Study on Plant Morphological Traits and Production Characteristics of Super High-Yielding Soybean

Super high-yielding soybean cultivar Liaodou 14, soybean cultivars from Ohio in the United States, and the common soybean cultivars from Liaoning Province, China, with similar geographic latitudes and identical pod-bearing habits were used as the study materials for a comparison of morphological traits and production characteristics to provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of improved super high-yielding soybean cultivars. Using a randomized block design, different soybean cultivars from the same latitude were compared under conventional and unconventional treatments for their production characteristics, including morphological traits, leaf area index (LAI), net photosynthesis rate, and dry matter accumulation. The specific characteristics of the super high-yielding soybean cultivar Liaodou 14 were analyzed. The results showed that the plant height of Liaodou 14 was significantly lower than that of the common cultivars from Liaoning, whereas the number of its main-stem nodes was higher than that of the cultivars from Ohio or Liaoning. A high pod density was observed in Liaodou 14 under conventional treatments. Under both conventional and unconventional treatments, the branch number of Liaodou 14 was markedly higher than that of the common cultivars from Liaoning, and its branch length and leaf inclination angle were significantly higher than those of common cultivars from Liaoning or Ohio. Only small changes in the leaf inclination angle were observed in Liaodou 14 treated with conventional or unconventional methods. Under each treatment, Liaodou 14 exhibited the lowest amplitude of reduction in SPAD values and net photosynthesis rates from the grain-filling to ripening stages; the cultivars from Ohio and the common cultivars from Liaoning exhibited more significant reductions. Liaodou 14 reached its peak LAI later than the other cultivars but maintained its LAI at a higher level for a longer duration. Under both conventional and unconventional treatments, Liaodou 14 produced a higher yield than the other two cultivars, with significant differences from the Ohio cultivars. In summary, super high-yielding soybean cultivars have several main features: suitable plant height, high pod density, good leaf structure with strong functionality, and slow leaf senescence at the late reproductive stage, which is conducive to the accumulation of dry matter and improved yield.     

Growth and Quality of Chinese Kale Grown Under Different LEDs

[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the effects of light quality on growth and quality of Chinese kale(Brassica alboglabra Bailey). [Method]Chinese kale was grown in hydroponic under three different Light Emitting Diode(LEDs) conditions [red∶blue=8∶1(8R1B), red∶blue=6∶3(6R3B) and red∶green∶blue=6∶2∶1(6R2G1B), 12 h light, 50 μmol/(m2·s)]. Then its growth and quality indices including root and shoot fresh weight and dry weight, concentrations of soluble protein, vitamin C, nitrate, soluble phenols, flavonoids, soluble sugar, free amino acids, and activity of nitrate reductase were measured. [Result] There was no significant difference in plant height, diameter of flower stalk and leaf number among three LED treatments. The fresh weight of shoot, root and plant in 8R1 B and 6R2G1 B was significantly higher than in 6R3 B. The dry weight of shoot and plant in 8R1 B was significantly higher than in 6R3 B. The concentrations of vitamin C, soluble protein and soluble sugar in flower stalk of 6R3 B treatment were significantly higher than those in 8R1 B and 6R2G1 B, while there was no remarkable difference in concentrations of reducing sugar, soluble phenol, flavonoids and free amino acid among the three treatments. The nitrate concentration in flower stalk of 6R3 B was significantly lower than in the other two treatments, and the activity of nitrate reductase in6R3 B was significantly higher than in the other two treatments. [Conclusion] The LED treatment of red:blue=6:3 was more suitable for the growth of Chinese kale.     

