辽西地区规模化奶牛场奶牛乳房炎发病情况监测

[目的]为了摸清辽西地区规模化奶牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎发病情况,[方法]本研究应用美国加州奶牛乳房炎检测方法(California mastitis test,CMT)对规模化奶牛场奶牛定期采集奶样进行隐性乳房炎动态监测.通过临床检查和CMT方法对辽西地区5个规模化奶牛养殖场共1 326头泌乳期奶牛进行了隐性乳房炎的监测,...     

奶牛乳房炎多联苗(B)的临床免疫试验

用奶牛乳房炎多联苗 (B)免疫家兔 ,14 d血清中金黄色葡萄球菌抗体效价可达 1∶ 8,2 8d抗体水平明显升高 ,可达 1∶ 32 ,注苗后 35 d攻毒 ,攻毒后 2 d保护率为 93.3% (14 /15 ) ,自然保护率为 2 0 % (1/5 ) ,10 d保护率为 6 6 .6 % (10 /15 ) ,自然保护率为 2 0 % (1/5 ) ;用多联苗 (B)臀部肌肉注射免疫泌乳牛 ,试验期间 4个月内 ,3ml剂量组临床型乳房炎月平均发病率为 11.0 9% ,其对照组为 2 0 .19% ,发病率降低 4 5 .2 9% ,差异极显著 (P<0 .0 1) ;5 m l剂量组月平均发病率为 13.0 1% ,其对照组为 31.36 % ,发病率降低 5 8.5 1% ,差异极显著 (P<0 .0 1) ;3ml剂量组与 5 m l剂量组之间发病率无明显差异 (P>0 .0 5 ) ;注苗后泌乳牛血清抗体水平可持续 4个月 ,且 30 d时效价水平最高。     

Allelic frequency of PCR-RFLP type of the BoLA-DRB3 in Japanese Holstein herds and the relation to mastitis

Holstein Cows ( n  = 702) from 26 dairy herds in the Tama area of Tokyo, Japan were examined for polymorphisms of the BoLA-DRB3 allele using a PCR-RFLP method. Twenty alleles were observed and allelic frequencies ranged from < 1% to 20.3%. Nine alleles ( DRB3.2 * 24, * 16, * 8, * 23, * 22, * 3, * 11 , * 10 and * 7 in order) constituted 90.0% of all alleles. Somatic cell counts (SCC) were used to classify healthy (group 1), mastitis (group 2) and suspected (group 3) cows. Frequencies of DRB3.2 * 11 and DRB3.2 * 23 were slightly higher in group 1 than in group 2, whereas, frequencies of DRB3.2 * 8 and DRB3.2 * 16 were slightly higher in group 2 than in group 1. However, none of the differences in frequencies between the two groups were statistically significant. For combinations of alleles, frequencies of DRB3.2 * 8/ * 23 ( P  < 0.1) and DRB3.2 * 16/ * 24 ( P  < 0.05) were significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1, and their odds ratios were 2.1, 2.5, respectively. However, there were no significant differences between genotypes in their effects for SCC. On the other hand, frequency of DRB3.2 * 23/ * 23 including combinations of DRB3.2 * 23 with minor alleles was significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2 ( P  < 0.01), and the odds ratio was 0.3. Therefore, it was considered that mastitis resistance or susceptibility of cows may vary with the combination of BoLA-DRB3 alleles.     

用表达人溶菌酶基因的重组质粒防治干乳期奶牛乳腺炎

将人溶菌酶（human lysozyme，hLYZ）cDNA插入由pcDNA3改造而成的pcDNAK表达载体。用获得的重组载体pcDNAKLYZ转染COS-1细胞，经免疫荧光试验证明能进行正确表达。将重组载体注射于哺乳母鼠，取其乳汁进行溶菌酶活性测定，结果显示，分泌在乳汁中的重组hLYZ高达139mg／L。根据乳汁体细胞检测结果，选择健康奶牛和乳腺炎阳性奶牛，分别在干奶时和产犊前2周2次注射重组质粒pcDNAKLYZ，注射途径为乳腺基部穿刺，注射剂量为300μg／乳区,于产犊后1个月采集奶样进行体细胞检测，结果显示，对前一泌乳期发生的奶牛乳腺炎的治愈率为91．5％，对下一泌乳期奶牛孔腺炎的预防有效率王少为96．97％。由此认为。构建的表达hLYZ基因的重组表达质粒，可以替代抗菌素类油乳剂用于干乳期乳腺炎的防治。     

