Analysis of fish eggs and larvae flowing into the Three Gorges Reservoir on the Yangtze River,China

Studies on fish eggs and larvae are important for understanding the recruitment dynamics of fish assemblages and their relationships with environmental conditions. Located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, China, the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) is one of the largest reservoirs in the world, where the fish resource ecology has drawn great attention. With the purpose of evaluating fish recruitment in the TGR, in the present study, samples of fish eggs and larvae were collected at Luoqi County, the upper end of the TGR, from April 15th to July 29th 2011. From the samples collected, we identified 46 fish species belonging to nine families and five orders. The most abundant species were in the Cultrinae, Gobiidae, and Gobioninae. An estimated 12.4 billion fish eggs and larvae drifted into the TGR. There were approximately 2.6 billion Pseudolaubuca sinensis, 1.9 billion Hemiculter leucisculus, and 1.8 billion Gobiidae. The spawning grounds of fishes that release pelagic eggs are in the reaches 13–162 km upstream from our sampling site. More attention should be paid to protecting the habitat in large free stretches upstream of the reservoir, since these areas are important spawning grounds for many fishes. Also, an ample natural flooding regime should be retained in this region.     

长江中游宜昌江段鱼类早期资源现状

为了探明长江中游宜昌江段鱼类早期资源状况,2014年和2015年连续两年于5―7月在长江中游宜昌江段对产漂流性卵鱼类进行监测,期间共采集鱼卵12209粒。通过分子生物学方法共鉴定出27种鱼类,隶属于2目、4科。其中鲤科鱼类种类数最多,占77%;其次是鳅科,占15%;平鳍鳅科和银鱼科最少,均为4%。鉴定出的27种鱼类中,产漂流性卵鱼类有22种。2014年和2015年长江中游宜昌江段产漂流性卵鱼类的产卵量分别为79.1×10~8粒和70.9×10~8粒,其中四大家鱼产卵量分别为5.65×10~8粒和6.13×10~8粒。监测期间共出现7次产卵高峰(2014年4次,2015年3次),集中在6月初及6月中下旬。四大家鱼产卵量日变化与长江流量日变化关联性较强。2014年宜昌断面采集的四大家鱼鱼卵来自采样点上游的葛洲坝下(坝下–庙咀)、宜昌(胭脂坝–云池)和白洋(白洋镇–关州)三处产卵江段,2015年的四大家鱼鱼卵则来自葛洲坝下(坝下–庙咀)、宜昌(胭脂坝–红花套)两个产卵场。和历史资料相比,长江中游宜昌江段四大家鱼产卵场位置略有下移,规模呈减少趋势。建议继续科学适宜地开展生态调度和增殖放流,满足长江中游鱼类繁殖需求。     

金沙江下游宜宾段产漂流性卵鱼类早期资源动态变化

为探讨金沙江下游溪洛渡和向家坝水电站蓄水运行对下游江段鱼类早期资源群聚动态的影响,基于2016-2020年宜宾江段鱼类早期资源调查数据,探究其资源种群结构与年际变化趋势。使用半圆弶网采集漂流性卵,通过分子生物学方法进行种类鉴定,并计算鱼卵丰度。结果表明,宜宾江段共计采集鱼卵20种,主要优势种为吻鮈(Rhinogobio typus)和寡鳞飘鱼(Pseudolaubuca engraulis);估算出鱼卵年均径流量为15.07×106粒,其中漂流性卵为9.89×106粒,年际间总体呈增加趋势;推算采样点以上分布有产漂流性卵鱼类产卵场3处;从多样性指数和相似度指数看,宜宾江段鱼卵种类组成结构较为稳定,年际间变化不大。尽管受金沙江下游水电工程开发的影响,宜宾江段作为长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区的重要组成部分,仍是产漂流性卵鱼类产卵繁殖的重要分布区,但以小型鱼类为主,圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti)、长鳍吻鮈(Rhinogobio ventralis)等长距离洄游性鱼类鱼卵没有监测到。建议继续加强圆口铜鱼、长鳍吻鮈等鱼类的增殖放流;针对产漂流性卵小型鱼类的生态需求,开展...     