Responses of Carex lasiocarpa Morphorlogical Characters to Water Regimes at Different Growth Stages

Objective] The morphological characters of C. lasiocarpa were studied to find its morphological responses to different water regimes and growth stretagies through different water experiences. [Method] A seeding transplanting experiment with con-trol ed water levels was set up, and the water level was changed at the middle of the season to compare water influence at the seeding stage and later growing period. C. lasiocarpa height, leaf length, leaf number, rhizome and adventitious roots length were measured at certain time througth the growing season. [Result] Results at the thriving season indicated that C. lasiocarpa height and leaf length in the experiment were similar to that in the field, but leaf number was higher under -5 cm water level and dry-wet alternate conditions than that in the field. At later growth period, height and leaf length under constant flooding (15 cm) was significantly higher than that under other culture conditions, and also that of the field investigation; while the leaf num-ber had a trend as -5 cm water level treatment>constant flooding>dry-wet alternate>field investigation. The height and leaf length were sensitive to seeding stage water effects, and leaf number sensitive to later influences. [Conclusion] Changes of water regimes in the growing season disturbed the growth of C. lasiocarpa, could accelerate or suspend its wilt, and modified the length of life history.     

Correlation and Path Coefficient and Chi-square Distance Cluster Analysis for Several Characteristics in Tobacco Germplasm Resource

Correlation and path coefficient analyses were conducted for 10 characteristics of 24 pure lines of flue-cured tobacco such as plant height, knot distance, leaf number, the central leaf length and width, ratio of the length to width, stem girth, dates of budding, leaf yield and ratio of the prime-medium tobacco. The leaf number and the central leaf length showed a positive or a strong positive correlation with the yield per plant. And the leaf number and leaf yield per plant showed a strong positive correlation with the ratio of prime-medium tobacco. The results showed that the leaf yield per plant among these characteristics played a major role in determining the ratio of prime-medium tobacco while the others were less related with the ratio. Square sum of deviation method cluster analyses showed that 24 pure lines of flue-cured tobacco were clustered into two groups. Of the pure lines, Line T1706 and Line T1245 had a far relationship with all other lines, and also had a heterosis when crossed with the other lines. Lines Guangdonghuang 1 and R72（3）B-2-1 were closely related.     

UV-B增强对中高海拔干旱地区玉米生长的影响(英文)

[Objective]The experiment aimed to explore the influence of enhanced ultraviolet radiation-B on maize in arid regions of middle-high elevation for correct assessing the influence of enhanced ultraviolet radiation-B on maize and providing scientific reference to make proper countermeasures.[Method] The location test in field and lift lamp of UV-B were used to observe the changes of maize height , leaf area and number of green leaves under influences of different UV-B radiation.[Result]In arid regions of middle-high elevation, enhanced ultraviolet radiation-B could dwarf maize plant, decrease leaf area, decline number of green leaves and yield. The reason of decreasing leaf area was that enhanced ultraviolet radiation-B shortened leaf length and leaf width while the reason of declining yield was that yield components were all negatively influenced and with the increase of ultraviolet radiation-B, the yield declined dramatically.[Conclusion]The result of this experiment would be good for maize production in arid regions of middle-high elevation.     

稻鸭共育对病虫草害及经济效益的影响（英文）

[Objective] Study on the effects of rice-duck mutualism on weeds and insects pests and economic benefits of paddy field.[Method] Comparison of the incidence of weeds,sheath blight and insects pest under rice-duck mutualism,conventional cultivation and control treatment,the yield and economic benefits were analyzed under the 3 treatments.[Result] Average occurrence of weeds in rice-duck mutualism group decreased by 2.33 and 52.08 ind/m2 compared with that in conventional cultivation and control treatment;the control rate of mutualism was up to 75% against rice hopper,but just between 25%-60% against rice leaf roller and Chilo suppressalis.The rates of diseased plant and diseased holl against rice sheath blight were higher and disease indices were lower compared with control group.The yield of mutualism group was identical with conventional cultivation,which was greatly higher than that of control group.The results suggested an higher economic benefits and lower cost benefit ratio for rice-duck mutualism treatment.[Conclusion] Rice-duck mutualism gives birth to a positive effect to control the diseases,insect pests and weeds,as well as to economic benefits,providing basis on extension of rice-duck mutualism system.     

