Carotenoids from Marine Microalgae: A Valuable Natural Source for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases

Epidemiological studies have shown a relation between antioxidants and the prevention of several chronic diseases. Microalgae are a potential novel source of bioactive molecules, including a wide range of different carotenoids that can be used as nutraceuticals, food supplements and novel food products. The objective of this review is (i) to update the research that has been carried out on the most known carotenoids produced by marine microalgae, including reporting on their high potentialities to produce other less known important compounds; (ii) to compile the work that has been done in order to establish some relationship between carotenoids and oxidative protection and treatment; (iii) to summarize the association of oxidative stress and the various reactive species including free radicals with several human diseases; and (iv) to provide evidence of the potential of carotenoids from marine microalgae to be used as therapeutics to treat or prevent these oxidative stress-related diseases.     

Reactive Oxygen Species and Autophagy Modulation in Non-Marine Drugs and Marine Drugs

It is becoming more understandable that an existing challenge for translational research is the development of pharmaceuticals that appropriately target reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated molecular networks in cancer cells. In line with this approach, there is an overwhelmingly increasing list of many non-marine drugs and marine drugs reported to be involved in inhibiting and suppressing cancer progression through ROS-mediated cell death. In this review, we describe the strategy of oxidative stress-based therapy and connect the ROS modulating effect to the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy. Finally, we focus on exploring the function and mechanism of cancer therapy by the autophagy modulators including inhibitors and inducers from non-marine drugs and marine drugs.     

壳聚糖处理对采后西番莲果实贮藏期间果皮活性氧代谢的影响

西番莲属于热带果实,采后西番莲果实容易腐烂变质,导致其保鲜期很短,限制了其商业价值。为探讨壳聚糖（卡多赞）处理对采后西番莲果实贮藏期间果皮活性氧代谢的影响,采后‘福建百香果1号’西番莲果实经卡多赞稀释200倍溶液处理5 min,以蒸馏水处理为对照,在(28±1)℃、相对湿度80%条件下贮藏。每隔3 d,测定西番莲果实果皮超氧阴离子自由基（O₂^-·）产生速率、过氧化氢（H₂O₂）含量、丙二醛（MDA）含量、活性氧清除相关酶活性、内源抗氧化物质含量及DPPH自由基清除能力和还原力的变化。结果表明：壳聚糖处理能显著提高西番莲果实果皮超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）等活性氧清除酶活性,保持较高的还原型抗坏血酸（AsA）和还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）等内源抗氧化物质含量,维持较高的DPPH自由基清除能力和还原力,从而抑制采后西番莲果实果皮O₂^-·和H₂O₂等活性氧的产生,减轻果皮膜脂过氧化,稳定果皮细胞膜结构,最终保持采后西番莲果实的贮藏品质、提高其果实耐贮性。因此认为,卡多赞稀释200倍溶液处理能有效提高采后西番莲果实的活性氧清除能力,降低活性氧积累,从而延缓采后西番莲果实衰老进程,延长其果实保鲜期。     

结荚期喷施壳聚糖对臭氧胁迫下大豆活性氧代谢系统的影响

为揭示外源壳聚糖对O3胁迫下农作物活性氧代谢系统的影响机理,以大豆(Glycine max)为研究材料,利用开顶式气室(OTCs)研究了结荚期喷施CTS对O3胁迫下大豆叶片活性氧自由基产生速率、含量,膜脂过氧化程度,抗氧化酶活性,抗氧化物质含量及大豆籽粒产量的影响.结果表明:在整个生育期内,与对照相比,高浓度O3处理下,大豆叶片O2-. 产生速率、H2O2含量升高, MDA含量、相对电导率增大,SOD、CAT、POD活性下降,ASA、GSH含量及大豆籽粒产量降低,对大豆表现为伤害效应.结荚期喷施外源CTS后,经O3胁迫的大豆叶片O29-.产生速率、H2O2含量降低,MDA含量、相对电导率减小,SOD、CAT、POD活性升高,ASA、GSH含量以及大豆籽粒产量增加,表明外源CTS一定程度上缓解了O3胁迫对大豆的伤害,但这种缓解作用是有限的.     

