土壤硝化和反硝化作用及影响因素研究进展

土壤硝化和反硝化作用是生态系统中氮循环的两个重要环节,是氮素损失的潜在途径,土壤硝化和反硝化作用可向大气中释放温室气体,由此带来环境危害。本文综述了国内外学者对土壤硝化和反硝化作用的研究现状,总结了土壤硝化和反硝化作用的研究方法及其影响因子。土壤硝化和反硝化作用是两个非常复杂的生态学过程,针对研究工作中存在的不足,提出建议:1)改进实验方法、加强对总硝化作用的研究;2)进一步探索森林生态系统中硝化和反硝化作用规律;3)注重对土壤中硝化和反硝化作用微生物学机理的研究。     

DO对同步硝化反硝化的影响

结合近年来国内外同步硝化反硝化的最新研究成果,阐明了溶解氧浓度对几种常见工艺同步硝化反硝化效果的影响,并提出了今后在同步硝化反硝化的微生物特性、脱氮除磷一体化等方面的研究发展方向。     

DO对同步硝化反硝化的影响

结合近年来国内外同步硝化反硝化的最新研究成果,阐明了溶解氧浓度对几种常见工艺同步硝化反硝化效果的影响,并提出了今后在同步硝化反硝化的微生物特性、脱氮除磷一体化等方面的研究发展方向。     

同步硝化反硝化的影响因素研究

结合了近年来国内外同步硝化反硝化的最新研究成果,分析了DO、C/N、pH值、有机碳源、温度、污泥龄、水力停留时间等对几种常见工艺同步硝化反硝化效果的影响,并探讨了今后在同步硝化反硝化的微生物特性、脱氮除磷一体化等方面的研究发展方向。     

采伐方式对森林土壤氮初级转化速率和净氮转化速率的影响

目的 为探明不同采伐方式下森林土壤氮素的释放和保存能力,揭示采伐对森林土壤氮素循环的影响。 方法 本研究通过室内培养试验,采用15N同位素成对标记技术和FLUAZ数值优化模型研究了择伐和皆伐方式下寒温带阔叶混交林土壤氮初级转化速率和净氮转化速率特征。 结果 保留带处理土壤氮初级矿化速率、净氮矿化速率、氮初级固定速率、初级硝化速率和净硝化速率分别为4.16、1.86、2.32、0.368和0.343 mg∙kg−1∙d−1。与保留带处理相比,择伐和皆伐处理土壤氮初级矿化速率分别显著降低了32.2%和61.8%,净氮矿化速率分别显著降低了43.1%和61.5%,氮初级固定速率分别显著降低了23.3%和63.4%。择伐对土壤初级硝化速率和净硝化速率没有显著影响,但皆伐处理土壤初级硝化速率和净硝化速率分别显著降低了23.6%和33.3%。相关分析结果表明,土壤有机碳和水溶性有机碳含量的变化是影响氮初级矿化速率和初级固定速率的主要因素,pH是影响硝化速率的主要因素。 结论 皆伐后土壤铵态氮固定速率的下降程度大于初级硝化速率,导致gn/ia和NO3−/NH4+值显著提高,增加了硝态氮淋溶风险。而择伐处理的gn/ia和NO3−/NH4+值与保留带处理没有显著差异,是一种相对可取的森林采伐方式。     

城市内河生态修复工程的脱氮效应

指出了随着工业化的发展,我国多数城市河流受到比较严重的污染,严重影响了生态、景观和居民的健康生活。通过对生态修复工程的工程段与非工程段的对比实验,研究了生态修复工程对于原位硝化活性、反硝化活性的影响,同时联系水体中硝态氮和总氮的变化,揭示了生态修复工程对于城市内河微生物的脱氮效果。实验结果表明:生态修复工程通过曝气、人工水草等措施,得工程段的硝化活性和反硝化活性都得到了增强。工程段水样和泥样的硝化活性分别比非工程段高出26%和18%,反硝化速率分析可知工程段泥样的平均硝化速率为水样的5倍,非工程段泥样的平均硝化速率为水样的4.6倍,工程段底泥的平均产气量为非工程段的3.7倍。对比水样硝态氮和总氮的检测结果,发现非工程段水体中的硝态氮含量为工程段的17.6倍,且工程段水样的总氮浓度比非工程段水样下降了34%。说明了生态修复工程提高了河道本源微生物硝化/反硝化能力,对于城市内河原位脱氮具有较明显效果。     

