倾转屋面日光温室的采光及蓄热性能试验

为了实现了日光温室对太阳能的高效利用,该文提出了一种适用于高性能采光的倾转屋面日光温室。该文对倾转屋面日光温室的室内光照进行理论分析,试验测试了该日光温室的室内光照与蓄热性能,并与传统8和9 m跨的固定采光面温室分别进行了对比分析。试验结构表明,与普通固定采光面日光温室相比,倾转屋面日光温室的采光性能和温度指标有了明显提高。在晴天和多云采光天气条件下,倾转屋面日光温室室内的辐照度较普通8和9 m跨固定采光面日光温室均有较大幅度的增加,整体采光率分别提高41.75%和25.05%,对应的室内的辐照度增加平均值为69.54和38.99 W/m2。倾转屋面日光温室室内的温度有较大幅度的提高,表现为整体温度水平提高,倾转屋面日光温室较普通8m跨固定采光面日光温室,保温时段平均温度整体提高了3.1℃。该研究结果为温室建筑结构的改良和结构优化设计提供了参考。     

日光温室主动蓄热后墙传热CFD模拟及性能试验

中国的日光温室实现了高效的能量利用,在中国北方地区的冬季农业生产中发挥了巨大的作用。但在实践生产中日光温室存在巨大的能量不平衡,给北方冬季的农业生产造成很大的损失,同时也限制了日光温室的高效应用。为了实现了日光温室对太阳能的高效利用,该文提出了一种能够将白天富裕能量进行有效存储的主动蓄热后墙日光温室。该文对主动蓄热后墙日光温室的室内温度和通风蓄热风道蓄热特性进行理论分析和试验,并与传统9m跨的被动蓄热日光温室进行了对比分析。试验结果表明,主动蓄热后墙日光温室的温度指标有了较明显提高。在晴天和多云采光天气条件下,主动蓄热后墙日光温室室内的温度较9m跨被动蓄热日光温室均有较大幅度的增加,在晴天夜间保温时段(16:00~次日09:00),主动蓄热后墙日光温室温度提高最小为1.8℃,最大为2.8℃,平均提高2.2℃;在多云天夜间保温时段(16:00~次日09:00),主动蓄热后墙日光温室温度提高最小为1.6℃,最大为4.2℃,平均提高2.2℃。该文利用CFD数值模拟对温室蓄热后墙的20℃等值面进行了分析,分析结果表明在定常条件下,通风主动蓄热的高效范围在10m以内,有效长度在20m以内。通过该试验,结合温室建筑的实践构造要求,确定的蓄热风道合理长度为20m。     

装配式日光温室砌筑不同蓄热墙体的增温和草莓栽培效果

针对西北沙漠地区日光温室冬季夜间室内低温的问题,以新疆和田使用的装配式日光温室为研究对象,通过在温室内北侧砌筑砖墙体、砌块墙体和砌块填充沙土墙体3种材质的蓄热墙体,采用PT100铂电阻温度传感器对试验温室墙体、室内温度进行测试,并进行草莓栽培试验,用ACS-30型天平、LH-B55型数显折光仪进行草莓质量、可溶性固形物含量测量。由试验数据得,3种蓄热墙体体积、尺寸相同条件下,蓄热性能依次是:砌块填充沙土墙体砌块墙体砖墙体。装配式日光温室内砌筑砖墙体、砌块墙体和砌块填充沙土墙体,使得室温较装配式日光温室早晨07:00分别增加2.2、2.9和3.8℃。采用同样的种植管理技术,栽培的草莓开花期分别比原装配式日光温室早7、11和14 d,成熟期早14、17和20 d,单棚产量依次高24.2%、30.1%和33.4%,比装配式温室的草莓可溶性固形物质量分数平均值高1.4、2.1和2.6个百分点。进一步验证了墙体对日光温室热贡献的重要性,且砂浆砌块墙体比砖墙体增温效果明显,该墙体温室更适宜草莓生长。新砌筑墙体蓄热量与装配式温室热负荷计算数值一致,表明在没有其他加温设施的情况下,温室内新砌的墙体是室内夜间热源,可使温室内温度增加。该文为西北沙漠区日光温室墙体蓄热材料和结构设计提供参考,为日光温室内砂浆砌块的应用研究提供了依据。     

日光温室气象环境综合研究——Ⅰ.墙体、覆盖物热效应研究初报

为科学地确定日光温室的合理结构,对鞍山、北京、天津等地建造使用的两类日光温室进行了墙体、前屋面覆盖物温度观测,结果表明:塑料膜日光温室夜间的主要放热面仍是前屋面,尽管前屋面薄膜上覆盖有纸被、草苫等,室内气温与覆盖物内侧温差仍十分显著地大于室内气温与墙体内侧温差。墙体系土墙者,全天为“吸热体”;系有空心夹层砖墙者,则在温室升温阶段为“吸热体”,在降温阶段为“放热体”。测量还发现,这两种墙体内均存在一个温度变化比较恒定的中间层,其机理有待进一步研究。经测定分析认为,日光温室较理想的墙体结构是:内侧由吸热、蓄热较好材料组成蓄热层,外侧由导热,放热较差材料组成保温层,中间设隔热层。     