Extracts of Peels and Seeds of Five Varieties of Brazilian Jabuticaba Present High Capacity to Deactivate Reactive Species of Oxygen and Nitrogen

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition - Jabuticaba has a high concentration of phenolic compounds, which have a significant antioxidant capacity. Methodologies have been developed to evaluate the ability...     

Properties of Carotenoids in Fish Fitness: A Review

Carotenoids, one of the most common types of natural pigments, can influence the colors of living organisms. More than 750 kinds of carotenoids have been identified. Generally, carotenoids occur in organisms at low levels. However, the total amount of carotenoids in nature has been estimated to be more than 100 million tons. There are two major types of carotenoids: carotene (solely hydrocarbons that contain no oxygen) and xanthophyll (contains oxygen). Carotenoids are lipid-soluble pigments with conjugated double bonds that exhibit robust antioxidant activity. Many carotenoids, particularly astaxanthin (ASX), are known to improve the antioxidative state and immune system, resulting in providing disease resistance, growth performance, survival, and improved egg quality in farmed fish without exhibiting any cytotoxicity or side effects. ASX cooperatively and synergistically interacts with other antioxidants such as α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and glutathione located in the lipophilic hydrophobic compartments of fish tissue. Moreover, ASX can modulate gene expression accompanying alterations in signal transduction by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Hence, carotenoids could be used as chemotherapeutic supplements for farmed fish. Carotenoids are regarded as ecologically friendly functional feed additives in the aquaculture industry.     

淹水胁迫下小麦根通气组织形成的PCD特征及活性氧作用初探

为了解淹水条件下小麦根通气组织形成的细胞学特点和活性氧(Reactive oxygen species, ROS)在通气组织形成中的作用,以高度耐湿的华麦8号幼苗为材料进行淹水处理,在显微水平上系统地观察了通气组织的形成过程,在分子水平上检测了细胞核DNA的断裂情况,并对ROS的动态变化进行了荧光观察.结果表明:(1)通气组织最先起源于根皮层中部,然后逐渐扩展,到淹水8 d时基本形成,淹水60 d时更为发达;(2)淹水1.5～48 h根皮层出现大量细胞核DNA断裂,且细胞核DNA降解为180～200 bp的片段,证明小麦根通气组织的形成过程是根皮层细胞发生细胞程序化死亡(Programmed cell death, PCD)的过程,而且淹水1.5～48 h是根皮层细胞死亡高峰期;(3)ROS在细胞核DNA发生断裂前开始积累,在通气组织形成中呈现动态变化.上述结果表明, 淹水胁迫下小麦根通气组织形成是一个皮层细胞PCD的过程,并且ROS可能参与介导了PCD的进程.另外,淹水胁迫在前期抑制了次生根的产生,随后又促进了次生根的产生.     

菠萝蜜类胡萝卜素检测方法研究及呈色物质分析

为研究菠萝蜜果肉类胡萝卜素分析方法、分析呈色组分,本研究基于高效液相色谱法检测果肉中类胡萝卜素组分,通过比较不同色泽果肉中类胡萝卜素物质差异,鉴定呈色组分。结果表明,用含0.01%BHT的正己烷∶丙酮∶无水乙醇(2∶1∶1,V/V/V)作为提取液,结合超声震荡、皂化脱脂等步骤,能有效提取菠萝蜜果肉中总类胡萝卜素。组分分析采用YMC carotenoid column C30(4.6×250 mm)色谱柱,二极管阵列检测器(photodiode array,PDA)在450 nm波长下,检测出16种不同的类胡萝卜素组分。定量结果表明,β-柠乌素是红色果肉的呈色组分,紫黄质是黄肉果肉主要的呈色组分。差异组分之间存在一定的代谢关联,即紫黄质合成前体的裂解反应及下游异构化反应是造成果肉色泽差异的潜在原因。     

