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1.
Yishai Kushnir Noa Toledano Liat Cohen Tali Bdolah-Abram Yael Shilo-Benjamini 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):346-355
Objective
To evaluate whether intratesticular and incisional ropivacaine infiltration produces sufficient intra- and postoperative analgesia for castrating dogs under sedation.Study design
Randomized, blinded, controlled clinical study.Animals
Twenty-three healthy dogs weighing 5.8–35.6 kg admitted for castration.Methods
Dogs were sedated with medetomidine (0.01 mg kg?1), butorphanol (0.2 mg kg?1) and midazolam (0.2 mg kg?1) intramuscularly, and were randomly assigned to group R, 0.2–0.4 mL kg?1 of ropivacaine 0.5%, or group S, an equivalent volume of saline injected intratesticularly and along the incision line. If persistent motion was observed during surgery, sedation was considered to be insufficient and general anaesthesia was induced. Carprofen 2.2 mg kg?1 was administered postoperatively. Pain was evaluated in all dogs before sedation and postoperatively following atipamezole administration at 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours using an interactive visual analogue scale (IVAS; 0–100), the Glasgow composite pain scale-short form (CMPS-SF; 0–24), and a mechanical algometer. Methadone 0.3 mg kg?1 was administered intravenously to dogs if IVAS >30 or CMPS-SF >4.Results
There was no significant difference between groups for the number of dogs administered general anaesthesia. The time from the beginning of surgery to induction of general anaesthesia was significantly shorter [median (range)] in group S [6 (3–25) minutes] than in group R [56 (36–76) minutes]. At 8 hours IVAS was significantly higher in group S (14 ± 10) than in group R (6 ± 4).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Intratesticular and incisional ropivacaine infiltration delayed the time to anaesthesia induction, and provided analgesia after castration performed under deep sedation in dogs. Intratesticular local anaesthesia can be an important part of the anaesthetic plan for castration. 相似文献2.
Irene Dimopoulou Tilemahos L. Anagnostou Nikitas N. Prassinos Ioannis Savvas Michael Patsikas 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1189-1197
Objective
To test the efficacy of intraoperative intrafragmentary administration of bupivacaine (haematoma block) in controlling postoperative pain in dogs undergoing osteosynthesis of long-bone isolated diaphyseal fractures.Study design
Randomized, ‘blinded’, placebo-controlled, prospective study.Animals
A total of 23 client-owned dogs with isolated long-bone fractures.Methods
Dogs were allocated randomly to two groups: bupivacaine group (B) or placebo group (P). Group B dogs (n = 11) were administered an intraoperative intrafragmentary injection of 0.5% bupivacaine (1.1 mg kg–1) just before fracture fixation, whereas group P dogs (n = 12) were administered normal saline. Postoperative pain evaluations using the University of Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS) and algometer were performed upon arrival to the recovery room and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 20 and 32 hours later. Algometer measurements were performed on: the incision site, a healthy region near the fracture line and the contralateral healthy limb. When the pain score exceeded 14 points in the UMPS, rescue analgesia was administered. The time-standardised area under the curve (AUCst) was used to compare UMPS scores and mechanical pain thresholds between the two groups.Results
None of the group B dogs required rescue analgesia, whereas eight of the 12 group P dogs did (p = 0.001). The pain threshold AUCst at the incision line was higher in group B [16.3 (2.9–41.6) N] than in group P [5.6 (2.5–17.4) N] (p = 0.029). The mean UMPS score AUCst was lower in group B (3.7 ± 1.8) than in group P (9.4 ± 4.6) (p = 0.016). In a small number of animals of both groups that were evaluated radiologically, adequate bone healing was noted.Conclusions and clinical relevance
An intraoperative bupivacaine haematoma block is a simple, quick and effective method that can be used to aid in postoperative pain control in dogs submitted to long-bone osteosynthesis. 相似文献3.
