2004 Mack MD11柴油机燃料加氢后NOx与微粒排放特性

为了降低柴油机的排放,氢作为柴油机燃料的研究正在引起研究者的关注。该文进行了在2004 Mack MD11柴油机中添加不同比例氢气(最高氢气比例达7%)与柴油形成混合燃料的NOx、微粒(PM,particulate matter)排放特性研究。研究表明:负荷工况不同,添加氢气对NOx排放特性的影响不同;随着添加氢的增加,有NO转化为NO2现象;NOx排放很大程度还与发动机可变截面涡轮增压系统(VGT,variable-geometry gas turbine)和废气再循环系统(EGR,exhaust gas recirculation)工作状况有关;添加氢气后即使在大、全负荷下,NOx排放量也没有明显增加。这主要归因于2004 Mack MD11采取了EGR,并且随着负荷增加,EGR率也在增加。在各种负荷工况下,添加氢气对降低PM排放量的作用明显,PM排放量减小率一般达50%以上,最高达75%。     

实际作业工况下农用拖拉机的排放特性

为了分析实际工况下农业机械的排放特征,该研究利用车载排放测试系统对12辆农用拖拉机进行怠速、行走和耕作3种操作模式下的田间排放测试。结果发现:在旋耕模式下,CO、HC、NOx和PM单位时间的排放因子要高于怠速和行走模式,同时较高的油耗使得CO、HC、NOx基于油耗的排放因子小于怠速和行走模式;测试拖拉机的污染物排放因子随着排放标准的加严呈减小趋势。与中国第1阶段排放标准的测试拖拉机相比,中国第2阶段排放标准的拖拉机4种污染物的单位时间的排放因子分别降低了31.49%、5.96%、6.17%和5.91%。该研究中拖拉机HC、NOx和PM的排放因子要高于NONROAD模型中美国同类机型的结果。通过对大中型农用拖拉机保有量及年使用小时数调查,估算得到2011年中国大中型拖拉机的CO、HC、NOx和PM排放总量分别为32.3、10.6、81.0和9.1万t。与同年的机动车排放量相比,其排放总量不容忽视。     

不同配比乙醇柴油混合燃料的经济性和排放性

为了研究乙醇柴油混合燃料的经济性和排放性,该文在双缸直喷式柴油机和在用的柴油轿车上分别进行了发动机台架试验和整车底盘测功机试验。结果表明,在不调整柴油机条件下,使用乙醇柴油混合燃料能够在一定程度上改善发动机燃油经济性和降低排气烟度和NOX排放,但HC排放增加。适当减小供油提前角有利于改善乙醇柴油混合燃料发动机经济性和排放特性。对于试验车辆,燃用E10有利于降低汽车在中、高速时的等速工况燃料消耗量和常温下冷起动后PM、NOX排放量。该研究结果对于改善乙醇柴油混合燃料的燃油经济性和排放性具有实用价值。     

可变喷嘴涡轮增压及废气再循环系统改善柴油机排放性能

针对一台废气旁通阀式（wastegate,WG）增压柴油机,提出可变喷嘴涡轮增压器（variable nozzle turbine,VNT）+文丘里管废气再循环系统（venturi exhaust gas recirculation,vEGR）的 VNT-vEGR 系统设计,并进行匹配优化。搭建了发动机台架试验系统,在保证原机经济性与颗粒物（particulate matter,PM）排放性能基本不变的前提下,对氮氧化物（NOx）排放进行重点优化。研究结果表明：优化后的 VNT+vEGR 柴油机的欧洲稳态测试循环（European steady state cycle,ESC）试验加权的有效燃油消耗率、NOx 排放和 PM 排放分别为229.4、3.53和0.055 g/(kW·h),相比于原 WG 柴油机的变化率分别为0.04%、?48.2%和14.6%,油耗和 PM 排放略有升高,而 NOx 排放大幅降低,且动力性整体提高约5%～10%。匹配新系统的柴油机能够满足现行的排放法规并具有满足未来排放法规的潜力。该研究为改善柴油机的排放性能提供了参考。     

排气温度和催化基质特性对柴油机排放的影响(英文)

为了提高催化器CDPF(catalyzed diesel particulate filter)去除NOx和PM的性能,该文运用催化试验、发动机台架试验及模拟计算,研究了排气温度和催化器的基底材料特性对NOx还原和PM氧化的影响特性。通过活性评价和表征试验发现,由于La2Cu0.7Fe0.3O4表面具有较高的氧空位浓度和较强的晶格氧移动特性,所以300°C～500°C时具有较好的催化活性,且350°C～500°C时碳化硅较堇青石能更好地催化还原NO。发动机台架试验表明,由于碳化硅具有更高的孔隙率和更好的热交换特性,在1 600 r/min的75%和90%负荷工况时,碳化硅CDPF具有更好地催化去除NOx和PM的特性规律。模拟计算结果显示,具有较高过滤孔密度和比表面积的CDPF,由于较低的内部传质阻力和较高的传质特性,所以能较好地还原NOx和氧化PM。研究结果可为优化柴油机后处理器CDPF的催化性能提供科学依据。     