龙溪河张氏■生长与繁殖初步研究

基于2011年7-12月和2012年3-6月采集的样本,对长江上游支流龙溪河张氏■(Hemiculter tchangi)种群生长和繁殖特征进行研究。研究共采集张氏■样本227尾,采用鳞片鉴定年龄,测量鳞片半径,进行体长退算,选取成熟鱼卵描绘卵径分布,估算繁殖力,研究其年龄结构、生长特征和繁殖习性。结果显示:龙溪河张氏■体长101~187 mm,平均体长为(141±15) mm,体重12.5~82.8 g,平均体重为(39.3±13.2) g。群体雌雄性比为1.38∶1。群体年龄组成为1~5龄,其中3龄最多,占总样本的48.5%。群体体长与鳞径呈线性关系,雌雄无显著差异,其关系表达式为L=32.08 R+43.08;体长与体重的关系呈幂函数关系,其关系表达式为W=10-5×0.13.035。张氏■种群生长式型属于等速生长,生长方程表达式为:Lt=242.69[1-e-0.164(t+2.71)];Wt=170.66[1-e-0.164(t+2.71)]3.035。种群繁殖时间为4-8月,雌雄群体1龄达性成熟,其中雌性生物学最小型体长为110 mm,体重为28.7 g;雄性生物学最小型体长为105 mm,体重为14.6 g。龙溪河张氏■种群卵径为单峰型,平均卵径为(0.72±0.05) mm;种群绝对繁殖力平均为(32 688±11 426)粒;体长相对繁殖力FL平均值为(219±76)粒/mm;体重相对繁殖力FW平均值为(680±215)粒/g。     

A numerical classification of reproductive guilds of the freshwater fishes of south-eastern Australia and their application to river management

A comprehensive list of freshwater fishes from south‐eastern Australia is classified into five major reproductive guilds, based on numerical analysis of 13 life history or reproductive characteristics. The guilds defined generally support previously proposed, subjective life history‐based classifications of freshwater fish species in this region. The majority of species fell into two groups, with 18 and 19 species, and the remaining guilds each contained from 1 to 12 species. The most important biological characteristics that separated the major groups of species included: care of the eggs or young, the presence of adhesive or non‐adhesive eggs, serial or single spawning, and viviparity. Two of the main guilds could each be divided into two sub‐guilds mainly based upon the requirement for a spawning migration. The objective definition of reproductive guilds allows river and natural resource managers to consider the effects of changes in environmental management on groups of species that are likely to respond in similar ways.     

长江短颌鲚耳石Sr/Ca值变化特征及其江海洄游履历

为确证长江刀鲚生殖洄游季节的短颌刀鲚是否为江海洄游个体,采用X射线电子探针微区分析技术(EPMA)研究了2013年4月27日采自长江靖江段的1尾短颌鲚(XGC-A)和1尾长颌鲚(XGC-B)矢耳石的锶(Sr)和钙(Ca)的微化学特征,同时将实验结果与确认是江海洄游型长江刀鲚矢耳石的Sr和Ca的微化学特征进行了比对分析。定量线分析结果显示,短颌鲚和长颌鲚个体的Sr/Ca值均波动显著,不仅具有对应淡水生活的低值(1.59±0.80、1.55±0.74),而且出现了对应于海水生活的高值(4.38±1.33、3.56±0.94),显示出其溯河洄游的履历;耳石元素面分布分析结果同时验证了短颌鲚和长颌鲚均参与江海洄游的事实。研究表明,目前长江中存在参与江海洄游的短颌鲚个体。     

The emblematic minnows of the North American Great Plains: A synthesis of threats and conservation opportunities