Diversity of Secondary Metabolites from Marine Bacillus Species: Chemistry and Biological Activity

Marine Bacillus species produce versatile secondary metabolites including lipopeptides, polypeptides, macrolactones, fatty acids, polyketides, and isocoumarins. These structurally diverse compounds exhibit a wide range of biological activities, such as antimicrobial, anticancer, and antialgal activities. Some marine Bacillus strains can detoxify heavy metals through reduction processes and have the ability to produce carotenoids. The present article reviews the chemistry and biological activities of secondary metabolites from marine isolates. Side by side, the potential for application of these novel natural products from marine Bacillus strains as drugs, pesticides, carotenoids, and tools for the bioremediation of heavy metal toxicity are also discussed.     

Carotenoids,Phenolic Compounds and Tocopherols Contribute to the Antioxidative Properties of Some Microalgae Species Grown on Industrial Wastewater

This study aimed at investigating the potential of microalgae species grown on industrial waste water as a new source of natural antioxidants. Six microalgae from different classes, including Phaeodactylum sp. (Bacillariophyceae), Nannochloropsis sp. (Eustigmatophyceae), Chlorella sp., Dunaniella sp., and Desmodesmus sp. (Chlorophyta), were screened for their antioxidant properties using different in vitro assays. Natural antioxidants, including pigments, phenolics, and tocopherols, were measured in methanolic extracts of microalgae biomass. Highest and lowest concentrations of pigments, phenolic compounds, and tocopherols were found in Desmodesmus sp. and Phaeodactylum tricornuotom microalgae species, respectively. The results of each assay were correlated to the content of natural antioxidants in microalgae biomass. Phenolic compounds were found as major contributors to the antioxidant activity in all antioxidant tests while carotenoids were found to contribute to the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferrous reduction power (FRAP), and ABTS-radical scavenging capacity activity. Desmodesmus sp. biomass represented a potentially rich source of natural antioxidants, such as carotenoids (lutein), tocopherols, and phenolic compounds when cultivated on industrial waste water as the main nutrient source.     

活性氧和一氧化氮在植物——病原体互作反应中的作用

植物被病原体感染后，植物体内活性氧产量急剧增加，这一现象被称为氧爆。活性氧族包括如单线态氧1O2、超氧阴离子自由基O2-.、氢过氧自由基HO2·、过氧化氢H2O2、羟自由基·OH等。与ROS关系密切的一氧化氮，属于活性氮族。ROS和NO参与植物生长发育调控和对环境胁迫的应答反应，特别是在对抗外来病原体的入侵的防卫过程中发挥了重要作用。本文主要讨论ROS和NO在植物与病原体相互作用中发挥的作用。     

纸片型1-MCP处理对采后安溪油柿果实活性氧代谢和细胞膜 透性的影响

研究了纸片型 1-甲基环丙烯（1-MCP）处理对采后安溪油柿果实活性氧代谢和细胞膜透性的影响。采后安溪 油柿果实经 1.35 μL/L 纸片型 1-MCP 处理 12 h 后,在(20±1) ℃、相对湿度 85%条件下贮藏。结果表明,与对照果实相 比,纸片型 1-MCP 处理能有效提高采后安溪油柿果实的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT） 和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）等活性氧清除酶活性,保持较高的还原型抗坏血酸（AsA）和还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH） 等内源抗氧化物质的含量;降低超氧阴离子自由基（O2 ? ? ）产生速率和膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）含量的积累;延 缓采后安溪油柿果实细胞膜透性增加。因此,1.35 μL/L 纸片型 1-MCP 处理能有效提高采后安溪油柿果实的活性氧清除 能力,降低活性氧积累和抑制膜脂过氧化作用,从而延缓采后安溪油柿果实衰老,延长果实保鲜期。     

Deoxyamphimedine,a Pyridoacridine Alkaloid,Damages DNA via the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species