日光温室气象环境综合研究 Ⅰ.墙体、覆盖物热效应研究初报

为科学地确定日光温室的合理结构,对鞍山、北京、天津等地建造使用的两类日光温室进行了墙体、前屋面覆盖物温度观测,结果表明:塑料膜日光温室夜间的主要放热面仍是前屋面,尽管前屋面薄膜上覆盖有纸被、草苫等,室内气温与覆盖物内侧温差仍十分显著地大于室内气温与墙体内侧温差。墙体系土墙者,全天为“吸热体”;系有空心夹层砖墙者,则在温室升温阶段为“吸热体”,在降温阶段为“放热体”。测量还发现,这两种墙体内均存在一个温度变化比较恒定的中间层,其机理有待进一步研究。经测定分析认为,日光温室较理想的墙体结构是:内侧由吸热、蓄热较好材料组成蓄热层,外侧由导热,放热较差材料组成保温层,中间设隔热层。     

组装式太阳能双效温室应用效果试验

为解决目前日光温室普遍存在的设备简陋、环境调控与抗寒防病能力差、土地利用率与劳动生产效率低的问题,建造了组装式太阳能双效温室并进行试验。该文分别选择内保温和外保温太阳能双效温室(温室内配置太阳能集热器、蓄热水池和热泵机组在内的太阳能热泵系统)测试其保温降湿性能和增产效果,主要测试指标为空气最低温度、日平均温度、光照度、空气相对湿度,种植作物的单株产量、单位面积产量。测试结果表明:内保温组装式太阳能双效温室室内最低气温都在9℃以上,与对照温室相比,1月份试验温室室内平均气温提高3.4℃,1月份室内平均最低气温提高4.0℃;外保温太阳能双效温室1月份室内平均最低气温为12.5℃,空气相对湿度控制在80%以下,比对照温室室内温度提高3.8℃,蔬菜增产19%~55%。组装式太阳能双效温室改善了温室的环境条件,提升了日光温室抗寒防病和增产增收的能力,该温室的研究与应用为中国北方同类地区提供借鉴与参考。     

考虑薄膜积灰的日光温室前屋面采光效率模型构建及应用

为确定自然环境下日光温室前屋面的采光效率,通过实测数据获得杨凌地区冬季长时间无雨状态下棚膜表面的灰尘积累分布情况以及不同太阳入射角及积灰程度下的棚膜透光率,构建了积灰分布模型及棚膜透光率衰减模型,在此基础上结合太阳入射角计算模型,采用MATLAB作为开发工具编写日光温室前屋面透光率的计算程序。通过输入温室地理坐标、日期时间、采光面曲线形状、朝向、棚膜材料种类,模拟出采光面上的透光率,并在杨凌地区对模型进行验证与应用。结果表明:同时考虑灰尘和太阳入射角的影响,建立的透光率模型与实测值的模拟精度较高,3个测点的模型计算值与实测值平均绝对误差分别为0.90%、2.13%和2.02%;以杨凌冬至日高采光效率为设计目标,将距温室前屋面底端0.8 m处的点作为控制点,确定2种曲线形状的温室,其前屋面控制点高度分别为0.6和0.8 m;朝向为南偏西5°时,在冬至日正午前后2h内,采光面的太阳入射角处于合理采光角范围内,采光效率较高;在弱光低温的冬季,为保障温室内较高的光照强度,建议选用的前屋面覆盖材料为白色PO膜。该研究可为日光温室棚膜表面采光效率的计算及采光面结构的设计优化提供依据。     

日光温室土墙体温度变化及蓄热放热特点

为研究日光温室土墙体温度变化规律及蓄放热特性,以泰安市下挖式土墙日光温室为研究对象,在温室北墙布置5个测试层,通过各测试层最冷季节(30 d)温室内气温、墙体温度、室外气温及室外太阳辐照度测试数据,分析了土墙日光温室内部温度及墙体内温度的分布规律。结果表明:各测试层墙体表面及0.1~0.6 m处测点的温度均呈现出随温室气温周期性变化的规律,且随着墙体厚度的增加温度的波动幅值逐渐减小,相位明显后移;0.7 m以后测点的温度幅值趋于稳定,处于稳态向室外的导热过程。基于墙体温度分布规律,对墙体白天的蓄热量、夜间的放热量及墙体夜间放热效率进行了计算,得出墙体夜间放热效率为43%,表明土墙白天蓄积热量的43%用于改善夜间温室内热环境。对墙体蓄热和放热量计算,综合评价墙体的平均放热效率,可以为土墙日光温室结构优化及热负荷计算提供指导,为各地土墙温室轻简化技术研究提供理论基础。     

日光温室中直射光的计算机模拟方法——设施农业光环境模拟分析研究之三

在覆盖材料确定时,温室采光屋面的几何形状直接决定着温室的光环境,即温室内的采光量及其时空分布特征。本文的主要研究对象是我国目前较为普及的日光温室。首先,采用数学函数方法,生成各种不同曲率的采光屋面,由此构造出具有不同几何形状的日光温室。第二,根据已经建立起的温室采光理论,建立计算机模拟模型,对其内部的直射光环境进行模拟。通过对模拟结果进行评判对比,可筛选出优化的温室采光结构。因此本项研究可为温室结构优化设计和生产管理提供科学依据和分析工具。     

中国节能型日光温室的理论和实践

扼要介绍了中国节能型日光温室的基本结构、性能、应用和发展概况,重点介绍了该温室建筑结构参数的优化设计,如温室各建筑参数的几何尺寸,采光屋面的倾角和几何形状,墙体结构,后屋面结构及其仰角和投影,外保温覆盖材料和环境调控手段等。同时还介绍了中国节能型日光温室理论研究成果,如建立了日光温室光、热、空气湿度、土壤温度和力学数学模型,并指出这些成果是日光温室结构优化设计的基础。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.