从枝菌根真菌对黄瓜南方根结线虫病害防治效应

在温室盆栽条件下,研究了丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae、Glomus intraradices及混合菌剂对黄瓜苗期与移栽后南方根结线虫病害的防治效应.结果表明:苗期接种AM真菌处理的侵染率低时,其抑制根结线虫侵染的能力也低;移栽缓苗后接种根结线虫后,接种AM真菌处理的黄瓜地上部干重、地下部干重、株高、植株养分吸收量均显著高于只接种南方根结线虫处理,根结指数显著低于只接种南方根结线虫处理.说明AM真菌确实能够通过与黄瓜根系建立共生体来防御南方根结线虫对黄瓜的危害,其中G.intraradices、G.mosseae菌种的促生及防治黄瓜南方根结线虫病害的作用显著.     

不同pH值下接种AM真菌对枳橙苗生长及光合作用的影响

以枳橙Citrus sinensis×Poncirus trifoliata为试材,研究不同pH值(5.5～6.5,6.5～7.5,7.5～8.5)条件下接种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae对枳橙苗生长及光合能力的影响。结果表明,不同pH值水平下接种摩西球囊霉均能有效地侵染枳橙植株,菌根侵染率在65%以上;接种处理植株的菌根侵染率、株高、生物量干重、叶片叶绿素含量、光合作用速率和蒸腾速率等指标均显著高于不接种植株;接种AM真菌增强了宿主植物对碱性土的适应性。     

不同基质接种不同丛植菌根真菌对黄檗幼苗侵染及生长的影响

通过盆栽接种试验,用4种丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizae,AM)接种黄檗1 a生实生苗,探索不同接种基质、不同菌种以及混合菌种条件下,内生丛枝菌根(Vesicalar-Arbuscular,VA)真菌对黄檗(Phellodendron amurense Rupr.)幼苗的侵染效果及对其生长量的影响.结果表明:不同基质条件下接种丛枝菌根真菌对寄主植物的生长发育的影响差异很大,就该试验菌种接种黄檗而言,以草炭∶蛭石∶沙子=1∶0.5∶1基质接种效果良好;通过混合接种与单独接种的侵染特性比较,凡是含G.mosseae和G.diaphanum菌种的接种处理侵染率高,显著提高了苗木的生长量,而含有G.versiforme和G.diaphanum的组合侵染率一直比较低,而且降低了G.mosseae和G.diaphanum的侵染效率.     

丛枝菌根真菌在不同基质中对枳苗生长及氮磷吸收的影响

为筛选出适合枳砧木苗生长的菌根菌种类及基质组合,促进丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌在柑桔砧木容器苗生产中的高效应用,选取腐叶土、麦糠和菌渣为主要基质,分别与园土和河沙按体积比2∶1∶1配成混合栽培基质,以摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae、地表球囊霉G.versiforme、地球囊霉G.geosporum和透光球囊霉G.diaphanum为供试菌种,采用容器育苗方法,研究了4种丛枝菌根真菌及其组合处理在3种基质下对枳苗生长及其氮、磷吸收的影响。结果表明,自然接种菌根侵染率不超过40%,人工接种侵染率可高达80%;枳苗以地表球囊霉接种和腐叶土或麦糠组合的侵染率最高,分别为80.7%和78.7%;以地表球囊霉接种和麦糠组合促进生长的效果最显著,菌根依赖性达到342.4%,生物量比对照高出278%,该组合促进植株氮、磷吸收的效果也最显著,其吸氮总量比对照高482.0%,吸磷总量比对照高553.8%。适合枳容器苗生长的最佳AM真菌和基质组合是地表球囊霉+麦糠混合基质。     