石河子垦区奶牛临床型乳房炎的发病规律及治疗现状

为了统计和研究石河子垦区大中型奶牛场临床型乳房炎的发病规律及治疗情况,选择石河子垦区6个大中型奶牛场2 600头奶牛作为调查对象,通过对临床型乳房炎进行鉴定及不同治疗方法进行比较。结果表明2 600头奶牛在4—9月份临床型乳房炎发病270头,发病率10.38%;10—3月份发病163头,发病率6.99%。目前在石河子垦区大中型牛场一般常见的治疗药物主要有左旋咪唑拌料、青霉素钾或先锋Ⅴ等＋糖皮质激素、中草药组方和青霉素钾或先锋Ⅴ等＋中草药组方等。结果,经过预防和治疗后,在4—9月份奶牛临床型乳房炎发病率降至4.92%;10—3月份奶牛临床型乳房炎发病率降至3.00%。调查结果表明：中西医结合用药对临床型乳房炎起到了积极的治疗作用。     

Efficacy of specific egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) to bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus

The objective of this study was to estimate the efficacy of specific egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) to bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Eighteen lactating cows with clinical mastitis and 18 lactating cows with experimental mastitis (1 quarter per cow) were randomly assigned to three treatments: IgY (20mg/ml) infusion, penicillin (100mg/ml) infusion and no infusion. Treatments for clinical mastitis and experimental mastitis were performed by a 6-day course of intramammary infusion with a dosage of 10ml at an interval of 12h. Milk samples were collected at morning milking time for testing color, clot, somatic cell counts (SCC) and bacterial count. For most of the cows treated with IgY and penicillin, the milk color and clot recovered to normal form during the therapy course. The milk SCCs and bacterial counts of treated cows decreased compared to those of untreated cows (p<0.05). The cure rates by IgY for experimental and clinical mastitis were 83.3% and 50%, respectively, and those by penicillin were 66.7% and 33.3%, respectively. These results showed the potential of specific IgY to be an alternative therapy for mastitis caused by S. aureus.     

我国南方冬季和夏季肉牛体感温度研究

针对我国南方夏季炎热和冬季阴冷潮湿的气候特点,得到此环境气候下的肉牛体感温度公式,并以此指导实际生产。选取6头15月龄西门塔尔牛,测定其环境干球温度(DBT)、湿球温度(WBT)和风速(V)及其皮温。结果表明:干湿球温度与皮温呈正相关(冬季:rd=0.92,P0.01;rw=0.86,P0.01;夏季:rd=0.75,P0.01;rw=0.60,P0.01)。在我国南方冬季气候环境下,肉牛的体感温度公式为ET=0.81DBT+0.19WBT-2.99V(r=0.87,P0.001);夏季体感温度公式为ET=0.28DBT+0.72WBT-1.93V(r=0.93,P0.001)。     

Autoserum preparation in the treatment of equine summer eczema: Findings over 12 years

Equine summer eczema, the most common allergic skin disease of the horse, is notoriously difficult to treat with available methods. In the present study, 343 horses were treated with an autogenous serum preparation made from their highly diluted sera. This work was a continuation of the earlier, randomised and placebo controlled study on the autoserum therapy that showed a significant, positive clinical effect and was carried out on a series of horses in 1997–98. The main aim of the present study was to collect long‐term information from the owners on this therapy. In the period from 1997–2008, 70% of the horses benefited from the treatment and 16% did not, while 14% of owners could give no clear opinion. After a 5 year follow‐up, horses treated with autoserum had significantly milder clinical signs of summer eczema than before this treatment. No harmful side effects were found. An autoserum preparation was shown to be a feasible alternative in the treatment of equine summer eczema.     

Influence of mastitis metritis agalactia (MMA) on bone and fat metabolism

Mastitis metritis agalactia (MMA) is a common disease in post-partum sows and has a negative effect on sows’ longevity as well as on sows’ and piglets’ health. MMA leads to an inflammatory state. The aim was to investigate the impact of MMA on bone and fat metabolism. The hypothesis was that it is possible to predict MMA by measuring ketone bodies and bone markers. Blood samples from 175 sows were taken within 72 hr after farrowing. Serum was analysed for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH)-D), serum crosslaps (CTX-I), osteocalcin (OC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), parathyroid hormone (PTH), triglycerides (TG), beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and haptoglobin. Spontaneous urine was collected, and pH value was measured in addition to Ca and P. A proximate analysis of the sows’ diets was performed. Age, litter size, body condition score (BCS) and clinical signs of MMA were recorded for each sow. A multivariable logistic regression was undertaken with disease status (MMA or healthy) as the dependent variable. Significance was accepted at p < .05. MMA sows had a poorer BCS (p < .001) in relation to healthy sows. Age and number of piglets did not differ. MMA sows showed increased serum CTX-I (p = .004) and decreased serum OC (p < .001). Concentrations of P (p = .007), activity of ALP (p = .002) and BHB (p = .019) as well as TNF-α (p < .001) and haptoglobin (p = .048) concentrations were increased in MMA sows. No difference in urinary pH value between MMA and healthy sows was found. Our results are in accordance with the known fact that sows are in an extreme catabolic state peripartum. Bone metabolism in MMA sows is much more negatively affected than in healthy sows post-partum, due to inflammatory processes shown by higher concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines.     

