一例犬腰椎间盘突出的诊治

犬的腰椎间盘突出主要是因为腰椎间盘各部分(髓核、纤维环及软骨板),尤其是髓核,有不同程度的退行性改变后,在外力因素的作用下,导致相邻脊神经根遭受刺激或压迫,从而导致运动障碍甚至后肢瘫痪为主要特征的脊椎疾病,笔者收治一例经核磁共振确诊为椎间盘突出的北京犬,通过椎板切除术治疗,取得良好的治疗效果。     

一例犬腰椎间盘突出症的诊断与治疗

1只4.5岁的京巴犬，因双后肢突然无力，之后无法行走，正常排便，无法排尿，双后肢深度痛觉消失而来就诊。采用临床检查、影像学检查、实验室检查进行诊断，根据确诊结果进行手术治疗与护理。结果表明：根据临床检查、影像学检查和实验室检查情况确诊该犬为腰椎间盘突出症，并伴有神经压迫，采用偏侧椎板切除的方法进行手术治疗，术后1个月复查，该犬已恢复正常。说明偏侧椎板切除术可以有效治疗腰椎间盘突出症。     

一例犬椎间盘突出疾病的诊断与治疗

1只9岁中华田园犬后肢无力,不愿站立,保守治疗无效,为了对该病犬进行诊断,试验通过临床检查、实验室检查和影像学检查相结合的方法进行诊断,并根据诊断结果进行治疗。结果表明:病犬确诊为第十三胸椎和第一腰椎(T13～L1)的椎间盘突出。经半椎板切除术移除椎间盘突出物,术后配合保守疗法,患犬恢复良好。     

偏侧椎板切除术结合电针灸治疗犬胸腰椎间盘脱出的研究

为了评估偏侧椎板切除术结合电针灸治疗犬胸腰椎间盘脱出的效果,采用临床检查、脊髓造影X线检查以及电脑断层扫描的方法确诊了10例患有胸腰椎间盘脱出的腊肠犬,经偏侧椎板切除术移除脱出的椎间盘,术后采用电针灸进行康复治疗,结果有9例患犬康复,1例未康复,康复率达90%。     

腰椎间盘突出症的临床症状及蜂针疗法

腰椎间盘突出症的全称为腰椎间盘纤维环破坏髓核突出症。椎间盘为圆盘状,由纤维环、髓核和软骨三部分组成,位于上下两个腰椎之间,有稳定椎柱、缓冲震荡和平衡外力的作用。腰椎间盘突出     

一例老年犬腰椎间盘突出的诊断与治疗

综合分析一例14岁中华田园犬临床检查、血常规检查、生化检查、C反应蛋白检查、X线影像学和核磁共振检查结果,患犬确诊为汉森Ⅱ型第13胸椎～第3腰椎椎间盘突出,并已引起后驱麻痹且无力,导致犬瘫痪。经偏侧椎板切除术和针灸辅助治疗1个月后,该犬预后良好。     

半椎板切除术治疗犬胸腰椎间盘脱出40例

犬椎间盘脱出是国内小动物临床常见疾病,轻症者可致疼痛、肢体运动障碍;重症者可致肢体瘫痪、肌肉萎缩、膀胱麻痹;且很多病例反复发作,用保守治疗方法难以控制和改善,甚至错失最佳手术治疗时机.自2006年4月至2012年5月,笔者通过脊髓造影定位及半椎板切除术治疗椎间盘脱出病例40例,术后康复率为82.5％(33/40),其中神经损伤3级16例,术后康复率为100％(16/16);神经损伤4级21例,术后康复率为81％(17/21);神经损伤5级3例,术后康复率为0％.手术治疗犬椎间盘脱出病例分析在国内罕见报道,故报告如下.     

犬椎间盘疾病的治疗

椎间盘疾病是一种由未知原因引起的椎间盘变形性变化,表现为椎间盘突出或盘组织进入椎管压迫脊髓或脊神经根.如果椎问盘的髓核或纤维环突出到椎管内,脊髓就会受到物理性压迫,引起受压处乃至尾侧的神经障碍,这种病症被称为椎间盘突出症.椎问盘疾病可见于各种品种的犬,腊肠犬发病率最高,京巴犬和贵妇犬次之,德国牧羊犬和杂种犬也会患椎间盘疾病.在所有的椎间盘疾病中椎间盘突出症的发病率最高.     

犬高危病例穿透性角膜移植手术总结分析

穿透性角膜移植手术(PKP)目前是人眼科复明手术之一[1],笔者对犬的高危病例进行了角膜移植手术,报告如下.1 材料1.1 试验动物 购买本地杂交犬9只,10～12月龄,体重5～8 kg.随机抽取6只犬作为试验犬,分别编号为1、2、3、4、5、6号试验犬,3只犬作为供体犬.     