Anthropogenic changes to the Great Plains rivers of North America have had a large, negative effect on a reproductive guild of pelagic‐broadcast spawning (PBS) cyprinid fishes. The group is phylogenetically diverse, with multiple origins of the PBS mode. However, because of incomplete life‐history information, PBS designation often relies only on habitat and egg characteristics. We identified 17 known or candidate PBS fishes and systematically synthesized the literature on their biology and ecology in relation to major threats to persistence. Research output on an individual species was unrelated to conservation status, but positively correlated with breadth of distribution. The PBS species have opportunistic life‐history strategies and are typically short‐lived (generally 1–3 years) fishes. Many PBS species have truncated ranges showing declines in both distribution and abundance, especially those endemic to the Rio Grande catchment. Fundamental habitat associations are unknown for many species, particularly regarding seasonal shifts and early life stages. Critical thermal tolerances have been quantified for five PBS species and are generally >35°C. Turbidity and salinity changes are linked to responses at multiple life stages, but information is lacking on interactions between water quality and quantity. Hydrologic alteration appears to be a primary threat to PBS species, through complex interactions with landscape fragmentation, and habitat change. We highlight areas where scientific and management communities are lacking information and underline areas of potential conservation gain.     

Spatial distribution patterns of fish egg and larval assemblages in the lower reach of the Yangtze River: Potential implications for conservation and management

1. River fish diversity is threatened by anthropogenic environmental alteration to landscapes. The early life-history stages of fish play an important role in maintaining diversity and population recruitment and can be heavily influenced by landscape patterns. Information on temporal and spatial distribution patterns of fish eggs and larvae is also important for biodiversity conservation and management of fish resources.
2. The Yangtze River possesses a high diversity of fishes, including many commercially important species. The economy along the lower reach of the river is well developed, and most of the area is experiencing high pressure from human impacts. This section of the Yangtze River connects with the largest freshwater lake in China at the upstream end and flows into the estuary at the downstream end. These two landscape features are likely to have a significant impact upon the spatial distributions of fish egg and larval assemblages.
3. Environmental variables, fish eggs, and larval assemblages were sampled in three locations, at Hukou, Anqing, and Jingjiang, in the lower reach of the Yangtze River. The results suggest that the higher number of species and greater abundance in upstream sites reflect the critical function of connectivity of Poyang Lake with the river for fish recruitment in the lower Yangtze. The delayed bloom of larval fish, occurrence of estuarine species, and a lower species number and abundance of freshwater fish downstream reflect the influence of tidal intrusion from the estuary.
4. This study highlights the value of maintaining natural river–lakes connectivity in the Yangtze River as a conservation measure. The connected river–lake system should be designated as a priority area for fish resource protection in the lower reach of the Yangtze River. We recommend further measures to break down barriers between the river and other lakes and to restore the natural lateral connectivity of the floodplain ecosystem.

     

长江上游中华金沙鳅和短身金沙鳅线粒体遗传多样性研究

为了解中华金沙鳅(Jinshaia sinensis)及短身金沙鳅(J.abbreviate)遗传多样性,本研究采用线粒体DNA控制区序列,对长江上游巴南、江津、合江、宜宾、犍为、巧家、宁南和攀枝花等8个群体的中华金沙鳅(Jinshaia sinensis)及巴南、合江和犍为3个群体的短身金沙鳅(J.abbreviate)的遗传多样性进行研究。结果显示:中华金沙鳅和短身金沙鳅的遗传结构存在差异,中华金沙鳅的遗传多样性较高,单倍型多样性(Hd)和核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.999和0.0182;而短身金沙鳅的遗传多样性水平较低(Hd:0.411,Pi:0.0005)。分子变异方差分析(AMOVA)显示两种鱼均无显著地理遗传分化,但单倍型系统发育树和网络结构图揭示了中华金沙鳅存在群体内遗传分化,形成三个谱系,表明缺乏长期亚群体隔离和高水平基因流。中性检验和Bayesian skyline plot(BSP)结果表明,中华金沙鳅在历史上曾发生过群体扩张事件,扩张时间约在10万~17万年前。     