河南省夏季秸秆焚烧污染物排放量的估算与分析

基于2007年夏季秸秆焚烧卫星遥感监测资料,结合粮食产量、谷草比、排放因子等,估算了河南省秸秆焚烧各污染物的排放量。结果表明,2007年夏季河南省秸秆焚烧共排放：PM2.5 30 433.9 t、SO2 1 586.2 t、NOx 12.2 t、NH3 76.1 t、CH4 39.6 t、VOC 82.2 t、CO477.8 t、CO2 2 799.9 t。秸秆焚烧污染物排放量空间分布受小麦种植面积影响较大,中东部多于西部,其中周口、驻马店和南阳排放量最多;夏季秸秆焚烧较为集中,PM2.5的排放多集中在5月下旬和6月上旬,且与郑州市PM2.5日均浓度有较好的相关性。     

非道路用重型柴油机燃烧过程优化

为了降低非道路用重型柴油机的有害物排放,该文对柴油机的燃烧室结构、喷油策略进行优化。以一台CHD234V8型高压共轨直喷式柴油机为样机,对整机优化前后燃烧过程进行分析。试验结果表明,柴油机缸内油气混合得到改善,缸内最大爆发压力降低,有害物排放量减少;与优化前相比,标定工况和最大扭矩工况的燃油消耗率分别下降2.5%和6.2%,不透光烟度分别降低71.4%和67.9%;整机CO、(HC+NO_x)、颗粒(PM)分别减少了33.9%、11.8%和73%,满足非道路车辆的国三排放限值要求。该研究可为非道路用重型柴油机的排放控制提供参考。     

低排放轻型车用柴油机结构及燃烧系统的优化

在现有4F20机械式燃油系统柴油机基础上,从机械系统和燃烧系统优化匹配、后处理系统选型等方面入手,进行了满足国Ⅳ排放标准的经济型轻型车用柴油机开发。机械系统设计中,对机体和缸盖的加强筋和冷却水套进行合理布置,有效提高整机刚度和缸套冷却效果,减少变形,并设计了结构紧凑、传动可靠且运转平稳的新型齿轮传动系统。燃烧系统升级优化方面,由直列泵式机械燃油供给系统升级为高压共轨电控燃油喷射系统,重新设计燃烧室形状的同时将压缩比从19.7降低为17.5,并优化燃油油束在燃烧室内的分布。通过燃油喷射、增压与废气再循环参数的协同标定改善了柴油机燃油经济性和排放性能。选用容积占有率为25%和75%的2级氧化催化转化器,对一氧化碳(CO)、碳氢化合物(HC)、可溶性有机成分(soluble organic fractions,SOF)和颗粒(particulatematter,PM)的净化效率分别达90%、85%、90%和20%。柴油机配套NHQ6492V3型SUV后整车排放测试结果显示:CO、NOx、总碳氢(THC)+NOx和PM排放分别为0.36、0.259、0.328和0.029g/km,距国Ⅳ排放限值有20%以上的裕度,综合油耗为7.217L/(100km),满足2015年即将实施的中国乘用车燃料消耗第3阶段法规限值。     

光电信号与收割机谷物产量数据转换模型的构建与验证

为了准确获取联合收割机作业过程中的谷物产量信息,自主研发了基于光电漫反射原理的联合收割机谷物产量计量系统。系统主要由传感器模块、数据采集模块、GPS模块和谷物产量计量显示终端组成。在研究了联合收割机田间工作状态和籽粒升运器刮板谷堆近似模拟形状的基础上,提出了分段式光电信号与收割机谷物产量数据转换模型。同时为了进一步消除收割机作业过程中产生的奇异点数据,提出了基于籽粒升运器转速的双阈值动态均值滤波的数据预处理方法。结果表明,采用该方法可以有效剔除奇异点数据,提高产量数据整体平滑度。田间试验结果表明,在考虑升运器转速条件下,该研究提出的分段式谷物产量数据转换模型动态验证误差小于3.50%,满足联合收割机谷物产量计量的实际需要。     

低速货车的污染物排放特性

为分析实际道路行驶时低速载货汽车的排放特征,该研究利用车载测试系统(portable emission measurement system,PEMS)在国道和乡村道上对6辆低速货车的污染物排放进行了测试,结果表明:不论在国道还是在乡村道上,污染物排放速率与车速的变化密切相关。乡村道上车辆的行驶速度变化较多,各污染物瞬时排放速率也呈现剧烈的波动。在国道和乡村道上,低速载货汽车匀速工况的比例最高,平均比例分别为68.33%和63.77%。在2种道路条件下,4种污染物平均排放因子均为加速行驶模式下最高,匀速次之,减速模式下最低。CO在加速模式下的平均排放因子分别是匀速和减速模式下的1.86和2.30倍;HC在加速模式下的平均排放因子分别是匀速和减速模式下的1.32和1.42倍。对于NOx,加速模式下的平均排放因子分别是匀速和减速模式下排放因子的1.57和3.09倍。而对于PM,加速模式下的平均排放因子分别是匀速和减速模式下排放因子的1.22和1.39倍。颗粒物粒径分布结果表明,2种道路颗粒物粒径分布规律类似。但在乡村道上颗粒物数量浓度高于国道上颗粒物数量浓度,平均高约32.0%。该研究成果为低速载货汽车的排放控制提供了技术参考。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.