Risk factors associated with the incidence rate of clinical mastitis in smallholder dairy cows in the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania

Smallholder dairy herds around the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania supply 86% of raw milk consumed by the city dwellers. Previous studies have indicated that clinical mastitis is an important disease affecting smallholder dairy cows and an 18-month questionnaire-based longitudinal field-study was conducted between July 2003 and March 2005 to elucidate risk factors associated with the incidence. A total of 6057 quarter-level observations from 317 lactating cows on 87 randomly selected smallholder dairy herds were analysed at the quarter and cow level using logistic and Poisson regression models, respectively. At the quarter level, the average incidence rate of clinical mastitis was 38.4 cases per 100 quarter-years at risk whereas at the cow level the incidence rate was 43.3 cases per 100 cow-years at risk. The incidence was significantly (P< or =0.001) associated with cow factors (body condition score, parity, stage of lactation, and udder consistency), housing (floor type) conditions and milking (cow and udder preparation) practices. It was concluded that the extrapolation of the classic ten-point mastitis control plan into smallholder dairy herds should be undertaken cautiously. An integrated approach to dairy extension should focus more on the creation of mastitis awareness among smallholder producers and on the improvement of animal nutrition and reproduction indices-factors that may also have a direct impact on milk yield.     

The occurrence of paradontal disease in sheep in relation to superphosphate topdressing,stocking rate and other related factors

Extract

The serological diagnosis of bovine leptospirosis, especially in areas where several serotypes of Leptospira are known to exist, would be greatly facilitated if a method could be used to screen sera for evidence of infection irrespective of the causal serotype. Once infection has been diagnosed, a more specific serological test could be employed to determine the serotype responsible. At least 4 serotypes of Leptospira are known to infect cattle in New Zealand, namely, pomona, hardjo, ccpenhageni and ballum.     

The use of the log-linear model to evaluate the effects of three herd factors on Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis occurrence in California, 1977

Epidemiologic relationships among Streptococcus agalactiae infected dairy herds and herd size, location and California Dairy Herd Improvement Association (CDHIA) participation were examined using log-linear methodology. Dairies located in five out of the six California Bureau of Animal Health veterinary districts were studied. Data sources included the Dairy Cattle Data Base, which uniquely identifies each of the 2875 dairies in California, the 1977 statewide CDHIA year-end summary report and microbiological results from a 1977 statewide survey of bulk tank milk samples. These data were merged, fitted and the best model selected using likelihood-ratio statistics. The model included all four “main effects”, the six possible “1st-order effetss” and the “2nd-order effect” due to the interaction of herd size, location and CDHIA participation. Subsequently, a logit model was used to estimate the effect of the independent herd factor variables (size, location and CDHIA participation) on the log odds of the dependent S. agalactiae variable. This model required conditioning on the three-way relationship among the independent variables.medium-sized, non-CDHIA herds in district 2 (northcentral California) showed the highest expected odds (3.37) for S. agalactiae in bulk tank milk, while small, CDHIA herds in district 3 (northcentral coastal California) produced the lowest odds (0.39).     

高羊茅单株耐热性相关分子标记的筛选及其与越夏性的关系研究

筛选与高羊茅单株耐热性和越夏性相关的分子标记有利于建立高效育种体系。以来自于耐热性不同的12个高羊茅种质资源的216个单株为耐热性分子标记筛选的基础群体,在人工高温(40℃/35℃,昼/夜各12 h)和夏季田间自然条件下分别进行了耐热性和越夏性鉴定。运用简单重复序列区间(inter-simple sequence repeat,ISSR)和随机扩增多态性DNA(random amplified polymorphism DNA,RAPD)分子标记技术,采用改良的集团分离分析法(modified bulked segregant analysis,BSA),从800个RAPD和100个ISSR分子标记中筛选与耐热性相关分子标记,并研究其与单株越夏性的关系。结果表明,单株的耐热性与越夏性的相关程度较低(决定系数为3.4%);引物351扩增的750 bp条带(351-T750)与耐热性显著相关,而引物138扩增的950 bp条带(138-T950)则与耐热性和越夏性均显著相关。可以推论,耐热性强和/或越夏性强单株材料需要分别在人工高温和夏季田间自然条件下加以鉴定筛选;351-T750可应用于耐热性强单株的辅助选择,而138-T950则可以用于耐热性强与越夏性强单株的辅助选择。     