Objective
To compare the effectiveness of ultrasound- and electrostimulation-guided nerve blocks of the brachial plexus and to determine whether ultrasound guidance is feasible in conscious dogs.Study design
Blinded, crossover, experimental study.Animals
Six clinically healthy adult Beagle dogs.Methods
The nerves of the brachial plexus of the right thoracic limb were blocked under ultrasound guidance (UNB) in conscious dogs and under electrostimulation guidance (ENB) in anesthetized dogs with bupivacaine (0.4 mL kg–1, 0.25%). Saline (0.4 mL kg–1) was injected in control animals. Sensory nerve blockade was evaluated by scoring cutaneous sensation in targeted nerves. Motor nerve blockade was evaluated based on weight bearing, conscious proprioception and withdrawal reflex scores. Times to execute the technique in UNB and ENB were compared using t tests (p < 0.05). Scores for sensory and motor nerve blockades in each treatment were compared with scores before treatment and with control treatment scores using nonparametric repeated-measures two-way analysis of variance. Time to onset and duration of sensory nerve block were assessed using scores for four sensory nerve functions. A successful sensory nerve block was defined by decreases in scores for these functions. Success rates of nerve blocks were compared among treatments using McNemar’s test.Results
In UNB and ENB, onset times of sensory nerve blocks were 1 hour and 1.5 hours, respectively. Onset times of motor nerve blocks were 0.5 hour in both treatments. In UNB and ENB, durations of sensory nerve block were 3 hours and 0.5 hour, respectively, and durations of motor nerve block were 7.5 hours and 6.5 hours, respectively. Success rates did not differ between the techniques.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The UNB brachial plexus block had a shorter onset time and longer duration than ENB. UNB can be performed in conscious dogs or those under mild sedation. 相似文献4.
Objective
The aim of this study was to determine whether lumbosacral epidural administration of magnesium sulphate added to ropivacaine prolongs and improves perioperative analgesia, without adverse effects on motor block duration or hind limb neurological function, in dogs undergoing hip arthroplasty.Study design
Investigator-blind, controlled, randomized, prospective clinical trial.Animals
A group of 20 client-owned dogs undergoing hip arthroplasty were allocated randomly to either group C (control, 1 mg kg?1epidural ropivacaine) or group M (magnesium, epidural injection of 1 mg kg?1 ropivacaine and 2 mg kg?1magnesium sulphate).Methods
All dogs were premedicated with intramuscular acepromazine. General anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Intraoperatively, nociception was assessed based on changes in heart rate, respiratory rate and mean arterial pressure above baseline values. Postoperatively, pain was evaluated with a Sammarco pain score, a Glasgow pain scale and a visual analogue scale (VAS). Tarlov’s scale was used to quantify motor block. All dogs were evaluated at recovery and then 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 24 hours after that. Rescue analgesia was provided during surgery with fentanyl and, postoperatively, with buprenorphine. Groups were compared using one-way repeated-measure analysis of variance followed by the Holm–Sidak method for multiple comparison or nonparametric tests when appropriate.Results
The two treatment groups did not differ (p > 0.05) with respect to intraoperative physiological variables, rescue analgesia, postoperative pain scores (Sammarco q = 1.00; Glasgow q = 3.10; VAS q = 0.50) and duration of the motor block (Tarlov’s q = 2.40).Conclusions and clinical relevance
The addition of epidural magnesium to ropivacaine did not improve or prolong the analgesia provided by ropivacaine alone. Further studies are needed to determine whether an epidural magnesium dose of >2 mg kg?1 would exert better analgesia, without causing adverse effects, in dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery. 相似文献5.
