渔业声学数据后处理中积分阈的选择与优化Ⅰ:目标离散分布状态下积分阈的确定

积分阈是渔业声学数据后处理中对回声信号进行积分的临界值,是参与积分的最弱回声信号的体积反向散射强度.通过合理设置积分阈,能在保留目标信号的同时有效地消除噪音和非目标回声信号,从而提高渔业资源声学评估的准确性.为研究目标离散分布状态下选择和优化积分阈的方法,推导了单体目标体积反向散射强度与目标强度之间的函数关系,提出了利...     

黄海太平洋磷虾回波映像识别与资源密度评估

太平洋磷虾是黄海生态系统中浮游动物的关键种。为准确评估太平洋磷虾的资源密度,基于2010年1月黄海渔业资源调查过程中采集的声学和生物学数据,利用SDWBA目标强度理论模型,研究了太平洋磷虾38和120 k Hz目标的回声散射特性,并根据2个频率平均体积散射强度的差值(简称频差技术),开展了太平洋磷虾回波映像识别及资源密度评估研究。结果显示,太平洋磷虾的目标强度与其倾角和体长密切相关;120k Hz的目标强度明显高于38 k Hz,且两个频率的有效平均目标强度之差随着磷虾体长的增加而减小。数据处理结果显示,两个频率回声数据的平均体积散射强度(MVBS)呈线性关系,120 k Hz的MVBS比38 k Hz高约14.1 d B,与理论仿真结果一致;回声散射层内太平洋磷虾的资源密度为1.8~2531.8尾/m3,均值为255.1尾/m3。本研究对利用渔业声学技术开展浮游动物资源评估具有借鉴意义,未来还需要进一步对太平洋磷虾目标强度模型参数及目标识别方法进行完善,以提高其资源密度声学评估的准确度。     

北太平洋渔业资源种类目标强度研究进展

声学方法作为现代渔业资源调查评估方法的重要手段,在北太平洋渔业资源评估中应用日益广泛.其中,目标强度对声学调查评估精度影响重大.目前,已经有许多学者使用不同的方法对北太平洋一些物种的目标强度进行了研究.本文系统梳理了现有的北太平洋主要渔业资源的目标强度及其测量方法,将其归纳总结为原位测量(in situ)、非原位测量(...     

基于灯光罩网法的南海鸢乌贼声学评估技术研究

南海中南部深水海域蕴藏着丰富的鸢乌贼资源,为推动南海外海渔业资源开发,实验探索了灯光罩网与声学手段相结合的鸢乌贼资源量评估方法。根据2011年4—5月在南沙群岛海域灯光罩网和Simrad EY60科学鱼探仪同步采集鸢乌贼生物学和声学数据,对鸢乌贼的趋光性行为、种群结构、声学映像和分布水层等特征进行分析。结果表明,灯光诱集结合罩网采样可确定南海鸢乌贼的单体回波,分布于0～100 m水层;通过背景噪声消除、鱼类和浮游动物目标限定、单体目标检测等处理,确定鸢乌贼现场目标强度-67～-52 dB;选择鸢乌贼渔获比例较大的网次,统计得到鸢乌贼胴长10.4～14.2 cm,对应目标强度-60.7～-58.0 dB,胴长与目标强度经验公式为TS=21.23LogML-82.48。研究认为,声学与灯光罩网相结合的调查方法可以作为南海今后开展鸢乌贼资源量评估的基本方法。     

渔业声学数据后处理中噪声剔除的研究进展

渔业资源声学评估以其无选择性、覆盖面积大、快速准确、不伤资源等优点被应用到多种水生生物的资源评估工作中。但是,在使用回声积分系统采集水体声学信号时,由于受声学仪器、调查船只、周围环境、混在生物等因素影响,会产生很多噪声和混响等干扰信号。在使用声学数据进行资源评估之前,应将数据中的噪声和混响进行剔除,避免对资源量评估产生影响。文章将国内外所使用的各种噪声剔除方法归纳总结为三类:设定积分阈值法、科学渔探仪被动模式噪声剔除法和科学渔探仪主动模式噪声剔除法,并指出了这些方法的优缺点,希望对渔业资源声学评估的数据后处理过程有所帮助。     

浒苔声反射特征的实验测定

以2008年夏季在中国黄海中南部海域引起绿藻暴发的主要种类浒苔(Enteromorpha prolifera)为研究对象,在消声水池内利用经过校正的、工作频率为70 kHz的Simrad EY500回声探测-积分系统对其声反射特征进行测定,根据浒苔的回声积分等测定值建立了浒苔声反射强度与浒苔密度关系的定量表达式.实验结果显示,浒苔是有效声散射体,其体积反向散射强度(Sv,dB)与浒苔密度(p,g/m3)之间的关系为Sv=17.31g p-95.9,与鱼类目标强度和体长关系具有类似的表述模式.结果证实渔业声学原理和现行渔业声学仪器、方法同样适用浒苔的探测,水声技术可成为下沉浒苔快速监测的有效手段.实验同时显示,浒苔的声散射特征具有其特殊的复杂性,这可能与其可通过光合作用产生气体(氧气)有关.因此,若欲利用声学方法对下沉浒苔资源进行定量评估调查,需对浒苔的生理生化特征进行同步观测研究.     