Thyroid function in relation to reproductive efficiency in postpartum buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) during summer and winter

Thyroid function was studied by estimating of plasma-protein-bound iodine (PBI), in buffaloes, from 0 to 57 days postpartum. PBI values (microgram/100 ml) were lowest on day 1 postpartum, followed by a gradual increase by day 57. The values were consistently lower (P less than 0.01) during summer (3.79 +/- 0.13 micrograms/100 ml), as compared to winter (5.06 +/- 0.27). A lower value (P less than 0.01) was obtained in animals requiring less than 30 days (3.53 +/- 0.45) or more than 30 days (4.88 +/- 0.27) for uterine involution. The values were 4.56 +/- 0.13, 5.03 +/- 0.68 and 2.72 +/- 0.50 in animals requiring less than 25, 25-50 and more than 50 days for initiation of follicular development (P less than 0.01). Similarly the values were 4.95 +/- 0.38, 3.95 +/- 0.45 and 4.03 +/- 0.59 in buffaloes having postpartum oestrus intervals less than 45, 45-90, and more than 90 days (P less than 0.01). Higher values (P less than 0.05) were obtained in conceiving (4.55 +/- 0.41), as compared to non-conceiving animals (4.21 +/- 0.31). It can be concluded that the thyroid function is depressed during summer and in poorly reproducing buffaloes.     

新疆不同植被NDVI的变化及其与气候因子的关系

使用归一化植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI)和气象数据研究了全球气候变化背景下,1982-2003年新疆10种植被类型NDVI时间动态变化及其与气候因子的关系。研究区植被生长季NDVI以0.58%的年平均增长率显著增加,并且春、夏、秋三季的总体及各种植被类型NDVI都显著增加(P<0.01);通过对生长季NDVI和气候因子的相关分析,发现有5种植被类型与降水量呈显著正相关,主要是阔叶林、荒漠、草原、草丛和草甸;与温度显著相关的植被类型为针叶林、灌木、高寒沼泽和高山植被;农田生长季NDVI与降水和温度均不显著相关。通过研究各个季节不同植被类型NDVI与气候因子关系表明,春季植被NDVI与温度关系密切,夏季植被NDVI与降水呈显著正相关关系,秋季NDVI的增加是温度和降水量共同作用的结果。     

Studies on microaerophilic cocci (Stuart-Schwan cocci) isolated from summer mastitis and other pyogenic infections of cattle

Forty-nine strains of microaerophilic gram-positive cocci (Stuart-Schwan cocci) isolated from summer mastitis, "pyogenes"-mastitis, other pyogenic conditions of Danish cattle and swine, and from the sheep headfly Hydrotaea irritans were biochemically characterized with the API 50 CH and API ZYM test kit systems, and screened for production of a variety of extracellular enzymes by agar plate methods. For comparison 4 strains isolated from Swedish cases of heifer and dry cow mastitis were included in the study. Similarity calculations indicated a high degree of homogeneity within the strains studied (similarity level 92%; group mean similarity 87%). The strains probably represent one species, although the taxonomic position of the organism remains unclear. The biochemical feature of the strains studied were very similar for strains isolated from cases of summer mastitis and strains from other sources of origin. It is suggested that the Stuart-Schwan coccus occurs as a natural cohabitant to Actinomyces pyogenes, Peptostreptococcus indolicus and the anaerobic organism characteristic of the bacterial complex isolated from summer mastitis and similar pyogenic conditions in ruminants and swine.     