Reproduction in three species of rainbowfish (Melanotaeniidae) from rainforest streams in northern Queensland, Australia

Abstract – The reproductive biology of three species of rainbowfish (Melanotaeniidae) in northeastern Australian rainforest streams was investigated. Two species, Melanotaenia eachamensis and Cairnsichthys rhombosomoides are endemic to the area, whereas the third, M. splendida splendida, is more widespread. The species were all highly fecund, producing many hundreds of eggs between 1.10 and 1.24 mm in diameter. Melanotaenia eachamensis was the most fecund, produced the largest eggs of the three species, and consequently exhibited the greatest maternal investment (as measured by gonadosomatic index). The majority of reproductive effort occurred during the dry season, although reproductively active fish were present year-round for each of the species, but particularly so for M. s. splendida and C. rhombosomoides. No evidence for a role by temperature or photoperiod as environmental cues for reproduction was found, and it was suggested that gonad development was strongly tied to somatic growth. The concentration of reproduction to the dry season ensures that larvae are produced during a period of relatively stable and benign physical conditions. Comparison of temporal changes in gonadosomatic index values suggest that the spawning season of M. eachamensis , which occurs in high-elevation streams, is more restricted and commences about 1 month earlier than either other species. A similar phenology was observed for the M. s. splendida population found at high elevation and highlights the potential for spatial differences in stream productivity to influence life history. ^Note     

基于GIS的长江上游鱼类地理分布特征研究

本文基于Arcview GIS平台,对长江上游水域的重要经济鱼类、珍稀特有鱼类的生物学特性、地理分布以及理化因子、生物环境、沿江水工建筑等进行分析,发现水利工程、过度捕捞、水域污染等人为活动对长江上游的生态环境影响明显,致使与之高度相适应的各种鱼类资源衰退,地理分布受到影响。     

Long-term study of the reproductive timing of the Neotropical catfish Iheringichthys labrosus (Lütken, 1874): Influence of temperature and river discharge

Unravelling the effect of climate variability on species biology has been one of the main goals of ecological studies. Environmental factors such as river discharge and temperature have being proposed as triggers of reproductive cycle in fish. In temperate climates, fish reproduction is affected mainly by temperature, while is influenced by flood pulses in large tropical rivers. We evaluated the influence of temperature and river discharge as triggers of Iheringichthys labrosus’ reproduction. We studied the following reproductive variables: gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI) and condition factor (K). Females of I. labrosus were examined in a time series of ten years along three sites located in Lower Uruguay River at the beginning (last week of November-first week of December, spring) and by the end of the reproductive period (middle-end of April, autumn). Generalised linear models detected a positive effect of mean winter temperature and site on the spring mature female GSI. Site was significant in addition to the interaction between temperature and site. Moreover, the effect of winter temperature was stronger than water discharge in triggering reproductive timing of I. labrosus, contrary to the model proposed for other species in tropical systems. Additionally, a literature review suggested a latitudinal gradient on reproduction, occurring earlier and prolonged with decreasing latitude (and increasing temperature). In this study, we stated the effect of temperature on the life history in a Neotropical fish using a multifaceted approach, particularly important in the current context of global climate warming.     