Ilaria Cerasoli Alexandru Tutunaru Alessia Cenani Juan Ramirez Johann Detilleux Marc Balligand Charlotte Sandersen 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):337-345
Objective
To evaluate the efficacy, in terms of the amount of rescue analgesia required, and the clinical usefulness of epidural injection of morphine with bupivacaine or levobupivacaine for elective pelvic limb surgery in dogs during a 24-hour perioperative period.Study design
Prospective, blinded, randomized clinical study.Animals
A group of 26 dogs weighing 31.7 ± 14.2 (mean ± standard deviation) kg and aged 54 ± 36 months.Methods
All dogs were premedicated with methadone intravenously (0.2 mg kg–1) and anaesthesia induced with diazepam (0.2 mg kg–1) and propofol intravenously to effect. After induction of anaesthesia, dogs randomly received a lumbosacral epidural injection of morphine 0.1 mg kg–1 with either levobupivacaine 0.5% (1 mg kg–1; group LevoBM) or bupivacaine 0.5% (1 mg kg–1; group BM). Cardiovascular, respiratory and temperature values were recorded during the intra- and postoperative period. A visual analogue scale, subjective pain scale, sedation scale and the short form of the Glasgow pain scale were assessed every 6 hours after epidural injection during 24 hours. The ability to stand and walk, neurological deficits and other side effects were assessed at the same time points. The amount of rescue analgesia (sufentanil intraoperatively and methadone postoperatively) was recorded.Results
No statistically significant differences were found between groups for any of the recorded data, with the exception of the incidence of spontaneous urination and postoperative rescue analgesia requirement. In group LevoBM four dogs spontaneously urinated at recovery while none of the dogs in group BM did (p = 0.03) and seven dogs of group LevoBM required postoperative rescue analgesia versus none of the dogs in the BM group (p = 0.005).Conclusions
and clinical relevance Epidural LevoBM is a suitable alternative to BM in healthy dogs during elective pelvic limb surgery. Epidural BM produced more urinary retention but better pain control compared to the same concentration and dose of LevoBM in dogs. 相似文献6.
Marija Damjanovska Erika Cvetko Maxine M. Kuroda Alenka Seliskar Tanja Plavec Katarina Mis Matej Podbregar Tatjana Stopar Pintaric 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2019,46(2):236-245
Objective
To test whether neurotoxic effects of a bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension differ from those of a standard formulation of bupivacaine hydrochloride (HCl) after intraneural injection into the sciatic nerves in pigs.Study design
Prospective, randomized study.Animals
Fifteen pigs, hybrids of Landrace and Large White.Methods
After the National Ethics Committee approval, 15 pigs were randomly allocated to three groups (n = 5/group) to receive intraneural injections of 4 mL of 1.33% bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension, 0.5% bupivacaine HCl or normal saline. Serial neurologic examinations were conducted to detect sensory and motor response to noxious stimuli using a modified Thalhammer’s scale at 2 hour intervals for the first 12 hours after injection and daily thereafter for 2 weeks. Fiber characteristics (density) of the harvested sciatic nerves were measured during histomorphometric analysis. Inflammatory response was studied using immunohistochemical analysis. Data were tested using analyses of variance; p values for paired comparisons were Bonferroni adjusted.Results
Compared with bupivacaine HCl, bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension provided longer sensory (11.2 ± 1.8 hours versus 3.2 ± 1.1 hours, respectively, p < 0.0001) and motor (10.0 ± 2.0 hours versus 4.0 ± 1.4 hours respectively, p < 0.0001) blockade. Histomorphometric parameters were similar among the groups. No changes in axonal density or myelin structure indicative of injury to the sciatic nerves were observed in any of the groups. Number of immunopositive cells did not differ between the bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension (23 ± 6 cells per mm2) and the bupivacaine HCl groups (21 ± 4 cells per mm2), p > 0.90.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Intraneural injections of bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension or bupivacaine HCl in our porcine model did not result in evidence of neurotoxicity. 相似文献7.
Amélie Choquette Jérôme R.E. del Castillo Maxim Moreau Martin Guillot Kate Alexander Jean-Jacques Kona-Boun Dominique Gauvin Eric Troncy 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):317-328
Objective
To compare the motor and sensory block efficacy and duration of a modified paravertebral brachial plexus block (PBPB) after administration of lidocaine alone (LI) or combined with epinephrine (LE).Study design
Prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover study.Animals
A total of eight healthy female Beagle dogs.Methods
Under general anesthesia, modified PBPB was performed on the left thoracic limb using neurostimulation and/or ultrasound guidance to administer lidocaine (2 mg kg–1; 0.2 mL kg–1) either alone (treatment LI, n = 10) or with epinephrine (1:100,000; treatment LE, n = 9). Sensory block was evaluated through reaction to a painful mechanical stimulus applied at five sites on the limb. Motor block effect was evaluated according to visual gait assessments and thoracic limb vertical force measurements under dynamic and static conditions. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures generalized estimating equations. All statistical tests were performed two-sided at the α = 0.05 significance threshold.Results
The duration of sensory block did not differ significantly between treatments. Visible gait impairment was more persistent in LE than in LI (118 ± 63 minutes for LI and 163 ± 23 minutes for LE; mean ± standard deviation) (p = 0.027). At nadir value, dynamic peak vertical force was lower in LE than in LI (p = 0.007). For both dynamic and static evaluations, the nadir and the return to baseline force were delayed in LE (return to normal at 180–200 minutes) when compared with LI (130–140 minutes) (p < 0.005).Conclusions and clinical relevance
The addition of epinephrine to lidocaine prolonged the duration and increased the intensity of the regional block, as verified by visual gait assessment and kinetic analysis. No significant difference was noted between treatments regarding sensory blockade. Kinetic analysis could be useful to evaluate regional anesthetic effect in dogs. 相似文献8.