某新建大型奶牛场临床乳房炎病原菌分离及发病规律

对我国南方地区某新建大型奶牛场2010年10月至2012年7月间头胎及二胎共2006头荷斯坦牛临床乳房炎发病情况进行调查,结合病原菌感染类型结果,用x^2检验分析不同胎次临床乳房炎发病次数和发病率及不同致病菌导致的临床乳房炎在不同季节和泌乳阶段发病率的差异。结果表明,该牛场一胎和二胎奶牛临床乳房炎发病率分别为11．81％和9．02％（按头数算）,但二胎牛多次发生临床乳房炎的比例较大。一胎奶牛仅发现大肠杆菌和葡萄球菌单独感染及葡萄球菌一大肠杆菌混合感染3种病原菌组成类型,二胎奶牛比头胎牛增加了金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌、酵母菌和链球菌一葡萄球菌混合感染4种类型。致病菌类型以大肠杆菌和葡萄球菌单独感染为主,一、二胎奶牛均占总发病数85％以上;季节和泌乳阶段对一、二胎奶牛临床乳房炎发病率具有显著影响（P〈0．05）,一胎牛秋季发病率最高,而春季发病率最低,而二胎牛冬季发病率最高（33．33％）,秋季最低（16．88％）;2个胎次奶牛泌乳早期临床乳房炎发病率明显高于其他阶段。大肠杆菌和葡萄球菌在整个泌乳期均可发生,酵母菌主要出现在二胎牛泌乳中期,平均感染时间分别为（148．75±69．60）d,而金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌主要发生在二胎牛泌乳后期,平均感染时间分别为（213．60±55．88）和（234．43±42．35）d。结果对该地区同类型奶牛场临床乳房炎防控有重要的参考价值。     

Histology of uterine leiomyoma and occurrence in relation to reproductive activity in the Baltic gray seal (Halichoerus grypus)

A high prevalence of uterine leiomyoma has been reported in Baltic gray seals aged 15 years and above. Studies on Baltic seals during the 1970s revealed high tissue concentrations of the organochlorines bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), lowered reproduction rate, and pathologic changes. In the second half of the 1970s, decreases of PCB and DDT in Baltic biota occurred, and the prevalence of pregnancies in Baltic seals increased. Between 1975 and 1997, 53 Baltic gray seal females of age 15-40 years were found dead and sent to the Swedish Museum of Natural History. Seals were autopsied and 34/53 (64%) had uterine leiomyomas. Samples from 15 were sufficiently well preserved for histologic examination. Uterine leiomyomas were found most commonly in the uterine corpus but also were observed in the uterine horns, cervix, and vagina. Cut surfaces of the leiomyomas appeared as whorled white fibrous tissue. Histologically, spindle cells were arranged in a whorl-like pattern. The nuclei were rod-like and strikingly uniform in shape and size. Mitotic figures were rare. Immunohistochemical staining of the tumors showed a positive reaction to antibodies recognizing smooth muscle actin. Reproductively active gray seals have an ovarian corpus luteum or albicans for most of the year. In 22/34 (65%) gray seals with uterine leiomyomas, ovaries did not contain corpora. In gray seals without macroscopically detected uterine leiomyoma, ovaries from 6/19 (32%) seals had no corpora. It is possible that the development of leiomyoma in the seals is associated with organochlorines and the previous low reproductive activity.     

Risk factors associated with equine gastric ulceration syndrome (EGUS) in 201 horses in Denmark

Reasons for performing study: The prevalence (up to 93% in Thoroughbred racehorses) and severity of equine gastric ulceration syndrome (EGUS) has been associated with type of training and differing management practices. However, there have been few studies to confirm these findings in nonracehorses in Europe. Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of EGUS in a population of Danish horses, during winter when the horses had been housed and fed for at least 8 weeks and to analyse the influence of feed, work level and environment on the risk of EGUS of §grade 2 in severity. Methods: A total of 201 horses, not in active race‐training, were evaluated, representing 23 different stables from all 5 regions within Denmark. All horses were considered to be healthy and not on medical treatment for EGUS. Endoscopically observed ulcer lesion scores were based on the number present (0–4) and severity (0–5). Univariate and multivariable mixed effects logistic regression models were developed using EGUS score as the dependent variable. An ulceration severity score of §2 was regarded as being clinically significant. Separate models were developed for horses with ulcers in either the glandular or nonglandular regions of the stomach graded §2 (EGUS §2) and for those horses that had nonglandular ulcers graded §2 (NG §2). Results: In this population, 53% (107/201) of horses were graded as having EGUS §2 with 95 (47%) horses having NG §2. Three variables were significantly (P<0.05) associated with EGUS §2: straw being the only forage available; exceeding 2 g/kg bwt of starch intake/day or §1 g/kg bwt/meal; and water not being available in the turn out paddock. Risk of NG §2 significantly increased when straw was the only forage available, 1 g/kg bwt of starch/meal was exceeded, water was not available in the turnout paddock and the interval between forage feeding was <6 h. Conclusion and potential relevance: This study has confirmed that components of the diet, readily modifiable, may have an important impact on the risk of EGUS in the nonracehorse. Differences in the multivariable models produced for all ulcers and nonglandular ulcers support differences in the aetiology of ulcers in different locations of the stomach.