黑水河鱼类优先保护次序的定量分析

在金沙江下游干流大规模水电开发的背景下,干流开发与支流保护是生态环境保护的有效措施;黑水河是白鹤滩库区鱼类的优先保护支流,确定其鱼类优先保护次序和保护物种是进行鱼类栖息地修复和保护工作的首要任务和前提基础。在野外调查和查阅相关文献资料的基础上,运用濒危系数、遗传价值系数和物种价值系数对黑水河35种鱼类进行优先保护次序的定量分析,并结合黑水河栖息地实际情况,确定保护目标鱼类。结果显示,达到黑水河一级保护的鱼类只有1种,为长江上游特有鱼类长薄鳅（Leptobotia elongata）;达到二级保护的种类有12种,其中昆明裂腹鱼（Schizothorax grahami）、黄石爬鮡（Euchiloglanis kishinouyei）、短须裂腹鱼（Schizothorax wangchiachii）和长鳍吻鮈（Rhinogobio ventralis）为长江上游特有鱼类;处于三级保护的鱼类有17种,其中钝吻棒花鱼（Abbottina obtusirostris）和张氏?（Hemiculter tchangi）是长江上游特有鱼类;四级保护鱼类有5种,其中短体副鳅（Paracobitis potanini）为长江上游特有鱼类,评价结果基本反映了黑水河鱼类的实际情况。结合白鹤滩水库蓄水后黑水河栖息地生境改变的情况,最终确定昆明裂腹鱼、黄石爬鮡、短须裂腹鱼为黑水河栖息地修复和保护的目标鱼类,长薄鳅和长鳍吻鮈为备选保护鱼类。     

Distribution of the early life stages of small yellow croaker in the Yangtze River estuary and adjacent waters

The horizontal distribution of the early life stages of small yellow croaker Larimichthys polyactis in the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent area was investigated through six ichthyoplankton surveys conducted during the period of mid-April to mid-July 2015. A total of seven eggs and 2461 larvae and juveniles of small yellow croaker were collected. Abundance of the specimens was highest in mid-May and lowest in mid-July. The composition of the different development stages of small yellow croaker varied among the six cruises, although post-flexion larvae and juveniles dominated the ichthyoplankton collection in each cruise. Specimens at different development stages showed different distribution patterns in the study area. The eggs, yolk-sac and pre-flexion larvae were mainly collected at stations with depth exceeding 30 m, while post-flexion larvae and juveniles were mainly distributed in the relatively shallow waters near to the mouth of the Yangtze River. In conclusion, the study suggested that the study area had largely lost the ecological function to support small yellow croaker spawning, although it could still serve as nursery ground for the species.     

长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区干流段鱼类组成及其多样性

2010年9-11月、2011年5-7月和9-11月、2012年5-7月在长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区干流宜宾、合江及江津江段进行了4次鱼类资源调查,共采集鱼类样本27 836尾,隶属于7目17科111种(亚种),其中长江上游特有鱼类27种,产漂流性卵鱼类45种,外来鱼类6种。宜宾、合江及江津江段鱼类物种数分别为85、91及91种,宜宾与合江江段鱼类相似度指数为69.23%,合江与江津江段为71.70%,宜宾与江津江段为77.78%。铜鱼(Coreius heterodon)、南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis)、长鳍吻(Rhinogobio ventralis)及圆口铜鱼(C.guichenoti)为保护区干流主要经济鱼类,产漂流性卵鱼类占渔获物总重量的66.35%。鱼类Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在4次调查中江津江段均最高,宜宾次之,合江最低,但三江段之间多样性指数均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。与历史资料相比,该江段鱼类资源明显减少,急需加强保护措施。     

Life‐history variation in a species complex of nonmigratory galaxiids

Life‐history theory predicts that the optimal strategy in the trade‐off between egg size and number varies in relation to resource availability and environmental disturbance. We assessed interspecific differences in egg size, fecundity and other life‐history traits in a species complex of stream‐resident galaxiid fish, which are distributed across a range of contrasting habitat types on the South Island, New Zealand. Oocyte size, fecundity and reproductive effort were measured from gravid females collected immediately before spawning. Proxy measures of stream productivity, flow variability and predation pressure were extracted from modelled data sets. A suite of different egg sizes were identified across species within the Galaxias vulgaris complex, with mean oocyte volume differing by up to 133% between species. The species with the smallest eggs showed mean size‐relative fecundities 246% higher than the species with the largest eggs. A significant negative relationship was found between species’ mean egg size and size‐relative fecundity, suggesting a trade‐off between these traits. Species with larger eggs had larger maternal body size, lower reproductive effort and delayed maturity compared to ‘small‐egg’ species. Consistent with the predictions of life‐history theory, species with larger eggs, lower size‐relative fecundity, lower reproductive effort and delayed maturity were associated with low productivity, stable streams, whereas species exhibiting the opposite set of traits occurred in relatively productive but disturbed systems.     