Peter M. DiGeronimo Anderson F. da Cunha Bruno Pypendop João Brandão Rhett Stout Max Rinaldi Thomas N. Tully 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):287-294
Objective
To determine the median effective dose (ED50) of intravenous (IV) bupivacaine associated with a 50% probability of causing clinically relevant cardiovascular effects [defined as 30% change in heart rate (HR) or mean arterial pressure (MAP)] in chickens anesthetized with isoflurane.Study design
Randomized up-and-down study.Animals
A total of 14 Ross-708 broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) weighing 1.70–2.75 kg.Methods
Anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane. Monitoring included the electrocardiogram and invasive arterial pressures. Chickens were administered bupivacaine IV over 2 minutes using a dose based on the response of the previous animal. Dose was decreased when HR and/or MAP in the previous animal increased or decreased ≥30% after bupivacaine administration, or increased when HR or MAP changed <30%. The ED50 was defined as the dose resulting in ≥30% variation in HR or MAP in 50% of the population studied.Results
The IV ED50 of bupivacaine was 1.94 mg kg?1 using Dixon’s up-and-down method and 1.96 mg kg?1 by logistic regression.Conclusions and clinical relevance
These results suggest that 1.33 and 1.96 mg kg?1 of IV bupivacaine are associated with a respective 1 or 50% probability of a clinically significant change in MAP in isoflurane-anesthetized chickens. Identification of the cardiovascular changes associated with different doses of bupivacaine can be used as the basis for studies of therapeutic applications in the domestic chicken. Further studies are required to determine interspecies variation. 相似文献9.
Thomas A. Trein Beatriz P. Floriano Juliana T. Wagatsuma Joana Z. Ferreira Guilherme L. da Silva Paulo S.P. dos Santos Sílvia H.V. Perri Valéria NLS. Oliva 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(1):144-153
Objective
To evaluate motor and sensory blockade of combining dexmedetomidine with ropivacaine, administered perineurally or systemically, for femoral and sciatic nerve blocks in conscious dogs.Study design
Randomized, controlled, experimental study.Animals
Seven healthy Beagle dogs, aged 3.3 ± 0.1 years and weighing 11.0 ± 2.4 kg.Methods
Dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane on three separate occasions for unilateral femoral and sciatic nerve blocks and were administered the following treatments in random order: perineural ropivacaine 0.75% (0.1 mL kg–1) on each nerve and intramuscular (IM) saline (0.2 mL kg–1) (GCON); perineural dexmedetomidine (1 μg mL–1) and ropivacaine 0.75% (0.1 mL kg–1) on each nerve and IM saline (0.2 mL kg–1) (GDPN); and perineural ropivacaine 0.75% (0.1 mL kg–1) on each nerve and IM dexmedetomidine (1 μg mL–1, 0.2 mL kg–1) (GDIM). Nerve blocks were guided by ultrasound and electrical stimulation and dogs were allowed to recover from general anesthesia. Sensory blockade was evaluated by response to clamp pressure on the skin innervated by the saphenous/ femoral, common fibular and tibial nerves. Motor blockade was evaluated by observing the ability to walk and proprioception. Sensory and motor blockade were evaluated until their full recovery.Results
No significant differences in onset time to motor and sensory blockade were observed among treatments. Duration of motor blockade was not significantly different among treatments; however, duration of tibial sensory blockade was longer in the GDPN than in the GDIM treatment.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Although a longer duration of sensory blockade was observed with perineural dexmedetomidine, a significant increase compared with the control group was not established. Other concentrations should be investigated to verify if dexmedetomidine is a useful adjuvant to local anesthetics in peripheral nerve blocks in dogs. 相似文献10.
