籽虉草Phalaris minor和奇异虉草P.paradoxa。其中小籽虉草的发生较为普遍,奇异虉草为零星发生。虉草造成的危害指数在6%~50%之间,对农作物造成的产量损失在40~110kg/667m2之间。虉草的防除以化学防除为主,人工防除为辅,但目前尚缺乏经济有效的防除农田虉草的除草剂。     

Multiple herbicide resistance in littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor): A threat to wheat production in India

Littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor Retz.), a troublesome weed of wheat in India, has evolved multiple herbicide resistance across three modes of action: photosynthesis at the photosystem II site A, acetyl‐coA carboxylase (ACCase), and acetolactate synthase inhibition. The multiple herbicide‐resistant (MHR) populations had a low level of sulfosulfuron resistance but a high level of resistance to clodinafop and fenoxaprop (ACCase inhibitors). Some of the populations had GR₅₀ (50% growth reduction) values for clodinafop that were 11.7‐fold greater than that of the most susceptible population. The clodinafop‐resistant populations also showed a higher level of cross‐resistance to fenoxaprop (fop group) but a low level of cross‐resistance to pinoxaden (den group). Although clodinafop and pinoxaden are from two different chemical families (fop and den groups), their same site of action is responsible for cross‐resistance behavior. The populations that were resistant to four groups of herbicides (phenylureas, sulfonylurea, aryloxyphenoxypropionate, and phenylpyrazolin) were susceptible to the triazine (metribuzin and terbutryn) and dinitroaniline (pendimethalin) herbicides. The P. minor populations that were resistant to the aryloxyphenoxypropionate and phenylurea herbicides were effectively controlled by the sulfonylurea herbicide, sulfosulfuron. In the fields infested with P. minor that was resistant to clodinafop, a sulfosulfuron application (25 g ha^?1) increased the wheat yield by 99.2% over that achieved using the recommended rate of clodinafop (60 g ha^?1). However, the evolution of multiple resistance against the four groups is a threat to wheat production. To prevent the spread of MHR P. minor populations, as well as the extension of multiple resistance to new chemicals, concerted efforts in developing and implementing a sound, integrated weed management program are needed. The integrated approach, consisting of crop and herbicide rotation with cultural and mechanical weed control tactics, should be considered as a long‐term resistance management strategy that will help to sustain wheat productivity and farmers' income.     

Weed populations in winter wheat as affected by crop sequence, intensity of tillage and time of herbicide application in a cool and humid climate

Summary There is a lack of information on the combined effects of preceding crop, reduced tillage (especially no-tillage) and the time of herbicide application on the development of weed populations and the efficiency of weed control in winter wheat in humid temperate climates. An experiment was conducted with a crop rotation (winter wheat – oilseed rape – winter wheat – maize) on a sandy loam and a loamy silt soil in the Swiss midlands to investigate the impact of different preceding crops and pre- and post-emergence control of weeds in conventional tillage (CT; mouldboard plough), minimum tillage (MT; chisel plough) and no-tillage (NT; no soil disturbance systems). When winter wheat was grown after maize and winter wheat was grown after oilseed rape, the ranking order of weed density in treatments without herbicide application was NT < MT < CT and CT < MT < NT respectively. Analysis of variance and canonical discriminant analysis showed that Epilobium spp., Sonchus arvensis , Myosotis arvensis and volunteer crops were more abundant in NT than in MT and CT. The efficiency of post-emergence weed control was generally better than that of pre-emergence weed control, regardless of tillage intensity.     