AM真菌与根瘤菌接种对菜豆生长的影响

以泰国无筋地豆为试材,在温室盆栽的条件下,分别单接种丛枝菌根真菌(AM)、单接种根瘤菌(RH)、双接种丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌(AM+RH),以不接种为对照(CK),研究不同接种方式对菜豆植株生长、结瘤、单株总荚质量、AM菌根侵染率、植株氮磷含量及吸收量、单株黄叶率等的影响。结果表明:双接种AM+RH能显著促进菜豆植株的生长,植株总干质量比单接种AM、单接种RH和CK分别增加34.3%、82.3%和57.9%;双接种AM+RH可提高菜豆单株总荚质量,促进菜豆植株对氮、磷元素的吸收,全株吸磷量比单接AM、单接RH和CK分别增加42.1%、314.8%和325.4%,全株吸氮量比单接种AM、单接种RH和CK分别增加36.8%、45.1%和43.4%;AM真菌与RH具有协同促进的作用,且AM真菌能有效提高菜豆的抗性,减少叶片变黄的比率,减轻了病害为害程度。     

3种基质下不同丛枝菌根真菌对卡里佐枳橙容器苗生长及氮磷含量影响的研究

为了探索在柑桔砧木容器苗生产中,更好地利用丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)优势菌种资源,培育优良的柑桔砧木菌根化容器苗,本试验采用盆栽方法,研究了7种丛枝菌根真菌在3种基质下对卡里佐枳橙容器苗生长及氮磷含量的影响.结果表明:不同AM真菌接种剂对卡里佐枳橙丛枝菌根的形成均有显著影响.在7种丛枝菌根真菌处理中,GM和GV混合接种对卡...     

缺铁和过量重碳酸盐胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌对枳生长的影响

 采用盆栽沙培试验,研究了缺铁及重碳酸盐胁迫下丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza, AM)真菌地表球囊霉（Glomus versiforme）对枳[Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.]实生苗生长及植株铁营养的影响。结果表明,在pH 7.0和pH 8.0的重碳酸盐胁迫下,与未接种处理相比,接种AM真菌显著增加了枳实生苗的株高、茎粗、地上部和地下部干样质量,并且明显促进了叶片叶绿素和活性铁的积累,显著提高了叶片Fe/P的比值,降低了叶片50(10P+K)/Fe的比值,减轻了枳因缺铁引起的黄化现象。     

生物质炭和AM真菌联合施用对连作甜瓜生长和土壤理化性质的影响

为了探究生物质炭和丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌对连作甜瓜生长的影响,试验设接种或不接种AM真菌并施用0、1%、2%和4%的生物质炭,共8个处理,测定甜瓜的生长生理指标和土壤理化性质。结果表明,单施用或单接种处理均能提高甜瓜的生长指标。而接种AM真菌并施用生物质炭,能显著增加土壤中细菌和放线菌的数量,提高土壤酶活性,提高甜瓜叶片的净光合速率,从而促进甜瓜植株的生长发育,其中以接种AM真菌加施用2%～4%生物质炭的效果最好,地上部鲜质量分别比对照增加了55.11%和66.09%;地下部鲜质量分别比对照增加了32.98%和43.62%;根长分别比对照增加了57.73%和78.78%。综上所述,接种AM真菌和/或施用生物质炭均可以促进甜瓜的生长并改善土壤环境,接种AM真菌并配合施用2%～4%生物质炭最为经济合理。     

AM真菌与印度梨形孢对干旱胁迫下垂丝海棠生长发育和水分利用的影响

采用盆栽土培试验，研究丛枝菌根真菌处理（AM）、印度梨形孢真菌（PI）及其复合接种处理（AM+PI）对正常水分（WW）和干旱胁迫（DS）下垂丝海棠生长、生理特性及水分利用的影响。结果表明：无论正常水分还是干旱胁迫条件下，与不施菌剂处理相比，丛枝菌根真菌处理、印度梨形孢真菌处理和丛枝菌根真菌+印度梨形孢真菌处理均在一定程度上促进了垂丝海棠的生长，改善了植株光合生理，激活了抗氧化系统，提高了植株水分利用效率；丛枝菌根真菌处理在缓解干旱胁迫相关的生长发育及水分利用方面更为有效，而印度梨形孢真菌在促进内部生理代谢方面表现更佳。整体而言，干旱条件下丛枝菌根真菌+印度梨形孢真菌处理效果最为显著，叶片相对含水量比正常水分条件下对照提高了4.41%，水分利用效率提高了26.92%。综上，在干旱环境中接种丛枝菌根真菌、印度梨形孢真菌均可有效促进植物生长发育及相关生理代谢，前者主要通过表型改善缓解干旱胁迫，后者主要通过调节内在生理代谢实现，以复合接种效果最佳。     