Hamaseh Tayari Giulio Tazioli Gloria Breghi Angela Briganti 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1216-1226
Objective
To evaluate intraoperative and postoperative efficacy of ultrasound (US)-guided femoral (FN) and obturator (ON) nerves block, in the iliopsoas muscle compartment (IPM), using an in-plane technique.Study design
Anatomical research and randomized, prospective, ‘blinded’ clinical study.Animals
Six dog cadavers and 20 client-owned dogs undergoing tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO) surgery.Methods
In phase 1, anatomical dissections and US imaging of the IPM were performed to design an US-guided nerve block involving the FN and ON simultaneously. The technique was considered successful if new methylene blue solution injection (0.1 mL kg?1) stained FN–ON for ≥2 cm. In phase 2, the US-guided nerve block designed in phase 1, combined with US-guided sciatic nerve (ScN) block, was performed in 20 dogs undergoing TPLO surgery. Patients were assigned randomly to one of two treatment groups: ropivacaine 0.3% (R3, n = 10) and ropivacaine 0.5% (R5, n = 10) at a volume of 0.1 mL kg?1 for each nerve block. Intraoperative success rate (fentanyl requirement < 2.1 mcg kg?1 hour?1) and postoperative pain score [Short Form-Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (SF-GCMPS) ≥ 5/20] were evaluated.Results
In phase 1, the US image of FN–ON was detected between L6 and L7. In-plane needling technique produced a staining of >4 cm in six of six cases. No abdominal or epidural dye spread was found. In phase 2, median fentanyl infusion rates were 0.5 (0.0–0.9) μg kg?1 hour?1 for R3 and 0.6 (0.0–2.2) μg kg?1 hour?1 for R5. At 9 and 11 hours after the peripheral nerve blocks, an SF-GCMPS ≥ 5 was observed for R3 and R5, respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The US-guided FN–ON block in the IPM, using an in-plane technique, combined with US-guided ScN block, provided sufficient analgesia to minimize the use of fentanyl during TPLO surgery. A longer postoperative analgesia was observed in group R5 compared with R3. 相似文献11.
Yael Shilo-Benjamini Bruno H. Pypendop Georgina Newbold Peter J. Pascoe 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(1):178-182
Objective
To determine plasma bupivacaine concentrations after retrobulbar or peribulbar injection of bupivacaine in cats.Study design
Randomized, crossover, experimental trial with a 2 week washout period.Animals
Six adult healthy cats, aged 1–2 years, weighing 4.6 ± 0.7 kg.Methods
Cats were sedated by intramuscular injection of dexmedetomidine (36–56 μg kg?1) and were administered a retrobulbar injection of bupivacaine (0.75 mL, 0.5%; 3.75 mg) and iopamidol (0.25 mL), or a peribulbar injection of bupivacaine (1.5 mL, 0.5%; 7.5 mg), iopamidol (0.5 mL) and 0.9% saline (1 mL) via a dorsomedial approach. Blood (2 mL) was collected before and at 5, 10, 15, 22, 30, 45, 60, 120, 240 and 480 minutes after bupivacaine injection. Atipamezole was administered approximately 30 minutes after bupivacaine injection. Plasma bupivacaine and 3-hydroxybupivacaine concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Bupivacaine maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax (Tmax) were determined from the data.Results
The bupivacaine median (range) Cmax and Tmax were 1.4 (0.9–2.5) μg mL?1 and 17 (4–60) minutes, and 1.7 (1.0–2.4) μg mL?1, and 28 (8–49) minutes, for retrobulbar and peribulbar injections, respectively. In both treatments the 3-hydroxybupivacaine peak concentration was 0.05–0.21 μg mL?1.Conclusions and clinical relevance
In healthy cats, at doses up to 2 mg kg?1, bupivacaine peak plasma concentrations were approximately half that reported to cause arrhythmias or convulsive electroencephalogram (EEG) activity in cats, and about one-sixth of that required to produce hypotension. 相似文献12.
