Managing the water balance of The Fayoum Depression,Egypt

A study of the water balances of The Fayoum irrigated lands and Lake Qarun was made to investigate the management of the irrigation system and the efficiency of irrigation water use. The two water balances are strongly interrelated. The drainage flow to Lake Qarun and the water level of the Lake are in delicate balance. A rise in Lake level causes the inundation of adjacent land. Management of The Fayoum water balance assumes control over irrigation water flows, but this control has technical and organizational limitations. Also discussed is the influence of irrigation practices in The Fayoum on the water balance (e.g., the autumn flushing of fields and farmers' preference for not irrigating at night in winter). Notwithstanding a high overall efficiency, irrigation efficiency during the winter is low. The reasons for this are given, together with the constraints against improving system management. Improved uniformity of the division and application of irrigation water will enable a better technical control of flows and will result in better water management in The Fayoum. Abbreviations: FID — Fayoum Irrigation Department, 1 feddan (fe) — 0.4 ha, 1 mcm — 1 million cubic metres: an average annual flow of 3.17 m³/s gives 100 mcm, m³/fe.year — supplied volume (m³) per surface area (fe) per year: 1000 m³/fe.year equals 240 mm/year, MSL — Mean Sea Level     

Water management in tertiary units in the Fayoum,Egypt

The irrigation system in The Fayoum is designed for a continuous supply of water (24 h a day, 7 days a week) to rotational units, which vary in size from about 20 to 500 fe. The Fayoum Irrigation Department is responsible for the delivery of irrigation water to the rotational units. Within the units, the farmers rotate the water in a seven days rotation.One of the characteristics of present water management of The Fayoum is the non-uniformity of the division of flow over the main canals. The purpose of this paper is: (i) to study the effects of this non-uniformity by comparing water management in tertiary units in an area with a (more than) sufficient water supply to an area subject to some water shortage; (ii) to discuss implications of the present tertiary unit water management for the water management of the entire The Fayoum.The findings are that: (i) the non-uniformity of the main system water supply has a strong effect on the water management in the tertiary units. Water shortage results in a lower cropping intensity and fallow land, no possibility to cultivate rice, and a possible trend towards salinization in the Seila area; (ii) the farmers in both research areas modify the official rotation schedule. These modifications create a high flexibility in the rotational units: The water supply for different crops and plots is adjusted almost to the minute.Glossary and abbreviations Bahar Gate-Tender - FaWMDI Fayoum Water Management and Drainage Improvement Project - fe Feddan (1 fe = 0.42 ha) - FID Fayoum Irrigation Department - Ganabiah Secondary or Sub-Secondary - IIP Irrigation Improvement Project - Kafr Satellite Village of a Larger Village with a Mayor - Mesqah Tertiary Canal - MSL Mean Sea Level at Alexandria - Nasbah Cluster of Fayoum Standard Weirs - Sheikh el Balad The Oldest of the Kafr (Elected Position)     

Calibration of weirs in The Fayoum,Egypt

Weirs in the irrigation system of The Fayoum Governorate in Egypt have been modified: crests have been widened and pipes have been installed. As a result, the head-discharge ratings became invalid or unknown, and the irrigation system became difficult to manage. To obtain valid rating curves for the modified weirs, a flow-measurement programme with current-meters was started. The reasons why this programme did not yield ratings of sufficient accuracy are given.Hydraulic theory on flow over weirs and through pipes was subsequently used to arrive at acceptable ratings. An example is given for a widened weir with a pipe through its still. The theoretical rating is compared with the current-meter measurements. It is shown that the theory gives better ratings in a shorter time.Abbreviations FWSBM Fayoum Water and Salt Balance Model Project - FID Fayoum Irrigation Department - fe feddan; 1 fe=0.42 ha     

Strategies for agricultural development in the Fayoum area,Egypt

With the present regime of irrigation supplies to the Fayoum province of Egypt, there is no real problem regarding the increase in water levels of Lake Qaroun which is the major recipient of drainage water. Future developments should therefore concentrate on solving the problem of peak supplies for agricultural use. It has been proposed to remedy the shortage caused by further agricultural developments by increasing the system capacity by 20%. There is, however, an alternative approach which requires no engineering work; this is to change the cropping pattern by introducing rotations which reduce peak water requirements.A simplified water balance based on available data is prepared in order to acquire a better understanding of the whole situation and to set up a strategy for future agricultural development.The developed strategy takes into account the limitations imposed by the closed system of the Fayoum basin such as the irrigation efficiency, the Lake Qaroun optimum water level, land reclamation possibilities, Wadi Rayan drainage surplus, and salt concentrations in Lake Qaroun.     