NEBURON, A SELECTIVE HERBICIDE FOR USE IN TROPICAL LEGUMES

Summary. The effect of pre- and post-emergence applications of neburon on the growth of Pueraria phaseoloides and Centrosema pubescens has been tested. Pueraria phaseoloides was adversely affectcd by both applications, seprately and combined, the effect being greater on a sandy soil than on a clay soil. Centrosema pubescens showed greater tolerance, and was little affected by post-emergence treatment but pre-emergence treatment showed some adverse effect.
The check to growth of the legumes could be offset by increased rates of sowing. It appears that neburon might be suitable as a selective herbicide for application in tropical legumes.
Le néburon, herbicide sélectif pour les cultures de légumineuses tropicales     

枯草芽孢杆菌B1514可湿性粉剂对小麦纹枯病的防效及对土壤微生物区系和小麦产量的影响

为明确枯草芽孢杆菌B1514可湿性粉剂（WP）在小麦纹枯病防治中的应用前景,于2014-2015年在中国河北省文安县、献县、枣强县及辛集市4个实验站进行了田间试验,研究了B1514 WP对小麦纹枯病的防效,采用失重法测定了其对玉米秸秆腐解效果的影响,利用稀释平板法研究了其对土壤微生物区系的影响,并测定了该菌剂对小麦生长及产量的影响。结果表明:越冬期至拔节期,B1514 WP对小麦纹枯病的防效均显著高于B1514片剂,但明显低于戊唑醇湿拌种剂（WS）;成熟期,辛集、献县和枣强试验点B1514 WP处理组平均防效为64.0%,与戊唑醇WS处理差异不显著,比B1514片剂处理组高7.2%,差异达显著水平,而文安试验点B1514 WP处理组防效为65.2%,与B1514片剂差异不显著,但显著低于戊唑醇WS处理组。在成熟期,B1514 WP对玉米秸秆的累积腐解率为64.2%,较空白对照提高38.6%,但与B1514片剂和秸秆腐解剂处理差异不显著。此外,B1514 WP处理显著提高了土壤中可培养细菌数量（92.8%）,降低了真菌数量（48.4%）,但对放线菌数量无显著影响。采用B1514 WP拌种后,小麦株高和分蘖数分别比空白对照提高8%和12%;4个试验点小麦平均产量为7 545 kg/hm2,分别比B1514片剂、戊唑醇WS、秸秆腐解剂处理和空白对照提高6.8%、5.5%、9.3%和10.9%。研究表明,B1514 WP对小麦纹枯病具有很好的防效,并能加速秸秆腐解,增加土壤中细菌数量、降低真菌数量,促进小麦生长并增产。     

江苏垦区小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵的抗性监测及其替代杀菌剂的防病效果

近年来的调查结果表明,江苏垦区小麦赤霉病菌群体中抗多菌灵菌株的频率逐年上升,多菌灵防效逐年下降,部分农场采用多菌灵防治几乎失效。为了筛选替代多菌灵的药剂,我们在白马湖等6个农场对几种新杀菌剂进行了田间药效试验。结果表明,25%氰烯菌酯SC、40%叶菌唑SC和25%丙硫菌唑WP在所有农场都有较好的防治效果,其中25%丙硫菌唑WP对小麦赤霉病的防治效果最好,在所有农场其防效都超过80%,防治后乳熟期和成熟期病穗率变化不大。40%叶菌唑SC、25%丙硫菌唑WP以及25%氰烯菌酯SC和43%戊唑醇SC混用有显著增产作用,并能大幅度降低籽粒中DON含量。作者认为赤霉病的防治应立足种植抗(耐)病品种,扬花期选用有效杀菌剂适期进行防治。氰烯菌酯、叶菌唑和丙硫菌唑可作为多菌灵的替代药剂。     

戊唑醇种子处理防治小麦纹枯病

种子处理是控制小麦纹枯病的有效措施,在小麦纹枯病的综合治理技术体系中起着举足轻重的作用。在苏南宜兴和淮北徐州,2％戊唑醇湿拌剂和6％戊唑醇悬剂胺10kg麦种拌药0.3-0.4g有效成分,对小麦的出苗没有显著影响,对根系和冬前分蘖具有促进作用。对小麦纹枯病的控制效果较为理想,表现为冬前效果显著,病析率防效60％－100％,从而有效地抑制了冬前发病高峰。戊唑醇处理区拔节期的病情指仍然极显著地低于对照区,亦显著低于对照药剂纹霉净,侵茎高峰明显推迟,最终的枯白穗防效突出,0.3-0.4g ai/10kg种子拌种的枯白穗防效达到85％以上。由于控病和对小麦生长调控的双重作用,保穗、保产效果明显,最终产量较对照增加10％－15％。     

