福建东山湾越冬水鸟多样性及动态变化分析

2006年2月、2008年1月、2010年1月和2016年1月共4次对福建东山湾越冬水鸟进行同步调查,共记录到越冬水鸟6目10科37种,越冬水鸟数量分别是2006年4 324只、2008年4 760只、2010年8 050只、2016年12 234只。东山湾越冬水鸟主要分布在杜浔盐场和福建漳江口红树林国家级自然保护区,数量呈现不断增加趋势。     

2011年冬鄱阳湖水鸟数量与分布调查

鄱阳湖目前是我国最大的淡水湖,是长江中下游地区乃至东亚地区最大和最重要的候鸟越冬地,每年在鄱阳湖越冬的水鸟总数在50万只以上,同时鄱阳湖还是部分全球珍稀濒危物种十分重要的越冬地。坚持开展鄱阳湖越冬水鸟的种群数量调查,对于掌握长江流域乃至全球水鸟种群动态十分重要。2011年冬在鄱阳湖开展了越冬水鸟调查,共记录到越冬水鸟51种59万余只,其中有14个种达到了全球种群数量1%的标准,同时鸿雁、白鹤、东方白鹳的数量超过全球种群数量的估计值。     

滇池草海越冬水鸟种类、数量与栖息环境调查

2007年1～4月,采取路线调查法和定点现察法对云南昆明滇池草海越冬水鸟的种类、数量以及栖息环境进行了调查.共记录到越冬水鸟20种,隶属于6目7科.其中冬候鸟15种,占75%,留鸟5种,占25%.雁鸭类水鸟多栖息于开阔水域,鹬类和鹭类则多在沼泽和浅水水域活动.     

洞庭湖监测到18.3万余只越冬水鸟 创下同步调查11年来新高

<正>在近日结束的环洞庭湖越冬水鸟同步调查传出喜讯:本次共调查到越冬水鸟共6目12科54种183953只,其中东洞庭湖47种150608只,占81.87%;西洞庭湖30种20085只;南洞庭湖20种6647只;横岭湖24种6613只。东洞庭湖越冬水鸟在全湖越冬水鸟中占绝对优势。总数量创下了2006年环洞庭湖越冬水鸟同步调查之新高!今年的同步调查发现,东洞庭湖较上年度的120462只增加了30146只。增长数量最多的3种水鸟分别为罗纹鸭、豆雁和     

黄河三角洲水鸟种群动态变化

2008年1月至2009年12月,在黄河三角洲地区以每月一次的调查频度对水鸟开展连续两年的调查,共记录到水鸟107种,累计403992只次,其中2008年调查水鸟102种,数量256385只次,2009年调查水鸟106种,数量147607只次。受威水鸟2008年度11种,17604只次,2009年度12种,10695只次。水鸟种群数量在3～5月和10～12月为高峰值,呈双曲线变化,种类4月和10月最多。2009年1～2月极度严寒的天气影响了水鸟的数量,导致数量锐减,并持续影响到2009年。最后,论文还分别对雁鸭类、秧鸡类、鸻鹬类、鸥类、鹭类、鹤类、鹳类等重点水禽种群变化进行了分析。     

青海更尕海水鸟群落组成及其迁徙动态

2010年对青海更尕海的水鸟季节动态进行调查,共记录到55种27416只水鸟,隶属于6目12科,雁鸭类水鸟最多,共统计到17055只,占水鸟总数的69.0%。10月水鸟数量最高,且与其余各月差异显著,而其余各月间没有显著差异。从鸟种数量而言,各月间均维持在21～29种之间,并没有显著差异。全年水鸟的种类数量比较稳定,没有出现明显的高峰和低谷。在4月,由于雁鸭类水鸟刚刚抵达,而更尕海部分区域尚未融化,因此可供水鸟取食的区域较少,可能有水鸟死亡的现象发生;而在10月,雁鸭类水鸟数量急剧上升,大多都聚集在一起取食或休息。更尕海也是当地的主要牧场,家畜经常与野生水鸟混群并共用水域,使种间和种内禽流感病毒传播的概率增大,因此4月和10月是该湖禽流感防控的重要时期。     

开封柳园口省级湿地自然保护区水鸟资源调查

河南开封柳园口省级湿地自然保护区在地理区划中属华北区,黄淮平原亚区,地处暖温带,是亚洲候鸟迁徙的中线,多种珍稀鸟类迁徙停歇和越冬的重要场所。2011-2014年,对保护区进行了水鸟调查,通过调查,共记录水鸟64种,隶属7目11科64种,其中国家Ⅰ级保护水鸟4种,国家Ⅱ级保护水鸟10种,列入中日候鸟保护协定的有45种,中澳候鸟保护协定的有6种。     

黄河三角洲水鸟动态变化监测

2008年1月至2009年乌107种,累计403992只次威水鸟2008年度11种,176到严重影响,导致数量锐减,,其中12月,在黄河三角洲地区以每月一次的调查频度对水鸟开展连续2年的调查,2008年调查水鸟102种,数量256385只次,2009年调查水鸟106种,数量147604只次,2009年度12种,10695只次。2009年冬度北方极端的天气严寒给水鸟,特别文中对这种变化对不同水鸟的影响也进行了分别说明。共记录到水07只次。受是雁鸭类带     

黄河三角洲水鸟年度动态变化及其规律分析

黄河三角洲是东北亚内陆和环西太平洋地区鸟类迁徙路线上重要的停歇地、越冬地和繁殖地,有水库、近海滩涂、芦苇沼泽、河流、盐池、渔塘等多种湿地生态类型,水鸟资源丰富。作者在2009年,以每月一次的调查频度,对黄河三角洲地区水鸟资源进行调查,共调查水鸟种类计数97种,数量总计数334046,其中湿地依赖鸟种种类计数6种,湿地依赖鸟种数量计数44种,受胁水鸟种类计数10种,受胁水鸟数量计数21432只。在调查数据的基础上,作者对水鸟年度动态变化作了分析,研究水鸟的动态变化规律。     

兴化湾西岸越冬水鸟生境选择研究

自2009年至2011年初,对福建兴化湾西岸越冬水鸟资源进行了调查,分析该区域越冬水鸟的种类、区系组成和水鸟对不同生境选择特征。兴化湾西岸记录到越冬水鸟共8目12科26属46种,区系地理分布以古北界种类为主,居留型以冬候鸟为主,国家二级重点保护野生动物有黑脸琵鹭1种,属于中日候鸟保护协定保护鸟类有32种,中澳候鸟保护协定保护鸟类有18种;黑嘴鸥、黑脸琵鹭和反嘴鹬的单个物种种群数量达到国际重要湿地标准。因此,兴化湾西岸是迁徙鸟类非常重要的中转站。在7种生境类型中,水产养殖场与滩涂围堰养殖区的越冬水鸟物种数和种群数量是最大的,农田作业区最小。因此,兴化湾西岸越冬水鸟对水产养殖场和滩涂围堰养殖区的选择偏好性最大。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.