Low Root Zone Temperature Limits Nutrient Effects on Cucumber Seedling Growth and Induces Adversity Physiological Response

Effects of root-zone temperatures (RZT) (12°C-RZT and 20°C-RZT) and different N, P, and K nutrient regimes on the growth, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and antioxidant enzyme in cucumber seedlings were investigated in hydroponics. Strong interactions were observed between RZT and nutrient on the dry weight (P=0.001), root length (P=0.001) and leaf area (P=0.05). Plant dry weights were suppressed at low RZT of 12°C, while higher biomass and growth of cucumber seedlings were produced at elevated RZT of 20°C under each nutrient treatment. Growth indexes (plant height, internode length, root length, and leaf area) at 12°C-RZT had less difference among nutrient treatments, but greater response was obtained for different nutrients at high RZT. RZT had larger effects (P=0.001) on cucumber seedling growth than nutrients. In addition, N was more effective nutrients to plant growth than P and K under low root temperature to plant growth. Higher hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble sugar (SS) contents in leaves were observed at 12°C-RZT in all nutrient treatments than those at 20°C-RZT, indicating the chilling adversity damaged to plant growth. In general, antioxidant enzyme had larger response under low root-zone temperature. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were higher in both leaves and roots while peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) showed large different action in leaves and roots at both the two root-zone temperature.     

Effects of Nitrogen Forms on Carbon and Nitrogen Accumulation in Tomato Seedling

Utilization of organic nitrogen （N） is an important aspect of plant N assimilation and has potential application in sustainable agriculture. The aim of this study was to investigate the plant growth, C and N accumulation in leaves and roots of tomato seedlings in response to inorganic （NH4^＋-N, NO3^-N） and organic nitrogen （Gly-N）. Different forms of nitrogen （NH4^＋-N, NO3^--N, Gly-N） were supplied to two tomato cultivars （Shenfen 918 and Huying 932） using a hydroponics system. The plant dry biomass, chlorophyll content, root activity, total carbon and nitrogen content in roots and leaves, and total N absorption, etc. were assayed during the cultivation. Our results showed that no significant differences in plant height, dry biomass, and total N content were found within the first 16 d among three treatments; however, significant differences in treatments on 24 d and 32 d were observed, and the order was NO3^--N 〉 Gly-N 〉 NH4^＋-N. Significant differences were also observed between the two tomato cultivars. Chlorophyll contents in the two cultivars were significantly increased by the Gly-N treatment, and root activity showed a significant decrease in NHa^＋-N treatment. Tomato leaf total carbon content was slightly affected by different N forms; however, total carbon in root and total nitrogen in root and leaf were promoted significantly by inorganic and organic N. Among the applied N forms, the increasing effects of the NH4^＋-N treatment were larger than that of the Gly-N. In a word, different N resources resulted in different physiological effects in tomatoes. Organic nitrogen （e.g., Gly-N） can be a proper resource of plant N nutrition. Tomatoes of different genotypes had different responses under organic nitrogen （e.g., Gly-N） supplies.     

苜蓿种子空间诱变生物学效应研究初报(英文)

[Objective] The study aimed to understand the mutagenic effects of space flight on alfalfa seeds.[Method] Seeds of three lines of alfalfa were carried into orbit by the satellite ’Shijian-8’ for space fight,the indices including seed germination rate,plant height and growth rate,were measured after the seeds been retrieved.[Result] Remarkable mutagenic effects occurred on the flight seeds,which were mainly presented by abnormal cotyledon,extended variation range of plant height and growth rate.Nineteen plants with increased plant height were preliminarily screened from the T0 progenies,but whether the mutated trait could inherit should be confirmed in further study.Three flight lines of alfalfa are different in the percentages of abnormal cotyledon(10%-18%),variation range of plant height(increased 30%-150% compared to control),selected plant number with increased plant height(5-7 plants),suggesting that differences exits between the three lines in mutation efficiency.[Conclusion] Valuable mutated materials could be obtained by space flight and applied in modern agriculture.     