Stephanie Stauffer Beckie Cordner Jonathon Dixon Thomas Witte 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):951-958
Objective
The aim of this preliminary proof-of-concept study was to evaluate and compare the success and complication rate of infiltration of the maxillary nerve of cadaver heads using previously described surface landmarks, standard ultrasound and a novel needle guidance positioning ultrasound system (SonixGPS).Study design
Prospective, anatomical, method-comparison study.Animals
Thirty-eight equine cadaver heads.Methods
Twenty-six veterinary students performed the three methods consecutively on cadaver heads using an 18 gauge, 8.9 cm spinal needle and 0.5 mL iodinated contrast medium. Computed tomography was used to quantify success (deposition of contrast in contact with the maxillary nerve) and complication rate (contrast identified within surrounding vasculature or periorbital structures) associated with each method.Results
Perineural injection of the maxillary nerve was attempted 76 times, with an overall success rate of 65.8% (50/76) and complication rate of 53.9% (41/76). Success rates were 50% (13/26) with surface landmark, 65.4% (17/26) with standard ultrasound guidance and 83.3% (20/24) with SonixGPS guidance approaches (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.046). No significant difference in complication rate was found between the three methods.Conclusions
Ultrasound-guided maxillary nerve blocks were significantly more successful than surface landmark approaches when performed by inexperienced operators, and the highest success rate was achieved with guidance positioning system (GPS) needle guidance.Clinical relevance
Local anaesthesia of the equine maxillary nerve in the fossa pterygopalatina is frequently used for diagnostic and surgical procedures in the standing sedated horse. Due to vague superficial landmarks with various approaches and the need for experience via ultrasound guidance, this block remains challenging. GPS guidance may improve reliability of maxillary and other nerve blocks, and allow a smaller volume of local anaesthetic solution to be used, thereby improving specificity and reducing the potential for side effects. 相似文献13.
Objective
To describe a transorbital approach to the maxillary nerve block in dogs and compare it with a traditional approach.Study design
Prospective, randomized controlled study.Animals
Heads from 17 euthanized dogs (10 Greyhounds, three Border Collies and four of mixed breed).Methods
A volume of 1 mL of methylene blue dye was injected by each of two techniques, a traditional percutaneous approach and a transorbital approach to the maxillary nerve block. Both techniques were used on each head, alternating the left and right sides after random assignment to the first head. The heads were dissected to reveal the maxillary nerve and the length of nerve stained was measured.Results
There was no significant difference (p = 0.67) in the proportion of nerves stained for a length >6 mm by either technique (88.2% transorbital versus 82.3% percutaneous). The mean length of nerve stained did not differ significantly between the techniques (p = 0.26).Conclusions and clinical relevance
The transorbital approach to the maxillary nerve block described here presents a viable alternative to the traditional percutaneous approach. Further study is required to confirm its efficacy and safety under clinical conditions. 相似文献14.
Objective
To compare the running-drip and hanging-drop techniques for locating the epidural space in dogs.Study design
Prospective, randomized, clinical trial.Animals
Forty-five healthy dogs requiring epidural anaesthesia.Methods
Dogs were randomized into four groups and administered epidural anaesthesia in sternal (S) or lateral (L) recumbency. All blocks were performed by the same person using Tuohy needles with either a fluid-prefilled hub (HDo) or connected to a drip set attached to a fluid bag elevated 60 cm (RDi). The number of attempts, ‘pop’ sensation, clear drop aspiration or fluid dripping, time to locate the epidural space (TTLES) and presence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were recorded. A morphine–bupivacaine combination was injected after positive identification. The success of the block was assessed by experienced observers based on perioperative usage of rescue analgesia. Data were checked for normality. Binomial variables were analysed with the chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. Non-parametric data were analysed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests. Normal data were studied with an anova followed by a Tukey's means comparison for groups of the same size. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.Results
Lateral recumbency HDo required more attempts (six of 11 dogs required more than one attempt) than SRDi (none of 11 dogs) (p = 0.0062). Drop aspiration was observed more often in SHDo (nine of 11 dogs) than in LHDo (two of 11 dogs) (p = 0.045). Mean (range) TTLES was longer in LHDo [47 (18–82) seconds] than in SHDo [20 (14–79) seconds] (p = 0.006) and SRDi [(34 (17–53) seconds] (p = 0.038). There were no differences in ‘pop’ sensation, presence of CSF, rescue analgesia or pain scores between the groups.Conclusion and clinical relevance
The running-drip method is a useful and fast alternative technique for identifying the epidural space in dogs. The hanging-drop technique in lateral recumbency was more difficult to perform than the other methods, requiring more time and attempts. 相似文献15.