建立灌区农民用水者协会的探讨

建立农民用水者协会（ＷＵＡ），国家将支、分渠系灌溉工程的使用与管理权移交给农民，这符合我国政府关于水利工程分级管理的方针政策，对促进灌区工程体制改革，适应社会主义市场经济新要求，实现灌区自我维护，自我发展，经济自立，均具有较大的实践意义。１９９５年４月，湖北省人民政府办公厅３３号文同意在湖北省世行贷款项目区内开展经济自立灌溉区试点工作，并将漳河水库三干渠三分干灌区首批列入试点，在省世行贷款水利项目办公室和荆门市人民政府领导和支持下，通过一年的试点工作实践，先后组建了１１个农民用水者协会，并开始试运行。作者就组建农民用水者协会过程中涉及的有关问题从理论上进行了初步总结。     

汤河水库汛期分期定量分析

以汤河水库为实例,针对分期汛限水位方案所涉及到的汛期分期进行分析研究。采用目前国内使用较为广泛的3种水库汛期分期定量分析方法,对汤河水库汛期进行优化分期。综合3种方法的分期结果,参照当前水库调度采用的分期方案,得出汤河水库汛期分期优化方案。     

灌区用水者协会的水权探讨

建立灌区用水者协会的水权制度，对明晰用水者协会的产权制度的有着重要的作用。在对水权、区域水权、初试水权论述的基础上，对灌区用水者协会的水权进行了探讨。用水者协会的水权是农业水权中的灌溉水权，是由其所辖灌溉工程决定的、灌区管理单位（或供水公司）移交（或转移）的灌溉水的权利，包括占有权、支配权、使用权和收益权。用水者协会的水权的特征主要表现为水的所有权为国家所有，其占有权、支配权、使用权和收益权为用水者协会集体所有，协会水权经灌溉工程产权移交后产生，并具有初试水权的特性。灌区用水者协会的水权量一般用水量、水权面积表示。     

阜新县节水农业分区研究

针对阜新县水资源紧缺的现状，在综合分析全县气候、土壤、水资源现状、农业种植制度和经济发展水平等因素的基础上，对阜新县节水型农业分区进行了研究，为确保分区指标的科学性、系统性，采用模糊数学聚类分析方法，探讨节水农业的地域分布规律，进行节水农业分区，以阜新县为例对因地制宜地发展东北半干旱地区的节水农业分区进行有益的探索。     

水价电报核定制定价模式的应用

根据一部分地区自发出现的水价申报制定价模式，解决了水价不反映水商品价值的矛盾，兼顾了水利工程因自然条件不同形成的供水成本差异，兼顾了地区这间人民群众的生活水准差异，得到了供需双方和当地政府的认可的实际，介绍了水价申报核定制的运作方式、基本特点及其利弊。     

华北地区节水农业标准初探

本文是总理基金课题“华北地区节水型农业技术体系研究与示范”的第四专题:“华北地区节水型农业分区与对策研究”中的一个研究内容,节水农业是在维持或提高农作物单产或总产的前提下,节约灌溉用水的农业。但是节水节到什么程度才算是节水衣业,国内外都没有一个可操作的标准,这就给华北地区发展节水型农业的宏观决策带来困难。本文通过研究,提出了一个包括效益指标、需水指标和工程指标三个层次的节水农业标准指标体系,并对由此出现的一些问题进行了讨论。     

The rehabilitation of an irrigation system along the Yellow River

The People's Victory Irrigation System which diverts water from the Yellow River of China covers a total irrigable area of 59 000 ha. The system encountered some serious problems in the first decade of its operation — salinity and waterlogging of irrigated land, siltation of irrigation and drainage channels, as well as a low efficiency of water use. This paper describes a series of structural and functional measures which have been adopted in the past 24 years for the rehabilitation of the system, including: improvement of the existing drainage system and construction of new drainage system on agricultural land, conjunctive use of surface and groundwater supplies, a comprehensive programme to reduce the levels of siltation as well as the implementation of improved water management practices. A model for the optimal operation of the system by using system analysis theory as an aid in reducing the operation and maintenance (O & M) costs has been developed in recent years. The results are that the soil salinity has been controlled and the agricultural production has increased whilst the efficiency of water use has improved and the siltation levels reduced. Experience gained on this system has been successfully used in developing and managing other irrigation projects along the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The proposed procedure of solving the said optimal model has also embodied some benefits from reducing O & M costs in operation.     

内陆核电项目对水资源安全的影响及我国的控制措施

随着国家能源结构调整和节能减排战略的实施,我国核电进入了蓬勃发展的时代。"十二五"期间,还将开始内陆核电的发展历程。内陆核电紧邻内陆江河湖库,必然对水资源安全产生一定的影响。文章介绍了核电站运行及安全设计原理,论述了核电站运行中与水资源相关的工艺,从冷却水、放射性液态流出物、硼污染等方面分析了内陆核电运行对水资源安全的影响和我国所采取的控制措施。最后提出了降低内陆核电站对水资源影响的排放措施,以供水资源管理部门和核电运营单位参考。     