犬椎间盘突出症的诊治

椎间盘突出症是指椎间盘变形,纤维环撕裂,髓核向背侧突出压迫脊髓或脊神经根而引起的一种脊髓疾病.该病以疼痛、后驱麻痹、运动失调或瘫痪等运动障碍为主要特征.此病多发于京巴犬或与京巴犬有血缘关系的犬,犬一般在4岁以上发病,有的由于饲养不当2～3岁开始发病.目前此病除手术外没有根治方法,只能通过药物治疗缓解症状.     

Repair of sixth lumbar vertebral fracture-luxations, using transilial pins and plastic spinous-process plates in six dogs

Transilial pins and paired plastic spinous-process plates were used to repair fracture-luxations of the sixth lumbar vertebra in 6 dogs. All dogs had signs of lumbar pain and variable lower motor neuron deficits to the hindquarters (including hind limbs, tail, and pelvic region). Lumbar pain was decreased or resolved the day after surgery in all dogs, and 3 dogs were able to walk without assistance. One dog initially deteriorated neurologically after surgery and 2 dogs with multiple concurrent orthopedic injuries had no improvement in neurologic function and remained nonambulatory. Pin migration associated with improper bending of the transilial pins and requiring early implant removal was the most common postoperative complication. Four dogs had no neurologic abnormalities 1 to 3 months after surgery. One dog had a resolving unilateral sciatic nerve deficit 9 months after surgery, and another dog was euthanatized 3 months after surgery because of continued paraparesis and urinary and fecal incontinence. These 6 cases illustrate the efficacy of plastic spinous-process plates in combination with transilial pins for the repair of fracture-luxation of the sixth lumbar vertebra.     

N. femoralis, N. obturatorius and N. ischiadicus: deviation in creation in the dogs

Two hundred and twelve dog cadavers belonging to different breeds were examined, to investigate the formation of the femoral, obturator and the sciatic nerve. Besides the commonly described formation patterns of the mentioned nerves, some variations were also found. These variations were not gender-related, but on the other hand we discovered a certain correlation between the variations appearing in the formation of the femoral, obturator and the sciatic nerve. In 74.05% of cases, the femoral nerve was formed from ventral branches of the 4th, 5th and 6th lumbar nerve, and 16.98% of the dogs had the nerve formed from ventral branches of the 3rd, 4th and 5th lumbar nerve. Many dogs (i.e. 2.30%) had the femoral nerve formed from the ventral branches of the 5th, 6th and 7th, the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th or the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th lumbar nerve, respectively. In 1.88% of dogs in particular, the femoral nerve was formed from ventral rami of the 4th and 5th lumbar nerve. In 66.98% of the examined dogs, the obturator nerve was formed from the ventral branches of the 4th, 5th and 6th lumbar nerve, followed by 16.59% of the dogs with the obturator nerve formed from the ventral rami of the 4th and 5th lumbar nerve and 9.43% of dogs in which the nerve was formed from the ventral branches of the 5th and 6th lumbar nerve. In 4.71% of dogs, the obturator nerve was formed from the ventral rami of the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th lumbar nerve, while only 2.30% of the examined dogs had the same nerve formed from the ventral branches of the 5th, 6th and 7th lumbar nerve. The sciatic nerve was formed from ventral branches of the 6th and 7th lumbar nerve and the 1st sacral nerve in 86.79% of the dogs. In 5.18% of cases, the same nerve was formed from a junction of the ventral branches of the 7th lumbar and the 1st and 2nd sacral nerve, and, in the same percentage of cases, it was formed from a junction of ventral branches of the 6th and 7th lumbar nerve and the 1st and 2nd sacral nerve. In 2.83% of the dogs, it was formed from a junction of the ventral branches of the 6th and 7th lumbar and the 1st sacral nerve. The correlation of variations established in the formation of the femoral, obturator and the sciatic nerve was not statistically significant.     