Phylogeography and Characteristics of Phosphorus Efficiency of Secondary Core Collection for Rice Landraces in Yunnan Province

[Objective] The paper was to explore the causes of phosphorus(P)efficiency of rice in Yunnan Province,and to provide strategy for ecological and environmental protection.[Method]Using 703 accessions of secondary core collections from 16 prefectures of five regions in Yunnan Province,two treatments of low available P(6.26mg/kg)versus normal P(available P 40mg/kg),and invalid P(available P 0.02 mg/kg)versus normal P(available P 70 mg/kg)were set,and zonal characteristics of phosphorus efficiency and the activation characteristics of invalid P of rice landraces were investigated.[Result] Phosphorus efficiency and the activation characteristics of invalid P in soils from rice landraces of Yunnan Province had the similar identification indexes,viz.the relative indexes of four traits(tillering ability or effective panicle,root weight,biomass,and straw weight)could be the screening indexes of gene type of secondary core collection with phosphorus efficiency,which also reflected the zonal characteristics of phosphorus efficiency and the activation characteristics of invalid P in soils of 16 prefectures among five regions.On the contrary,the relative panicle length,node length under panicle,leaf length,leaf width and plant height could only be the assistant indexes of identification for phosphorus efficiency.There were similar zonal characteristics between phosphorus efficiency and the activation characteristics of invalid P in soils of rice landraces in Yunnan Province.[Conclusion] The study had great importance to the conservation and utilization of biological diversity,which would make contribution to second green revolution of "less input,multiple output,promote health,and protect the environment".     

不同肥料对椭圆叶花锚生长发育的比较研究

[目的]研究不同处理对椭圆叶花锚生长发育的影响。[方法]设尿素处理组、磷酸二铵处理组、对照组3个处理,3次重复,测定各组椭圆叶花锚的植株高度、根势、叶片数、分枝数、开花数以及生物量。[结果]尿素处理组的叶片数、分枝数、开花数以及药材产量(地上、全株生物量)均大于磷酸二铵组与对照组,而各组株高与根势生长情况的差别较小。[结论]尿素对椭圆叶花锚的栽培效果优于磷酸二铵。     

多效唑对宿根福禄考的矮化效应研究

[目的]研究多效唑(PP333)对宿根福禄考(Phlox paniculata)生长发育的影响,寻求最好的矮化处理方式。[方法]以浓度0、200、400、600、800、1 000 mg/L PP333水溶液对宿根福禄考进行土壤浇灌和叶面喷施处理,并对其株高、叶长、叶宽、茎粗指标进行测定及比较。[结果]每种处理对宿根福禄考都有一定的矮化作用,但是土施相比叶施效果较为明显;各处理对株高都有明显的抑制作用,对茎粗、叶长、叶宽也有不同程度的影响。当处理浓度为600 mg/L时土壤浇灌效果最佳,不仅促使宿根福禄考的株型明显矮化、株茎也明显变粗,而且生长态势良好、抗倒伏能力增强。[结论]该研究可为PP333在宿根福禄考矮化中的应用提供指导。     

矮牵牛种质主要观赏性状分析

【目的】为更好的利用矮牵牛种质资源,为矮牵牛育种材料选择提供参考。【方法】对109份矮牵牛种质材料的节间长度、基部分枝数、花径、株高和花色5个主要观赏性状进行调查,并进行变异范围分析、主成分分析和相关性分析。【结果】结果表明,109份矮牵牛种质的变异幅度是:节间长度35.5%、基部分枝数20.7%、花径18.2%、株高12.1%。对上述性状进行主成分分析,提取3个主成分,累计方差贡献率为72.13%;得分方程为组分F_1=0.037×花径+0.366×基部分枝-0.375×节间长度+0.513×花色+0.379×株高;F_2=0.451×花径+0.464×基部分枝+0.441×节间长度+0.256×花色-0.400×株高;F_3=0.870×花径-0.453×基部分枝-0.258×节间长度-0.037×花色+0.146×株高。相关性分析表明,基部节间长度与株高负相关,达到显著水平。【结论】本研究对矮牵牛种质主要观赏性状的评价和分析提供参考,可以促进矮牵牛优良品种的选育、扩繁和推广     