盐水胁迫下接种AM真菌对牡丹幼苗抗氧化酶活性的影响

将牡丹（Paeonia suffruticosa）幼苗接种丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhizas,AM）真菌摩西球囊霉（Glomus mosseae）和地表球囊霉（G. versiforme）后,在4个不同盐水处理（质量百分比0、8%、16%和24%）下,研究AM真菌对牡丹抗氧化酶活性的影响。研究结果表明,8%盐水处理,牡丹幼苗菌根依赖性最高,且接种G. mosseae的处理显著高于接种G. versiforme的处理,分别为172%和150%;该胁迫30 d时,接种G. mosseae和G. versiforme植株干质量分别为0.51和0.45 g,叶片相对含水量分别为80.5%和78.5%,叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性分别为4.72 和4.46 U • g-1,过氧化物酶（POD）活性分别为60.3和57.4 U • min-1 • g-1,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性分别为51.3和47.2 U • min-1 • g-1,均显著高于对照。16%和24%盐水处理下的表现与此相似。随盐胁迫时间的延长,SOD和CAT活性呈先升高后降低趋势,POD活性呈持续上升趋势。AM真菌通过增强牡丹幼苗抗氧化酶活性,提高其耐盐性,以G. mosseae接种效果较好。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation of micropropagated persimmon plantlets

Summary

Growth, development and nutrient status of micropropagated persimmon (Diospyros kaki) ‘Rojo Brillante’ in response to inoculation with two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi were studied under nursery conditions. The species of AM fungi were Glomus intraradices and G. mosseae. Shoot growth depression and low root colonization percentage were observed to G. mosseae inoculation. Shoot and root growth enhancements were observed for plants colonised by G. intraradices. Inoculated plantlets with G. intraradices and high level of controlled-release fertilizer signi®cantly decreased shoot height in relation to treatment with low fertilization level. Furthermore, G. intraradices had unique effects on the mineral status of the persimmon plantlets. N and Ca were significantly increased and decreased, respectively, within the shoot tissue of plants colonised by G. intraradices. Early inoculation with G. intraradices appears to favour growth of micropropagated persimmon plantlets.     

Growth responses and endogenous IAA and iPAs changes of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) seedlings induced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation

Seedlings of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) were inoculated with two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal species, Glomus intraradices and Gigaspora margarita. Plant growth response and morphological changes induced by AM inoculation were investigated. Plant endogenous indoleacetic acid (IAA) and isopentenyl adenosines (iPAs) concentrations were determined. With mycorrhizal infection rate of 9.0–18.8%, plant biomasses increased by 13.5–30.1%. Leaf number, leaflet number, total leaf area and first order lateral root number were significantly increased by AM inoculation. Although G. margarita significantly increased plant P content and uptake, no significant difference in N nutrition was observed between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) indicated the changes in IAA and iPAs induced by AM inoculation. IAA concentrations in shoots and in roots were 5–7 times and 2–5 times higher in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal plants, respectively. The iPAs concentrations increased by 1.7 times in shoots and by 1.9–2.5 times in roots, due to mycorrhizal inoculation. We suggest that the changes in endogenous phytohormone level may be responsible for morphological alteration induced by AM inoculation.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alleviate iron deficient chlorosis in Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf under calcium bicarbonate stress

Summary

The effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus versiforme on chlorosis due to iron deficiency in trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf) was studied under calcium bicarbonate stress in sand culture. Seeds were sown in a mixed substrate [1:1 (v/v), perlite:sand] with or without mycorrhizal inoculum. The test was carried out with four treatments: Hoagland and Arnon nutrient solution with normal, no added iron, or 50% normal iron at two levels of calcium bicarbonate. The results showed that the proportion of the total root length infected by the AM fungus was ≥ 83%, and was depressed under Fe deficiency. No root colonisation was found with no added AM fungus (NM plants).