Colonic perforation in corticosteroid-treated dogs

Clinical findings for 5 new cases of colonic perforation in corticosteroid-treated dogs were presented and 8 other cases from the literature were reviewed. Colonic perforation was a fatal complication in all 13 dogs, 12 of which had had recent major surgery. Ten dogs were neurosurgical patients, 1 dog received medical therapy for head trauma and nonambulatory paresis, and 2 dogs were operated on for non-neurologic conditions. Dexamethasone was the most frequently used corticosteroid, and 12 dogs received a mean cumulative dose of 6.4 mg/kg over an average period of 5.1 days. Depression, anorexia, and emesis, the most frequent signs attending colonic perforation, became evident 3 to 8 days after surgery. Signs preceded death by an average of 22.3 hours. Correct antemortem diagnosis (5 dogs) and surgical intervention (3 dogs) had no effect on eventual outcome (mortality = 100%). Colonic perforation most frequently developed in the proximal descending portion and always involved the antimesenteric border. Gross fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity and acute generalized peritonitis were evident in all but one dog. Adhesions were observed at the lesion site in 6 dogs, but prevented gross soilage in only one dog.     

Effects of intramedullary injection of methiodal and lidocaine on spinal cords of dogs.

A solution of methiodal sodium (20%) and lidocaine HCl (0.20%) was given by intramedullary injection into the lumbar spinal cords of 12 anesthetized dogs (group I). Two control groups of 12 dogs each were subjected to needle placement only or were given 5% dextrose. The results showed that both solutions given by intramedullary injection caused severe spinal cord malacia and cavitation in 2 group I dogs and in 1 group III dog.     

Clinical evaluation of metrizamide as a myelographic agent in the dog.

Metrizamide, a new, water-soluble contrast agent, was clinically evaluated as a myelographic agent in 17 dogs. Nine dogs were given lumbar subarachnoid injections and six were given cisternal injections. Two dogs were given cisternal and lumbar injections; in one dog, both injections were given on the same day. The dosage ranged from 0.3 to 0.57 ml/kg of body weight, using an isotonic solution of metrizamide. Of eight dogs given cisternal injections, two experienced convulsive activity requiring diazepam treatment during the anesthetic recovery period. The lumbar injections did not cause convulsions. Satisfactory radiographic density persisted up to 45 minutes after injection, allowing time for several views to be obtained. In general, metrizamide appeared to be an adequate myelographic agent in the dog.     

Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis in Dogs from North Carolina and Virginia

Medical records of 3 dogs from North Carolina and 3 dogs from Virginia with ehrlichial morulae in circulating neutrophils were studied retrospectively. Two clinically distinct disease syndromes, including chronic, moderate to severe anemia (n = 3) and polyarthritis (n = 2) were associated with canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (CGE) in these dogs. One dog was clinically healthy, and abnormalities were not detected during physical examination. Clinical signs were nonspecific and included fever, lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea. The most frequent laboratory abnormalities were normocytic normochromic nonregenerative anemia, moderate thrombocytopenia with large platelets, lymphopenia, and eosinopenia. Considerable variability was found in the serologic responses to Ehrlichia equi, Ehrlichia canis , and Ehrlichia chaffeensis antigens among the 5 dogs for which stored sera were available for indirect fluorescent antibody testing. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of portions of the 16S rRNA gene from blood (collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) of 1 severely anemic dog (dog 3) and 1 polyarthritic dog (dog 4) resulted in DNA sequences nearly identical to the GenBank accessions for Ehrlichia ewingii. The DNA sequence from a 3rd dog (dog 5) was most similar to that of E. canis. Serologic or molecular results support the possibility of E. ewingii, E. equi , and E. canis coinfection or serologic cross-reactivity among canine granulocytic and monocytic Ehrlichia species in dogs from North Carolina and Virginia. Variability in response to tetracycline or doxycycline treatment was noted in these dogs, with more rapid resolution of signs in dogs with polyarthritis. We report the 1st cases of CGE in dogs from North Carolina and Virginia, including recognition of CGE in a healthy dog.     

Thoracic, Abdominal and Vertebral Actinomycosis

The clinical, laboratory, radiographic, and histologic features and the response to therapy in three dogs with actinomycosis are reported. One dog (dog 1) had a 12-cm nonresectable mass extending from the ventrolateral chest wall into the left ventricular myocardium. Another dog (dog 2) had a diffuse peritonitis with "sulfur granules" and two large masses. One of these masses was nonresectable involving adjacent abdominal structures. A third dog (dog 3) had a subvertebral mass at T1-3 producing quadraplegia. Two dogs had periosteal reactions involving adjacent sternebrae (dog 1) or ribs and vertebral bodies (dog 3) that are characteristic of Actinomyces spp infections. In dogs 1 and 2 the diagnosis was based on the morphologic and tinctorial properties of free sulfur granules and/or tissue granules. Culture results were variable. Tissue from dog 1 yielded no growth, while polymicrobial infections, which included Actinomyces spp, were identified in dogs 2 and 3. Actinomyces odontolyticus was isolated from dog 3. Although the actinomycotic granulomas were either not excised or only partially excised from dogs 1 and 2, both animals were cured by the oral administration of high doses of penicillin G for 19 and 6 months, respectively. Dog 3 responded dramatically to the same antibiotic therapy given for 5 months. However, within 4 months of discontinuing treatment an abscess and draining fistulous tracts developed in the left axillary region. Two surgical fistulectomies and additional penicillin therapy were required to cure this animal. These cases and the current veterinary and human literature on actinomycosis are used to propose a rational approach to the treatment of actinomycosis in the dog.     