Variation in ethofumesate tolerance in Lolium species and cultivars

The ethofumesate tolerances of seventy cultivars of Lolium perenne L., L. multiflorum Lam. and L. x hybridum Hausskn. were investigated by growing seedlings in a glasshouse in a potting compost treated with a critical level of the herbicide. The incidence of seedling deformity and death varied among cultivars, and was generally higher in diploids than in tetraploids, and in L. perenne than in L. multiflorum. Cv. Palaver was outstandingly tolerant. Eight cultivars were re-tested in pre- and post-emergence field experiments and relative tolerances were similar to those observed in the glasshouse. At the recommended doses for selective weed control, ethofumesate caused some seedling death in susceptible varieties in the pre-emergence experiment, and both seedling death and reduced herbage production in the post-emergence experiment. It is concluded that both varietal genotype and environmental factors contribute to the risk of ethofumesate damage in the field.     

麦田入侵杂草小籽虉草对麦田常用除草剂的敏感性测定

为筛选能有效防除云南麦田入侵杂草小籽虉草Phalaris minor的除草剂, 采用温室盆栽法分别测定了麦田常用7种茎叶处理剂各7个梯度剂量对小籽虉草的毒力?结果表明, 在推荐剂量下, 50%异丙隆WP?5%唑啉草酯EC?15%炔草酯WP?69 g/L精噁唑禾草灵EW?7.5%啶磺草胺WG?30 g/L甲基二磺隆OD和70%氟唑磺隆WG对小籽虉草药后30 d的株防效分别为99.34%?99.43%?87.50%?75.00%?34.50%?37.50%, 54.17%, 药后30 d的鲜重防效分别为87.92%?92.66%?56.09%?74.43%?57.17%?45.61%?44.67%?所有除草剂中, 唑啉草酯的GR90接近推荐使用剂量的90%?异丙隆的GR90略高于推荐剂量, 其他除草剂的GR90远高于麦田推荐使用剂量?以上结果表明, 防治麦田杂草小籽虉草的首选除草剂为唑啉草酯, 备选除草剂种类少?     

小麦吸浆虫防治适期研究初报

选择不同杀虫剂、不同时期对小麦吸浆虫的防治效果试验表明，在秋季麦播前土壤处理，防效不理想；在吸浆虫蛹期、羽化高峰期防治虽能获得较好的防治效果，但需要专业技术人员掌握发育进度，不适合指导群防群治；而小麦抽穗露脸70％～80％时，正值吸浆虫产卵始盛期，此期防治能获得事半功倍的效果，这一物侯现象群众容易掌握。此前及此后羽化的成虫多为无效虫源。所以，把小麦抽穗露脸70％～80％作为吸浆虫的防治适期符合当前的生产现状。     

A model of the cost of delay in spraying weeds in cereals

Using a previous model as a base, data derived in field trials in wheat ( Triticum aestivuort L.) and bailey ( Hordeum vulgare L.) were assessed to estimate the yield penalty, and resulting reduction in economic benefit, from progressive spraying of herbicides up to late crop tillering. Compared with early post-emergence application, yield penalties from delayed spraying began at early tillering. For median values of weed-free yield and weed density in the data set. the loss in potential yield increase when spraying at late tillering compared with early post-emergence was 71%, Crops with higher weed-free yield potential and with greater initial weed density showed a proportionately (as well as absolutely) larger yield penalty from a moderate delay in spraying, indicating an earlier and more intense onset of competition with weeds.