Colonisation by AM fungus resulted in higher dry weights of both shoots and roots compared to NM treatments, suggesting that the AM fungus accelerated plant growth. The activities of peroxidase and catalase in NM plants were lower than in AM fungus-inoculated plants. The results indicate that AM fungus alleviated calcium bicarbonate stress on the cell membranes of host plants. The results also showed that AM fungus increased chlorophyll concentrations, iron contents, and the Fe:P ratios of whole plants, and decreased 50(10P+K):Fe ratios, which implied that the uptake and translocation of iron was strengthened. Therefore, AM fungus had a positive effect on ameliorating chlorosis due to iron deficiency in P. trifoliata L. Raf.     

丛枝菌根真菌对水分胁迫下枇杷实生苗生长和养分吸收的影响

 以‘早钟6号’枇杷（Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.‘Zaozhong 6’）实生苗为试材,研究了3种水分梯度（正常供水、轻度水分胁迫和重度水分胁迫）下,分别接种3种丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM）真菌（光壁无梗囊霉Acaulospora laevis、摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae和苏格兰球囊霉Glomus caledonium）对实生苗生长和养分吸收的影响。结果表明,接种AM真菌的植株具有更高的地上部和地下部干质量;3种AM真菌均可增加枇杷苗氮、钾、磷、钙、镁、铜的吸收。说明接种AM真菌增强了枇杷苗的养分吸收能力,提高了其抗旱性,促进了枇杷苗生长。在3种AM真菌中苏格兰球囊霉是枇杷苗的优势菌种。     

Selection of efficient arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere of cashew and their application in the cashew nursery

Mycorrhizal association in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) grown in five different plantation areas of South India was investigated. The soil samples were collected from all locations. Physico-chemical properties of rhizosphere soils, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spore count and root colonization were recorded. Species isolated were Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Glomus and Scutellospora. The mycorrhizal spore density was maximum at Thanjavur and minimum at Kudumiyamalai. Root colonization percentage oscillated between 20 and 30%. The species of Glomus, G. aggregatum Schenck and Smith, G. fasciculatum (Thaxter) Gerdemann and Trappe and G. mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerdemann and Trappe were the most abundant in the majority of the experimental sites. Hence these three species were selected and used for artificial inoculation studies. Of the three mycorrhizal fungi G. fasciculatum significantly increased shoot length, internode number, internode length, number of leaves, stem diameter, root length and root number.     

不同AM真菌菌种对番茄生长发育的影响

在育苗盘中对番茄接种 5种AM真菌菌种,比较不同菌种对移栽后番茄的营养生长和生殖生长的影响。结果表明, 5个菌种对番茄的生物量有不同程度的促进作用,生物量最高可以提高 97. 2 %;开花数也因接种处理而增加; 5个菌种都能提高番茄对磷的吸收,但对氮和钾营养的促进效果并不一致。综合来看,Glomusmosseae、Glomusversiforme和Glomuscalceondium对番茄的生长发育有较好的促进作用。     

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation on root system architecture of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) seedlings

Plant root system architecture is essential characteristics in relation to nutrient acquisition by root system from soil volume. Many environmental factors can affect the establishment of root system architecture, e.g. arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. We inoculated the trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) seedlings with four AM fungal species in rhizoboxes, with non-inoculated seedlings as control. Using the WinRHIZO^® image analysis system, the root system architecture of seedlings was characterized. Results indicated that AM colonization did not affect the tap root length, the average root diameter, the basal root growth angle in spite that four AM fungal species exerted differential influence on the plant growth. Contrastingly, AM colonization significantly reduced the total root length, the root volume, the root surface area, but promoted the formation of lateral roots of high order. In addition, AM colonization induced more fine roots and less coarse roots. To our knowledge, it is the first report on the influence of AM fungi on the distribution of root diameter size classes. The mechanisms and implication of AM fungi on root system architecture is discussed.     