叶褐斑枯病对巫山淫羊藿长势及质量的影响

[目的]探索叶褐斑枯病(Macrophoma sp.)的发生对巫山淫羊藿生长势与质量的影响,为防治措施的制定提供理论依据。[方法]调查发病较重田块的病情指数、株发病率、叶片发病率、病株株高、分枝数、叶片数、叶宽、叶长等,同时取样作药材质量检测,比较分析病害的发生对生长势与质量的影响。[结果]该病害的发生造成植株株高、分枝数、叶片数、叶宽、叶长等生长势减弱,其中对分枝数影响较大,其次是叶片数。病害的发生对药用部位叶,以及茎、根状茎和须根中朝藿定C和淫羊藿苷含量无影响。[结论]叶褐斑枯病对巫山淫羊藿药材质量无影响,但能造成巫山淫羊藿植株生长势减弱,该病害发生对巫山淫羊藿生物产量影响极大。     

不同栽培基质对鼠尾草扦插繁殖的影响

[目的]研究不同栽培基质对鼠尾草扦插繁殖的影响，为鼠尾草繁殖生产提供依据。[方法]以园土、园土＋有机肥、草炭＋蛭石、草炭＋沙子等4种材料为试验栽培基质，观察鼠尾草扦插苗生长发育动态。[结果]园土处理的植株现蕾、开花时间均比其他基质处理的延迟，花朵凋谢的时间与之相反，其余处理的植株现蕾、开花、花朵凋谢的时间差别不大。不同基质处理间的植株成活率差异不明显。在开花期，园土处理的株高、花序长度、花梗长度、叶片长度、叶片宽度都比其他处理的小，叶片数也比其他处理的少，其他处理的花序长度、叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶片数之间没有显著差异。植株鲜重、干重以园土＋有机肥处理的最大，园土处理的最小。[结论]园土＋有机肥、草炭＋蛭石、草炭＋沙子的混合基质都可用于鼠尾草的扦插繁殖生产。     

麦后夏直播花生高效施氮技术研究

[目的]确立麦后夏直播花生栽培模式下的氮肥高效施用技术。[方法]以花生品种花育25号为试验材料,采用随机区组排列,设常规施肥、包膜控释尿素、混合施肥3个处理,研究不同施肥方式及施肥量对麦后夏直播花生生长及产量的影响。[结果]混合施肥处理的花生生育期较常规施肥、缓控释肥处理的花生生育期分别长6、4 d,且混合施肥处理的花生成熟期叶色较深绿、生长稳健。混合施肥处理的花生主茎高较常规施肥、缓控释肥处理分别减少了4.43%、2.10%;混合施肥处理的花生侧枝长较常规施肥处理减少了2.42%,与缓控释肥处理差异较小;3个处理间总分枝数差异较小。混合施肥处理较缓控释肥、常规施肥处理的单株果数分别多1.1、1.6个;百果重分别重10.1、14.0 g;果数分别减少7.5、8.6个/kg;出米率分别高1.4、2.0个百分点。不同施肥处理间,混合施肥处理的荚果产量最高,较缓控释肥和常规施肥处理分别提高了7.03%、12.58%,3个处理间荚果产量差异显著。[结论]混合施肥可延长夏花生的有效生长期,促进花生生长稳健,防止早衰;可改善花生植株性状,塑造高光效的株型结构;可促进果实发育,粒大,粒饱;可显著提高花生产量,具有明显的节肥增产效果。     