大宁河龙溪段鱼类早期资源研究

为了解十年禁渔背景下大宁河鱼类早期资源变化状况,2020和2021年5-7月在大宁河龙溪断面开展了鱼类早期资源现状的调查。结果表明,龙溪江段产浮性卵鱼类1种、漂流性卵鱼类4种、粘沉性卵鱼类19种;中华纹胸鮡（Glyptothorax sinensis）和大眼鳜（Siniperca kneri）的产卵规模相对较大,其卵占比分别达48%和30%以上;2020年的鱼类卵苗资源量和种类都少于2021年。RDA分析结果显示,中华纹胸鮡（Glyptothorax sinensis）、张氏?(Hemiculter tchangi)鱼卵漂流密度与水温变化呈现一定相关性,适宜水温促使中华纹胸鮡（Glyptothorax sinensis）、张氏?(Hemiculter tchangi)产卵;随着流速和流量增加,多鳞白甲鱼(Scaphesthes macrolepis)和云南盘鮈(Discogobio yunnanensis)卵漂流密度均相应增加;大眼鳜（Siniperca kneri）和峨眉后平鳅(Metahomaloptera omeiensis)产卵期间江水酸碱度相对较低。十年禁渔的实施对大宁河鱼类资源的恢复可能产生积极影响。     

Fecundity, egg development and growth of juvenile crayfish Procambarus (Austrocambarus) llamasi (Villalobos 1955) under laboratory conditions

Procambarus (Austrocambarus) llamasi (Villalobos 1955) is a crayfish endemic to south‐eastern Mexico with aquaculture potential. This study intends to enhance knowledge of the reproductive biology of this species under laboratory conditions, including fecundity, egg development and juvenile growth. Mean fecundity was 311 eggs/female, and egg development occurred in seven stages over a 27‐ to 30‐day time range. The best growth results were obtained at a density of 50 organisms m^?2.Procambarus llamasi is considered to perform well in aquaculture contexts.     

Distribution patterns of settlement-stage juveniles of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Girella punctata</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Girella leonina</Emphasis> on the rocky coast of the Kanto–Izu region,Japan

The early life history of girellid fishes in Japanese waters is unclear, and little is known about their species-specific reproductive strategies. We examined seasonal changes of distribution patterns for settlement-stage juveniles of Girella punctata and Girella leonina on the rocky shore in the regions of Kanto and Izu, Japan, to infer the influence of the Kuroshio Current on their reproduction. We collected 813 settlement-stage juveniles mainly in Sagami Bay and genetically identified the species. The juveniles of G. punctata were collected on the rocky shore in Sagami Bay during April to August, with the abundant catch in May and June. Thus, we infer that juvenile G. punctata ubiquitously inhabit the rocky shore in the area in spring and summer. By contrast, juveniles of G. leonina were rarely collected in Sagami Bay, with a total catch of only 66. Notably, no juveniles were collected during the wintertime in Sagami Bay, although an abundant catch of G. leonina had been previously reported for Sagami Nada off Sagami Bay during January to March. This clear-cut difference between the areas likely reflects the difference in proximity to the path of the Kuroshio Current. We expect that the Kuroshio Current strongly influences the reproductive success of G. leonina.     

大渡河上游鱼类资源现状

2017-2019年,对大渡河上游鱼类种类组成、优势种和多样性指数等进行了调查.结果显示:大渡河上游采集到鱼类2目6科24种,其中包括了四川省级保护鱼类2种、长江上游特有鱼类8种以及外来物种3种.大渡河上游现有分布鱼类以齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)和重口裂腹鱼(S.davidi)等为优势种群...