Marine pyridoacridines are a class of aromatic chemicals that share an 11H-pyrido[4,3,2-mn]acridine skeleton. Pyridoacridine alkaloids display diverse biological activities including cytotoxicity, fungicidal and bactericidal properties, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and topoisomerase inhibition. These activities are often dependent on slight modifications to the pyridoacridine skeleton. Here we demonstrate that while structurally similar to neoamphimedine and amphimedine, the biological activity of deoxyamphimedine differs greatly. Deoxyamphimedine damages DNA in vitro independent of topoisomerase enzymes through the generation of reactive oxygen species. Its activity was decreased in low oxygen, with the removal of a reducing agent and in the presence of anti-oxidants. Deoxyamphimedine also showed enhanced toxicity in cells sensitive to single or double strand DNA breaks, consistent with the in vitro activity.     

硝酸镧[La(NO_3)_3]对巴西橡胶树胶乳活性氧清除系统的影响

比较了巴西橡胶树在施用了硝酸镧、乙烯利、乙烯利和硝酸镧混合剂后胶乳中的过氧化物酶(POD)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、抗坏血酸(Vc)和硫醇含量。结果表明,乙烯利加硝酸镧处理的胶乳的POD比活力显著低于只施用了乙烯利的处理的胶乳;并且只施用硝酸镧处理的胶乳的SOD比活力极显著高于只施用乙烯利的。硝酸镧处理下胶乳Vc和硫醇含量没有提升,甚至胶乳的Vc含量降低;且硝酸镧与乙烯利联用不影响胶乳Vc含量;硝酸镧与乙烯利联用下胶乳硫醇含量不高于乙烯利单独施用的。硝酸镧处理并没有提高胶乳非酶促系统的清除活性氧能力,可能主要依靠提高胶乳活性氧酶促清除系统来提高其抗氧化性。     

臭氧胁迫对大豆根系形态和活性氧代谢的影响

利用开顶式气室(OTCs)对大豆进行臭氧(O3)胁迫试验,研究了高浓度O3对大豆根系体积、根瘤数、根瘤干重、根干重等根系形态指标以及膜脂过氧化程度、活性氧、抗氧化酶活性等活性氧代谢指标的影响.结果表明:在高浓度O3处理下,根系体积、根及根瘤干重、根瘤数降低,根系MDA含量、相对电导率显著上升,膜脂过氧化程度加剧;超氧阴...     

采后菠萝黑心病发病过程中活性氧的代谢途径

为了探讨采后菠萝黑心病发病过程中活性氧的代谢途径,以‘巴厘’菠萝为材料,将其贮藏在25 ℃条件下,观察黑心病的发病情况,每隔3 d对整果果肉以及健康部位和患病部位的果肉组织进行取样,测定果实发病率以及果肉褐变度,对发病过程中脂氧合酶（LOX）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量进行了测定,同时对活性氧代谢起关键作用的抗坏血酸（AsA）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、类黄酮含量以及活性氧清除相关酶（POD、CAT、SOD）活性进行了测定。结果表明,菠萝果实在贮藏第6天开始发病,到15 d时,发病率为100%,褐变度在第6~9天时增长最快;在黑心病发病过程中,与健康部位相比,患病组织伴随着LOX活性的升高,MDA的积累,同时出现AsA的下降、类黄酮含量的显著增加,且患病组织POD、CAT酶活性快速下降,但谷胱甘肽含量和SOD酶活性几乎没有变化。由此可推断,在采后菠萝黑心病发病过程中,AsA、类黄酮、POD、CAT在活性氧代谢中起关键作用。     

Production of Carotenoids and Phospholipids by Thraustochytrium sp. in Batch and Repeated-Batch Culture