8984×GY220F2∶3家系植株性状的分离特征及相关分析

[目的]研究由优良普通玉米自交系8984与高油玉米自交系GY220杂交构建的F2∶3家系的分离特征及其相关性。[方法]在夏播环境条件下对8个植株性状进行分析。[结果]F2∶3家系间各性状均存在极显著的差异,并呈连续性正态分布,存在明显的双向超亲分离;株高与穗位高、顶高、穗上叶片数、叶面积、雄穗长和雄穗分枝数,穗位高与顶高、穗上叶片数、叶面积、雄穗长和雄穗分枝数,顶高与顶高/株高、穗上叶片数、叶面积、雄穗长和雄穗分枝数,顶高/株高与穗上叶片数,穗上叶片数与叶面积、雄穗分枝数,叶面积与雄穗长间均呈显著或极显著的表型和遗传正相关;顶高/株高与株高、穗位高、叶面积和雄穗分枝数间均呈显著或极显著的表型和遗传负相关。[结论]该研究可以为高油玉米育种及其相关性状的分子遗传研究提供一定的科学依据。     

兔眼蓝莓扦插苗设施栽培下生长发育规律研究

[目的]探讨兔眼蓝莓扦插苗设施栽培下年生长和开花结实规律。[方法]以7个兔眼蓝莓品种的一年生扦插苗为试材,研究了大棚设施栽培下兔眼蓝莓扦插苗的枝长年生长及年萌发规律,幼苗根径及苗高年生长规律,幼苗叶片年生长规律以及开花结果规律。[结果]兔眼蓝莓扦插苗在pH值为5.5～6.0的混合基质中盆栽的生长表现良好,所有品种均能当年定植,次年开花结果,开花率和座果率均达100%;枝长年平均生长量为117.17 cm,年平均萌枝数5.33枝,根径年平均生长量2.96 mm,高年平均生长量27.39 cm,年平均花序数7.76个,年平均着花数89.97朵。扦插苗始花期、果实始熟期均比地栽苗提前;盛花期、果实盛熟期均比地栽苗延长。[结论]研究蓝莓的生长发育规律有利于在生产中调节蓝莓鲜果的上市时间。     

不同埋干深度对1年生楸树生长和生物量的影响

[目的]研究4种埋干深度对1年生豫楸1号生长和生物量的影响。[方法]埋干深度设计4种处理(10、20、30和40 cm),各处理分别选3株平均木,调查其一级侧枝的数量、长度和粗度,测量其胸径、树高及地上和地下生物量。[结果]4种埋干深度间,1年生楸树的侧枝数量、长度和粗度差异不显著,供试材料以埋干10 cm的平均枝条数和平均枝条粗度最大,埋干30 cm的平均枝条长度最大。各处理间胸径和树高总体随埋干深度的增大而变小,胸径差异呈显著性,树高差异不显著。地上生物量、茎生物量和枝生物量差异处理间达极显著,根生物量间差异显著,地上生物量和根生物量均随埋干深度的增加而减小。[结论]4种埋干深度对参试豫楸1号的胸径和生物量有不同程度的影响,埋干10 cm时,参试材料的胸径和生物量相对最大。     

不同光照强度对苦荞麦主要生物学性状的影响

[目的]为提高苦荞麦产量及其栽培技术研究提供参考。[方法]以苦荞麦品种7~3为供试材料,从苦荞麦出苗后19 d开始对其进行光照强度为自然光强的100%(CK)、80%、60%、40%遮阴处理,研究不同光照强度对苦荞麦生物学性状的影响。[结果]各生育时期苦荞麦株高随光照强度的减弱而增高。在开花结实期和成熟期苦荞麦植株的二级分枝数随光照强度的减弱而减少。现蕾期、开花结实期和成熟期各处理苦荞麦叶片数随光照强度的减弱而降低。随着光照强度的降低,各处理小花数、空粒数、饱粒数、单株粒重和单株生物产量降低,而空粒率增加。[结论]在一定程度上,光照强度与苦荞麦株高和叶面积成反比,而与茎粗、二级分枝数、小花数、花序数、叶片数、产量成正比。