藏北高寒草原土壤氮转化对短期增温的响应

指出了青藏高原是全球气候变化的敏感区域,气候的微小波动都会导致高原生态系统的格局、过程与功能发生改变。研究测定了模拟增温条件下藏北半干旱高寒草原生态系统土壤总硝化、反硝化速率及氮转化相关微生物变化动态,结果显示：在藏北高寒草原布设开顶式生长室造成土壤温度明显增加,但土壤的湿度下降了3．19％;增温对高寒草原土壤总硝化速率影响不大,但明显促进了高寒草原的反硝化速率,使高寒草原土壤反硝化速率增加了67％;高寒草原增温后土壤中氨化细菌、亚硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量有所增加,土壤硝化细菌数量有所减少。     

同时硝化反硝化(SND)脱氮技术研究

指出了同时硝化和反硝化工艺与传统的生物脱氮工艺相比,可以节约氧和碳源的耗量,大大降低设备运行费用,具有很大的发展前途.结合近年来国内外脱氮的最新研究成果,从优点、机理、影响因素等方面对同步硝化反硝化进行了探讨.     

长期高浓度CO_2处理对长白赤松土壤硝化酶、反硝化酶和固氮酶活性的影响(英文)

在吉林省长白山地区模拟检测了大气CO2浓度升高对土壤氮循环关键过程的影响。试验采用完全随机区组设计的开顶箱系统模拟环境CO2和高浓度CO2,起始于1999年春。选取长白山特有树种长白松(Pinus sylvestris var.sylvestri-formu),种子播种于1999年5月份,萌芽后开始CO2熏蒸处理。CO2熏蒸处理始于每年4月末止于10月末。分别在2006年6月、8月和2007年6月采集土壤样品,并检测土壤硝化酶(NEA)、反硝化酶(DEA)和固氮酶活性。结果表明,高浓度C02使土壤硝化酶(NEA)活性显著提高,提高幅度2006年6月为30.3%,2006年8月为30.9%,2007年6月为11.3%;土壤反硝化酶活性(DEA)在2006年6月份(P<0.012)和2006年8月份(P<0.005)被C02浓度升高显著抑制;在整个研究过程中没有发现C02浓度升高对固氮酶活性产生显著影响。因此,本研究认为C02浓度升高显著影响了土壤硝化酶(NEA)和反硝化酶活性(DEA)。图3表1参44。     

低碳源生活污水生物脱氮工艺研究进展

针对低碳源生活污水总氮脱除的难题,分别从传统生物脱氮工艺、新型生物脱氮工艺、碳源对污水脱氮的影响进行了综述。传统生物脱氮工艺主要包括活性污泥法、生物膜法、泥膜复合法,相较于单一的传统活性污泥法或生物膜法,泥膜复合工艺对低碳源生活污水可以获得较高的脱氮效果;新型生物脱氮工艺主要包括短程硝化反硝化、厌氧氨氧化、同步硝化反硝化及自养反硝化,其中短程硝化反硝化需严格控制运行条件以获得较高的总氮去除率;厌氧氨氧化无须外碳源,但需要严格控制环境条件以保持厌氧氨氧化菌的活性;同步硝化反硝化工艺运行参数的波动对处理效果影响显著;自养反硝化节省了外碳源的投入,但保持自养反硝化微生物的活性是关键;碳源作为污水生物脱氮反硝化过程的重要影响因素,主要有外投加单一碳源、外投加组合碳源及利用内源碳,需要根据具体处理的污水水质水量情况,以及可利用的碳源情况进行选择。为此,对低碳源生活污水脱氮技术提出了展望,可从微观角度重点研究新型生物脱氮工艺的机制机理;通过工艺的组合优化,合理选择外碳源,充分利用污水中内碳源;新型生活污水脱氮工艺进行组合,对各运行参数进行优化,以期获得高效化、低碳化的脱氮技术。     