Isolation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Azotobacter chroococcum from local litchi orchards and evaluation of their activity in the air-layers system

Soil samples were collected from rhizosphere of litchi-growing areas of North-Western Himalayan Region (NWHR) of India, for finding qualitative and quantitative differences in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and Azotobacter chroococcum. These samples were taken from plants being grown in different cultivation types namely, weed control with weedicides or tillage; orchard floor either clear or with cover crops; intercropping with cereals and legumes. Qualitative and quantitative differences were noticed with different cultivation types and a marked reduction in the AM fungi was observed in orchards where chemicals were used for weed control and intensive farming system was used on the orchard floor. AM fungi were generally abundant in the soils with range pH 5.5–6.6. Among different AM fungi retrieved from the soils, Glomus spp. was most dominant. Fifteen AM fungal species were isolated, identified and characterized and along with their ability to colonize the roots. In the soil samples, a marked variation in viable bacterial count of A. chroococcum was also noticed due to varied physico-chemical characteristics of the orchard soils. The changes in AM fungal species composition can be attributed to changes in soil chemical properties resulting from cultural practices such as ploughing, application of chemical fertilizers and weedicides. An experiment was also conducted to study the comparative efficacy of four dominant and frequently occurring indigenous AM species namely, Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxter sensu Gerdemann), G. magnicaulis (Hall), G. mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.), Gigaspora heterogamma (Nicol. & Gerd.) and two A. chroococcum strains viz., AZ₁ and AZ₂ singly and in dual combination to evaluate their effect in air-layers system. Dual inoculation of G. fasciculatum and AZ₁ increased total root length of air-layered shoots by 81.39% over uninoculated control. These studies indicated that indigenously isolated AM fungal species and A. chroococcum strains can be used for air-layering for better adaptation under specific agro-climatic and ecological zone conditions.     

Biochemical changes in micropropagated grape (Vitis vinifera L.) plantlets due to arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation during ex vitro acclimatization

Improved establishment of mycorrhizal tissue culture derived plantlets during acclimatization (Stage IV) is commonly attributed to the enhanced vegetative growth as a resultant of different morphological and in vivo changes. These changes are early and better cuticle development, high biomass accumulation, enhanced physiological changes, improved mineral nutrition, especially phosphorus and micronutrients, etc. However, improvement in establishment of micropropagated plantlets during acclimatization may not only be limited to these mechanisms. In the present investigation, biochemical status of micropropagated grape plantlets in response to six single and a mixed strains of arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) during hardening were studied under glasshouse conditions. The histochemical studies revealed that the mycorrhizal inoculation resulted in accumulation of different biochemicals in the plant system such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline, phenol and enzymes like polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and nitrate reductase (NR). The mycorrhizal plantlets showed enhanced survival and improved tolerance against stresses experienced during weaning phase. The mycorrhizal plants also exhibited improved physiological and nutritional status and had higher relative water content (RWC) and photosynthetic rate. These plantlets also accumulated higher N, P, Mg and Fe concentrations, which may primarily be as a result of biochemical changes brought about by mycorrhizal association. Mycorrhizal plantlets also showed better hardening under glasshouse conditions. The result suggests that the biochemical changes brought about by mycorrhization were helpful in mitigating different stresses experienced by the tissue culture plants during hardening, which determine their performance later in field.     

丛枝菌根真菌对重茬草莓产量和品质的影响

于日光温室条件下,研究了丛枝菌根真菌Glomusmosseae(Nicol.&Gerd.)Gerd.&Trappe,GlomusintraradicesSchenck&Smith和Glomusversiforme(Karsten)Berch对重茬土壤中草莓生长、结实和品质的影响。结果表明,供试真菌在同一时期的侵染率不同,同一菌种在不同时期侵染率有较大区别;无论土壤消毒与否,它们均可促进草莓的生长发育,提早开花4～12d,显著提高草莓单果重、单株果数和单株产量,单株产量提高27.6%～39.5%,提早4～6d成熟,而且有利于草莓前期产量的形成。接种处理还提高了草莓果实中维生素C和糖的含量,降低了可滴定酸的含量,改善了草莓果实品质。其中以Glomusversiforme接种效应最大。