Sabrina Lomax Emily Witenden Peter Windsor Peter White 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(1):163-172
Objective
To evaluate the efficacy of a vapocoolant spray to provide local anaesthesia for calves during ear tagging and ear notching.Study design
Randomized study.Animals
Twenty Black Angus calves aged 4–16 weeks old.Methods
Temperature validation studies using thermocouples and a temperature data logger were conducted on dead and live tissue to determine optimal spray distance and duration to achieve tissue anaesthesia (<10 °C). A behavioural trial was conducted to assess efficacy for ear tagging and ear notching. Calves (n = 20) were randomly assigned to the vapocoolant spray (VS) or the water spray (WS) group. A 3 second spray was administered from 10 cm to both sides of the ear immediately prior to ear tagging and ear notching. A numerical rating scale (NRS) was used to score behavioural response to each procedure, with responses categorized from 0 (no response) to 3 (severe).Results
Temperature and tissue validation studies indicated that a vapocoolant spray reduced dead and live tissue temperature to below nociceptive threshold levels (10 °C) for 10–16 seconds. Univariate analysis indicated that ear notching was more painful than ear tagging [odds ratio (OR) = 19.2, 95% confidence interval (CI): 5.34–68.99, p < 0.001]. When adjusted for the multivariate model, there was a significant effect of treatment, with WS calves showing higher pain response scores than VS calves (OR = 4.08, 95% CI: 1.34–12.42, p = 0.011). Ear notching resulted in greater pain response scores than ear tagging (OR = 23.19, 95% CI: 6.18–87.05, p < 0.001).Conclusions
and clinical relevance Vapocoolant spray induced local anaesthesia and significantly reduced the pain response to ear tagging and ear notching in calves. Ear notching is more painful than ear tagging. Cryoanaesthesia is an effective option for reducing the perioperative pain associated with these simple husbandry procedures. 相似文献16.
17.
Nina Küls Karen J. Blissitt Darren J. Shaw Gudrun Schöffmann Richard E. Clutton 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1198-1207
Objective
To evaluate skin temperature increase as an early predictive measure for evaluating epidural and femoral-sciatic block success in dogs.Study design
Prospective clinical trial.Animals
A total of 29 dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery on one hindlimb.Methods
Dogs were anaesthetized and placed into lateral recumbency with the affected limb uppermost and the coat was clipped. Baseline infrared thermographic images (T0) of the affected limb, of the paw pad of the affected leg and of the ipsilateral paw pad were taken. Subsequently, dogs were administered either an epidural (EPI; n = 11) or a femoral–sciatic block (FS; n = 18) using bupivacaine 1 mg kg?1. Then, 2 minutes after placement of the block, thermographic images were obtained every 3 minutes for a total of four measurements (T1–T4) and surgery was commenced. Rescue analgesia consisting of fentanyl 1 μg kg?1 was administered if needed. A regional block was considered successful if the dose of fentanyl administered was less than the lower 95% confidence interval of the geometric mean of the total fentanyl used in each group. A ≥ 1 °C increase of skin temperature was considered as the minimum increase required for detection of a successful block.Results
A total of 12 out of 18 blocks in the FS and eight of 11 in the EPI group were considered successful based on fentanyl consumption. Out of these, only four of 12 in the FS and one of eight in the EPI group developed an increase in temperature of ≥ 1 °C. Contrarily, four of six of the nonsuccessful cases in the FS and three of three in the EPI group developed an increase in temperature of ≥ 1 °C.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Contrary to reports in humans, thermography did not indicate regional block success prior to surgery in dogs. However further studies under more controlled conditions are needed to determine whether thermography can be used to indicate failure of regional blockade. 相似文献18.