Nitrification and denitrification as sources of gaseous nitrogen emission from different forest soils in Changbai Mountain

The contributions of nitrification and denitrification to N₂O and N₂ emissions from four forest soils on northern slop of Changbai Mountain were measured with acetylene inhibition methods. In incubation experiments, 0.06% and 3% C₂H₂ were used to inhibit nitrification and denitrification in these soils, respectively. Both nitrification and denitification existed in these soils except tundra soil, where only denitrification was found. The annually averaged rates of nitrification and denitrification in mountain dark brown forest soil were much higher than that in other three soils. In mountain brown coniferous soil, contributions of different processes to gaseous nitrogen emissions were Denitrification N₂O>nitrification N₂O>Denitrification N₂. The same sequence exists in mountain soddy soil as that in the mountain brown coniferous soil. The sequence in mountain tundra soil was Denitrification N₂O>Denitrification N₂. Foundation item: This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.49701016) and the “Hundred Scientists” Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biography: XU Hui (1967-), male, Ph. Doctor, associate research fellow in Laboratory of Ecological Process of Trace Substance in Terrestrial Ecosystem, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of sciences, Shenyang 110015, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Nitrification and denitrification in subalpine coniferous forests of different restoration stages in western Sichuan, China

Nitrification is the biological conversion of organic or inorganic nitrogen compounds from a reduced to a more oxidized state. Denitrification is generally referred to as the microbial reduction of nitrate to nitrite and further gaseous forms of nitric oxide, nitrous oxide and molecular nitrogen. They are functionally interconnected processes in the soil nitrogen cycle that are involved in the control of long-term nitrogen losses in ecosystems through nitrate leaching and gaseous N losses. In order to better understand how nitrification and denitrification change during the process of ecosystem restoration and how they are affected by various controlling factors, gross nitrification rates and denitrification rates were determined using the barometric process separation (BaPS) technique in subalpine coniferous forests of different restoration stages. The results showed that forest restoration stage had no significant effects on gross nitrification rates or denitrification rates (One-way ANOVA (analysis of variance), p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the temperature coefficient (Q ₁₀) for gross nitrification rate among all the forest sites (One-way ANOVA, p < 0.05). Gross nitrification rates were positively correlated with water content (p < 0.05), but not with soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, or C/N ratios. Denitrification rates in all the forest soils were low and not closely correlated with water content, soil pH, organic matter, or total nitrogen. Nevertheless, we found that C/N ratios obviously affected denitrification rates (p < 0.05). Results from this research suggest that gross nitrification is more responsible for the nitrogen loss from soils compared with denitrification. Translated from Journal of Plant Ecology, 2006, 30(1): 90–96 [译自: 植物生态学报]     

Climate and forest management influence nitrogen balance of European beech forests: microbial N transformations and inorganic N net uptake capacity of mycorrhizal roots

The effects of local climate and silvicultural treatment on the inorganic N availability, net N uptake capacity of mycorrhizal beech roots and microbial N conversion were assessed in order to characterise changes in the partitioning of inorganic N between adult beech and soil microorganisms. Fine root dynamics, inorganic N in the soil solution and in soil extracts, nitrate and ammonium uptake kinetics of beech as well as gross ammonification, nitrification and denitrification rates were determined in a beech stand consisting of paired sites that mainly differed in aspect (SW vs. NE) and stand density (controls and thinning treatments). Nitrate was the only inorganic N form detectable in the soil water. Its concentration was high in control plots of the NE aspect, but only in canopy gaps and not influenced by thinning. Neither thinning nor aspect affected the abundance of root tips in the soil. Maximum nitrate net uptake by mycorrhizal fine roots of beech, however, differed with aspect, showing significantly lower values at the SW aspect with warm–dry local climate. There were no clear-cut significant effects of local climate or thinning on microbial N conversion, but a tendency towards higher ammonification and nitrification and lower denitrification rates on the untreated controls of the SW as compared to the NE aspect. Apparently, the observed sensitivity of beech towards reduced soil water availability is at least partially due to impaired N acquisition. This seems to be mainly a consequence of reduced N uptake capacity rather than of limited microbial re-supply of inorganic N or of changed patterns of inorganic N partitioning between soil bacteria and roots.     