Oestrogen receptor antagonist and hair regrowth in dogs with hair cycle arrest (alopecia X)

An oestrogen receptor pathway that regulates the telogen-anagen hair follicle transition in mice has been described. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether fulvestrant, a pure oestrogen receptor antagonist, would cause hair regrowth in Pomeranian dogs with hair cycle arrest (alopecia X). Eleven Pomeranian dogs with hair cycle arrest were randomly assigned to receive two intramuscular injections of either 10 mg kg(-1) fulvestrant (n = 6) or an equal volume of saline (n = 5) 1 month apart. Complete blood count, chemistry panel, and urinalysis were monitored prior to the first injection and monthly for 2 months. Dogs were evaluated each month for degree of hair growth, percentage of body affected, and quality of new hair growth. Three control dogs received fulvestrant after the completion of the study. In addition, one control dog and one treatment dog received two subcutaneous injections of 20 mg kg(-1) fulvestrant 1 month apart. No dogs that received 10 mg kg(-1) fulvestrant had any evidence of hair regrowth. The control dog that received 20 mg kg(-1) fulvestrant had substantial hair regrowth 1 month after the first injection. No adverse effects from the treatment were noted. Fulvestrant does not appear to be a feasible treatment for dogs with hair cycle arrest (alopecia X) when administered intramuscularly at 10 mg kg(-1). A higher dose of fulvestrant requires more investigation but may be cost-prohibitive.     

Spinal nerve root origins of the cutaneous nerves of the canine pelvic limb

The spinal nerve root origins of the cutaneous nerves innervating the canine pelvic limb were determined in 12 barbiturate-anesthetized, healthy dogs by stimulating the dorsal roots L1-S3 and recording the evoked-action potentials from each cutaneous nerve. The dogs were then euthanatized, identification of each dorsal root and cutaneous nerve was verified by dissection, and the type of lumbosacral plexus (prefixed, median fixed, or postfixed) was determined. With one exception, the dorsal cutaneous branches and lateral cutaneous branches of L1-L3 originated only from their corresponding spinal nerve roots. The genitofemoral nerve received afferent fibers predominantly from L3-L4 nerve roots. The lateral cutaneous femoral nerve originated from L3-L5 nerve roots, and the saphenous nerve from L4-L6 nerve roots. The proximal caudal cutaneous sural nerve originated from L6-S1. The lateral cutaneous sural nerve originated from L5-S1; the deep and superficial fibular nerves arose primarily from L6-L7. The distal caudal cutaneous sural nerve originated predominantly from L7-S1, and the medial cutaneous tarsal nerve originated from L6-S1. The medial plantar nerve originated predominantly from L6-S1 roots, whereas the lateral plantar nerve originated from L6-S2 roots. The middle clunial nerve received afferent fibers primarily from S1-S2; the caudal clunial nerve received fibers from S1-S3. The caudal cutaneous femoral nerve originated predominantly from L7-S2. The dorsal nerve of the penis originated predominantly from S1-S2, and the superficial perineal nerve originated from S1-S3. One dog had a prefixed plexus, 8 dogs had median-fixed plexuses, and 1 dog had a postfixed plexus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of RA233 on metastasis in dogs with osteosarcomas

The influence of RA233, an inhibitor of platelet function, on the occurrence of metastasis in 18 dogs with osteosarcomas was evaluated. At least 24 hours before surgical removal of the primary tumor, dogs were given RA233 orally (20 mg/kg of body weight divided into 3 equal doses). Original sites of the osteosarcoma included humerus, 6 dogs; radius, 5 dogs; tibia, 3 dogs; femur, 2 dogs; maxilla, 1 dog; and mandible, 1 dog. Survival time for 13 dogs euthanatized for progression of neoplastic disease ranged from 3 months to 10 months, with a mean survival time of 5.5 months. Medication was discontinued in 1 dog because of possible adverse reaction. One dog died of disease unrelated to the tumor, and one dog was euthanatized after the surgery. Two dogs were tumor free 9 and 17 months after surgery. Seemingly, the metastasis potential was not diminished in dogs given 20 mg of RA233/kg/day.