Sarah E. Bigby Jennifer E. Carter Sébastien Bauquier Thierry Beths 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):905-909
Objective
The evaluation of alfaxalone as a premedication agent and intravenous anaesthetic in pigs.Study design
Prospective, clinical trial.Animals
Nine healthy, 6–8-week-old female Landrace pigs weighing 22.2 ± 1.0 kg, undergoing epidural catheter placement.Methods
All pigs were premedicated with 4 mg kg?1 alfaxalone, 40 μg kg?1 medetomidine and 0.4 mg kg?1 butorphanol administered in the cervical musculature. Sedation was subjectively scored by the same observer from 1 (no sedation) to 10 (profound sedation) prior to induction of anaesthesia with alfaxalone intravenously to effect. All pigs were maintained on alfaxalone infusions with the rate of administration adjusted to maintain appropriate anaesthetic depth. Quality of induction was scored from 1 (poor) to 3 (smooth) and basic cardiorespiratory variables were recorded every 5 minutes during anaesthesia. Results are reported as mean ± standard deviation or median (range) as appropriate.Results
Sedation scores were 9 (7–10). Inductions were smooth in all pigs and cardiovascular variables remained within normal limits for the duration of anaesthesia. The induction dose of alfaxalone was 0.9 (0.0–2.3) mg kg?1. Three pigs did not require additional alfaxalone after premedication to facilitate intubation.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Intramuscular alfaxalone in combination with medetomidine and butorphanol produced moderate to deep sedation in pigs. Alfaxalone produced satisfactory induction and maintenance of anaesthesia with minimal cardiovascular side effects. Appropriate monitoring of pigs premedicated with this protocol is required as some pigs may become anaesthetized after intramuscular administration of this combination of drugs. 相似文献19.
Sachie Shimada Miki Shimizu Miori Kishimoto 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1208-1215
Objective
To determine whether an ultrasound (US)-guided femoral nerve block using a ventral suprainguinal approach could be successfully achieved in sedated dogs; to measure the time to execute the nerve block, onset time, duration, and complete block rate in sensory and motor nerves; and to examine any differences between two volumes for injection.Study design
Blinded crossover experimental study.Animals
A total of 10 clinically healthy adult Beagle dogs.Methods
The femoral nerve of the right pelvic limb was infiltrated with 0.5% bupivacaine at 0.4 (treatment 0.4B) or 0.2 mL kg?1 (treatment 0.2B), or saline at 0.4 mL kg?1 (control) in sedated dogs. The sensory and motor nerve functions were scored on a scale of 0 (complete blockade) to 2 (normal). The onset time and duration of the sensory and motor nerve blockade were compared between treatments 0.4B and 0.2B using a Wilcoxon signed rank test. Sensory and motor nerve function scores for each of the three treatments were compared at multiple time points using a nonparametric multiple comparisons test.Results
The time to execute the nerve block was 2.5 ± 0.9 minutes (n = 30). For both 0.4B and 0.2B treatments, the onset times of both the sensory and motor nerve blockades were 15 minutes. The durations of the sensory nerve blockade for 0.4B and 0.2B were 9.9 ± 1.4 and 10.0 ± 1.2 hours, respectively, and those of the motor nerve blockades were 10.5 ± 1.3 and 10.2 ± 1.3 hours, respectively. No adverse effects were noted. No significant difference was observed between 0.4B and 0.2B.Conclusions and clinical relevance
A US-guided femoral nerve block using a ventral suprainguinal approach demonstrated a short onset and long duration with 0.5% bupivacaine 0.2 mL kg?1 and can be performed under sedation in dogs. 相似文献20.
Dienifer V. Sutil Cláudio R.S. Mattoso Julieta Volpato Nádia C. Weinert Ádson Costa Rozyanne R. Antunes Thiago R. Muller Suzane L. Beier Ronise Tochetto Felipe Comassetto Mere E. Saito 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):746-754