A geospatial and temporal framework for modeling gaseous N and other N losses from forest soils and basins,with application to the Turkey Lakes Watershed Project,in Ontario,Canada

This article quantifies pre- to post-harvest gaseous N emissions and other N losses from forest soils and basins geospatially and temporally via digital elevation and hydrological modeling, using daily rain, snow and air temperature records, annual atmospheric N deposition rates, and basin-specific soil and forest specifications as input. The approach relates gaseous N losses from soils to soil temperature and water-filled pore space (WFPS) as affected by the depth-to-water (DTW) below the soil surface. The approach is applied to the Turkey Lakes Watershed Project (TLW) in Ontario, 60 km north of Sault St. Marie, where basin-wide N losses due to denitrification would mostly be restricted to the wetland portions of the basin. Basin-wide N losses via denitrification and stream export (mineral N and dissolved organic N) were empirically related to upland N mineralization and soil leaching as controlling processes. The calibrated model calculations, set to conform to the field-monitored N concentrations in TLW streams, suggest that the harvest-induced nitrification and denitrification pulses would be strongest near the end of the first post-harvest year, dropping to background levels within about 4–5 years later. The article concludes with assessing basin-specific denitrification efficiencies in relation to atmospheric N deposition and basin-to-basin wetland coverage.     

凉水国家自然保护区不同林型红松林土壤nosZ型反硝化微生物群落组成和多样性分析

【目的】分析凉水国家级自然保护区内的3种原始红松林(云冷杉红松林、椴树红松林和枫桦红松林)、红松人工林和红松天然次生林5种林型的土壤nosZ型反硝化微生物的群落组成和多样性特征,为全面了解不同林型红松林土壤的反硝化潜势和氮循环过程提供数据支持。【方法】以选取的5种林型红松林林下土壤为研究对象,以反硝化过程中的关键酶——氧化亚氮还原酶的编码基因nosZ为标记基因,采用高通量测序和生物信息学分析技术进行研究。【结果】从5种林型红松林15个土壤样品中一共得到nosZ基因631 878条有效序列,579 871条优质序列,长度分布在178~383 bp之间,主要分布在260 bp。5种林型红松林土壤nosZ型反硝化微生物主要门类为变形菌门和拟杆菌门,核心属为伯霍尔德杆菌属、黄杆菌属、慢生根瘤菌属、假单胞菌属、Dechloromonas属、芽单胞菌属、无色杆菌属和中华根瘤菌属。nosZ型反硝化微生物α多样性分析显示:除枫桦红松林的Shannon和Simpson指数显著高于红松天然次生林外,5种林型红松林之间土壤nosZ型反硝化菌群的4种α多样性指数(Shannon、Chao1、ACE和Simpson指数)差异不显著。β多样性分析显示:5种林型土壤nosZ型反硝化微生物群落组成差异显著(R=0.387,P=0.006),但3种原始红松林之间差异不显著。土壤铵氮和全氮含量是显著影响nosZ型反硝化微生物群落的主要因子(P﹤0.05)。【结论】5种林型红松林土壤nosZ型反硝化微生物多数α多样性指数无显著差异,但β多样性差异显著,引起不同林型之间nosZ型反硝化微生物组成和丰度的主要环境因子是土壤铵氮和全氮含量。     