北方大型灌区节水改造规划的几个问题

我国大型灌区在国民经济发展中占有重要地位,但是经过长期运行,由于工程老化、技术落后、管理不善、灌溉用水浪费比较严重,急需进行节水技术改造。目前国家正在进行大型灌区的节水改造规划,为使规划更加科学、完善,对当前北方地区在规划中关于灌区的规模、灌溉设计保证率、节水灌溉制度、渠井结合形式和布局、引黄灌区的泥沙处理和田间灌溉技术的选择等问题进行探讨,并提出解决办法和建议。     

深圳市东部供水系统优化配置方案

针对深圳市东部供水系统的特点，应用大系统分解聚合分析的原理和方法，建立了东部水库群联合供水优化调度二层递阶模型，并根据各层次数学模型的不同特点给出了相应的求解方法，得出了合理的结果，为深圳市水资源优化调度提供了一种有效的决策工具。     

废水喷灌中若干技术问题的探讨

随着水资源结构的改变以及用水方向的变化,废水喷灌这一新的课题已经提到了我们的面前。文章分析了废水喷灌的可行性,讨论了适合于一般农业灌溉的废水处理特点,提出了废水喷灌系统设计中应考虑的一些特殊问题以及设备选择中的一些注意事项。     

新时期农村饮水工程基本内涵与发

根据四川农村饮水的特点、问题和发展趋势，提出了新时期农村安全饮水工程在水量、水质、用水方便、用水保证率、可持续运行等5个基本要求的内涵；探讨了不同用水条件、不同工程类别、不同项目区域的设计用水量；提出了不同区域的农村供水模式；探讨了建立适应社会主义市场经济的农村安全饮水工程建设管理机制；根据工程规模和投资渠道，提出了农村供水工程集中管理、协会管理、股份管理、农户自主管理等5种运行管理体制，对农村安全饮水的规划和建设管理具有较强指导性。     

Sensitivity analysis of optimal operation of irrigation supply systems with water quality considerations

A model for optimal operation of water supply/irrigation systems of various water quality sources, with treatment plants, multiple water quality conservative factors, and dilution junctions is presented. The objective function includes water cost at the sources, water conveyance costs which account for the hydraulics of the network indirectly, water treatment cost, and yield reduction costs of irrigated crops due to irrigation with poor quality water. The model can be used for systems with supply by canals as well as pipes, which serve both drinking water demands of urban/rural consumers and field irrigation requirements. The general nonlinear optimization problem has been simplified by decomposing it to a problem with linear constraints and nonlinear objective function. This problem is solved using the projected gradient method. The method is demonstrated for a regional water supply system in southern Israel that contains 39 pipes, 37 nodes, 11 sources, 10 agricultural consumers, and 4 domestic consumers. The optimal operation solution is described by discharge and salinity values for all pipes of the network. Sensitivity of the optimal solution to changes in the parameters is examined. The solution was found to be sensitive to the upper limit on drinking water quality, with total cost being reduced by 5% as the upper limit increases from 260 to 600 mg Cl l^–1. The effect of income from unit crop yield is more pronounced. An increase of income by a factor of 20 results in an increase of the total cost by a factor of 3, thus encouraging more use of fresh water as long as the marginal cost of water supply is smaller than the marginal decrease in yield loss. The effect of conveyance cost becomes more pronounced as its cost increases. An increase by a factor of 100 results in an increase of the total cost by about 14%. The network studied has a long pipe that connects two distinct parts of the network and permits the supply of fresh water from one part to the other. Increasing the maximum permitted discharge in this pipe from 0 to 200 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by 11%. Increasing the maximum discharge at one of the sources from 90 to 300 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by about 8%.     

数字水环境管理系统和数字水质预

将先进的地理信息系统技术、计算机技术、遥感技术和河流大比例尺数字化地图与水环境管理问题相结合，阐明了数字水环境管理系统和数字水质预警预报系统的GIS模块、专业模块、中间件技术及其他模块的组建技术，论述了基于GIS的“用户交互界面—业务逻辑—数据服务”三层结构体系，并结合西江广东段设计、建模、开发出数字水环境管理系统和数字水质预警预报系统。将基于GIS的信息管理系统应用于水环境部门管理工作，对提高我国水环境管理工作的现代化具有重要意义。     

吉林省农村饮水安全工程运行管理现状及对策研究

为了确保吉林省农村饮水安全工程稳定、持久、安全运行,通过分析吉林省农村安全饮水工程建设情况、运行管理现状及存在问题,提出加强饮水安全工程建后管理、加强水源保护、加强社会化服务体系建设、加强水质检验和监测、解决农村供水用电问题、落实水费财政补贴制度等对策。     

黑河中游地区水账户核算研究

利用国际水管理研究院的水资源核算框架,对黑河中游地区的水资源利用进行分析。研究结果表明,黑河中游地区消耗了整个流域绝大部分水量,可利用水的消耗比例为1.02,水资源利用处于不可持续状态;但消耗水量中,生产性消耗比例和有益消耗比例分别只有0.284和0.428,整个地区的无效消耗水量较多,水分生产率很低。黑河中游地区的节水方向在于尽可能地减少无效益蒸发蒸腾,提高单位消耗水量的经济产出。