The carotenogenic thraustochytrid Thraustochytrium sp. RT2316-16 was grown in batch and repeated-batch cultures using different feeds containing glucose, or glycerol, and yeast extract, for the production of lipids, phospholipids and carotenoids. RT2316-16 produced canthaxanthin, astaxanthin and β-carotene. The effects of biotin, ascorbic acid, light and temperature were evaluated in some of the experiments. In 2-day-old batch cultures, the combined mass percentage of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in total lipids was between 16.5% (glycerol-based medium in the dark; biomass concentration = 4.2 ± 1.1 g L⁻¹) and 42.6% (glucose-based medium under light; biomass concentration = 3.3 ± 0.1 g L⁻¹), decreasing to 3.8% and 6.1%, respectively, after day 4. In repeated-batch cultures, the total lipids in the biomass increased after glucose or glycerol was fed alone, whereas the total carotenoids (168 ± 7 μg g⁻¹ dry weight (DW)) and phospholipids in the biomass increased after feeding with yeast extract. The biomass with the highest content of phospholipids (28.7 ± 4.3 mg g⁻¹ DW) was obtained using a feed medium formulated with glycerol, yeast extract and ascorbic acid. Glycerol was the best carbon source for the production of a biomass enriched with total lipids (467 ± 45 mg g⁻¹ DW). The composition of carotenoids depended strongly on the composition of the feed. Repeated-batch cultures fed with yeast extract contained canthaxanthin as the main carotenoid, whereas in the cultures fed only with glucose, the biomass contained mainly β-carotene.     

Marine Antimicrobial Peptide TP4 Exerts Anticancer Effects on Human Synovial Sarcoma Cells via Calcium Overload,Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Mitochondrial Hyperpolarization

Synovial sarcoma is a rare but aggressive soft-tissue sarcoma associated with translocation t(X;18). Metastasis occurs in approximately 50% of all patients, and curative outcomes are difficult to achieve in this group. Since the efficacies of current therapeutic approaches for metastatic synovial sarcoma remain limited, new therapeutic agents are urgently needed. Tilapia piscidin 4 (TP4), a marine antimicrobial peptide, is known to exhibit multiple biological functions, including anti-bacterial, wound-healing, immunomodulatory, and anticancer activities. In the present study, we assessed the anticancer activity of TP4 in human synovial sarcoma cells and determined the underlying mechanisms. We first demonstrated that TP4 can induce necrotic cell death in human synovial sarcoma AsKa-SS and SW982 cells lines. In addition, we saw that TP4 initiates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and downregulates antioxidant proteins, such as uncoupling protein-2, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1, and SOD-2. Moreover, TP4-induced mitochondrial hyperpolarization is followed by elevation of mitochondrial ROS. Calcium overload is also triggered by TP4, and cell death can be attenuated by a necrosis inhibitor, ROS scavenger or calcium chelator. In our experiments, TP4 displayed strong anticancer activity in human synovial sarcoma cells by disrupting oxidative status, promoting mitochondrial hyperpolarization and causing calcium overload.     

甘薯抗薯瘟病的水杨酸与活性氧的代谢变化

研究不同抗性甘薯品种受薯瘟病菌侵染后水杨酸(SA)和活性氧(ROS)的代谢变化.结果表明,感染薯瘟病菌12 h后甘薯叶片中SA含量增加,增加量与品种抗性呈正相关;接菌后过氧化氢(H2O2)含量增加,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性下降,抗病品种变化幅度大于感病品种;接菌后抗病品种提高了与产生H2O2相关的酶过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,而感病品种与此相反,积累H2O2的能力下降,影响系统获得抗性(SAR)的建立.     

低温逆境胁迫下小麦ROS代谢及调控机制研究进展

全球气候变暖背景下低温逆境是限制小麦稳产丰产与优质的主要农业气象灾害之一。低温胁迫导致细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)代谢失衡,高浓度的活性氧会引起蛋白质、膜脂、DNA及其他细胞组分的氧化损伤甚至导致细胞死亡,从而对植株叶片的光合作用、穗部小花发育和根系生理等产生抑制作用,最终导致小麦产量下降。本文系统阐述了ROS的产生、功能与清除,从小麦叶片生理、穗部发育与根系生理等方面总结了低温胁迫下ROS对小麦生长发育的影响,并对未来的研究进行展望,以期为我国小麦生产上防灾减灾和提质增效提供理论支撑。