Soil denitrification rates in a subalpine watershed of the eastern Sierra Nevada

Denitrification rates in soils of six subalpine plant communities in an eastern Sierra Nevada watershed were determined by the acetylene inhibition method. Soil atmosphere samples were collected monthly from June 1986 through May 1987 in a riparian, wet meadow, dry meadow, north-facing forest, south-facing forest and barren site and analyzed for N₂O content using gas chromatography. Soil temperature, moisture, organic matter, C,N,C:N ratio, NO₃N and pH were examined to assess their effects on denitrification rates. Mean denitrification rates for the year varied from 103.3 μg m⁻²h⁻¹ in the north-facing forest to 120.2 μg m⁻²h⁻¹ at the barren site, but did not differ significantly among any of the six plant communities. However, comparisons among months within individual communities revealed that the denitrification rates in each community varied significantly over the year, and in three of the six sites significant correlations between denitrification rates and other soil parameters were detected. Soil acidity was positively correlated with denitrification rate in the riparian and wet meadow communities, and in the dry meadow, soil moisture was positively correlated while soil temperature and organic matter were negatively correlated with denitrification rate. Comparisons among sites within individual months revealed significant differences in denitrification rates in June, September, October and January, but no single site consistently exhibited the highest or lowest rate in all 4 months, and only in October, when denitrification rates were positively correlated with soil temperature and moisture, was variation in denitrification rates among sites explained by other soil parameters. For the six plant communities overall, soil denitrification rates were highly variable from June to October, increased sharply from October to December, and then declined from December to May.     

Effects of phenolic acids on soil nitrogen mineralization over successive rotations in Chinese fir plantations

Phenolic acids are secondary metabolites of plants that significantly affect nutrient cycling processes.To investigate such effects,the soil available nitrogen(N)content,phenolic acid content,and net N mineralization rate in three successive rotations of Chinese fir plantations in subtropical China were investigated.Net N mineralization and nitrification rates in soils treated with phenolic acids were measured in an ex situ experiment.Compared with first-rotation plantations(FCP),the contents of total soil nitrogen and nitrate in second(SCP)-and third-rotation plantations(TCP)decreased,and that of soil ammonium increased.Soil net N mineralization rates in the second-and third-rotation plantations also increased by 17.8%and 39.9%,respectively.In contrast,soil net nitrification rates decreased by 18.0%and 25.0%,respectively.The concentrations of total phenolic acids in the FCP soils(123.22±6.02 nmol g^-1)were 3.0%and 17.9%higher than in the SCP(119.68±11.69 nmol g^-1)and TCP(104.51±8.57 nmol g^-1,respectively).The total content of phenolic acids was significantly correlated with the rates of net soil N mineralization and net nitrification.The ex situ experiment showed that the net N mineralization rates in soils treated with high(HCPA,0.07 mg N kg^-1 day^-1)and low(LCPA,0.18 mg N kg^-1 day^-1)concentrations of phenolic acids significantly decreased by 78.6%and 42.6%,respectively,comparing with that in control(0.32 mg N kg^-1 day^-1).Soil net nitrification rates under HCPA and LCPA were significantly higher than that of the control.The results suggested that low contents of phenolic acids in soil over successive rotations increased soil net N mineralization rates and decreased net nitrification rates,leading to consequent reductions in the nitrate content and enhancement of the ammonium content,then resulting in enhancing the conservation of soil N of successive rotations in Chinese fir plantation.     

Juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4 napthoquinone) and soil nitrogen transformation interactions under a walnut plantation in southern Ontario, Canada

Juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone), a chemical substance produced by black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), inhibits the growth and existence of some beneficial soil microorganisms, especially Frankia spp. isolate ArI3 and Rhizobium japonicum. However, no studies to date have reported on the effect of juglone on soil ammonification and nitrification. A field study and laboratory incubation study to investigate this were conducted. In the field, in situ soil ammonification and nitrification were measured within and outside of a 60-year-old black walnut plantation and a eight-year-old poplar (Populus spp. clone DN 177) plantation. In the lab, soil (Sandy Fox Loam), collected in the absence of black walnut trees, was incubated for periods of one to six weeks in the presence of varying concentrations of juglone. In the field, peak summer mean nitrate accumulation rates in soils within the black walnut and poplar plantation were 163 and 95 μg 100 g^-1 dry soil day^-1 respectively and in soils outside the plantations, 104 (black walnut) and 78 (poplar) μg 100 g^-1 dry soil day^-1 respectively. No accumulation of ammonium at the end of the incubation period was noted. Therefore, no inhibition effect of juglone on nitrification in the field was observed, and laboratory incubation results confirmed the results of the field study. Results from these studies should address concerns about nitrification inhibition under walnut based intercropping systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.