基于声学映像的南海灯光罩网渔业中鲣的时空分布

基于灯光罩网和EY60科学探鱼仪采集鲣(Katsuwonus pelamis)的生物学数据与声学映像,通过分析后向体积散射强度Sv (dB)、平均目标强度TS (dB)及单位采样体积的平均鱼类数目(Nv)等信息,研究鲣的时空分布与现场目标强度变化.S13站位的鲣平均叉长(362.20±35.73) mm,S14站位的鲣...     

南极磷虾渔船船速对科学探鱼仪有效探测深度的影响

渔业资源声学调查评估的基本条件之一是科学探鱼仪的有效探测深度可以覆盖目标的主要分布水层.针对利用渔船采集声学数据开展南极磷虾资源调查评估,本研究基于后处理方法获得声学数据背景噪声强度,建立一种科学探鱼仪有效探测深度的评估方法,并以南极磷虾渔船"福荣海"轮为例,评估船速变化对该船船载Simrad EK60型科学探鱼仪(3...     

基于Echoview声学数据后处理系统的背景噪声扣除方法

基于2012年2~3月南海中部鱼类资源声学调查资料,利用Echoview系统中虚拟变量模块的功能,探讨扣除背景噪声对声学映像、单脉冲回声信号图、海里面积散射系数(NASC)和体积反向散射强度(Sv)的影响。结果显示,背景噪声对120kHz数据的干扰明显强于38kHz;随着水深逐渐增加,扣除背景噪声后,120kHz声学映像变化亦比38kHz更加明显;扣除背景噪声时,换能器表面1m处的Sv值在不断改变过程中,相同水层中不同频率数据的NASC和Sv的变化差异明显,其差异程度因具体水层而异,相同频率数据在不同水层的NASC和Sv的变化差异亦明显。分析认为,扣除背景噪声非常必要;本研究的方法能够较好地排除背景噪声,是提高资源评估准确度的有效手段。     

南海鸢乌贼水声学测量和评估相关技术研究

利用双频（38 kHz、120 kHz）Simrad EK60和频率分别为70 kHz和120 kHz的2部Simrad EY60科学探鱼仪于2013年获得的南海鸢乌贼（ Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis）声学调查资料,对鸢乌贼的目标强度（ TS）和空间分布、浮游动物的干扰、频差技术的应用等内容进行了分析。结果表明,以灯光罩网取样对鸢乌贼TS进行现场测量是可行途径;自然条件下鸢乌贼声学映像不明显,光诱条件下鸢乌贼开始聚集,22：00前主要分布于10~50 m和55~80 m水层,22：00后主要分布于10~35 m、50~75 m和115~155 m水层;浮游动物和深海鱼类是鸢乌贼声学探测的重要干扰,尤其是夜间,设置积分阈要考虑不同时间段的影响;频差技术是鸢乌贼声学映像鉴别的重要方法,应深入研究。     

An acoustic approach to study tuna aggregated around fish aggregating devices in French Polynesia: methods and validation

The behaviour and spatial distribution of tuna, aggregated beneath fish aggregating devices (FADs), have been studied through ultrasonic tagging experiments but, surprisingly, very few studies on FADs have used underwater acoustic devices. We present techniques, and their limits, incorporating a scientific echo sounder connected to a split-beam transducer to observe and characterise tuna aggregations around FADs, and propose a general approach for future studies. Experiments were conducted in French Polynesia between December 1995 and February 1997. Two methods, echo-counting and echo integration, were used. Echo-counting is possible when individual fish are sufficiently scattered so that each target can be discerned. On the other hand, echo integration can be used with both scattered and aggregated fish schools. The knowledge of tuna target strength is useful for separating targets for echo-counting, and essential for obtaining absolute estimates of densities by echo integration. Sonar performances and settings should be considered when choosing the most suitable method to determine fish density or assessing spatial structure of a tuna aggregation. These techniques allow one to study an entire tuna aggregation, its behaviour in space and time at very fine time–space scales (about a nautical mile and over a few hours), and open up a new scientific field to study the spatial structure and behaviour of tuna aggregations around anchored or drifting FADs.     

珠海桂山风电场水域渔业资源声学评估与空间分布

2019年10月24日至26日,使用便携式Simrad EY60科学探鱼仪对珠海桂山岛海上风电场水域的渔业资源进行了声学调查,研究了该水域的渔业资源组成、数量密度、资源量密度及其空间分布。本次调查共捕获游泳生物和底栖无脊椎动物72种,其中34种参与声学评估。扫海面积法估算的鱼类平均数量密度与资源量密度分别为1.09×10⁴尾/km²,227.48 kg/km²;声学方法估算的鱼类数量密度与资源量密度分别为5.97×10⁵尾/km²,15.13 t/km²。风电场水域鱼类聚集性分布明显,在风电场西北与东南外围水域密度较高,中间水域的密度较低。鱼类单体目标强度（TS）分布范围为-68~-41dB,其中-68~-58 dB的单体TS占主要部分（79.12%）,对应鱼类的体长范围为3~8 cm;随着水深的增加,单体平均TS先减小后增大。本研究是桂山风电场水域渔业资源的首次声学调查,结果较准确地反映了风电场水域多种鱼类的资源量及其分布信息,可为科学评价海上风电场建成运营后对渔业资源的长期影响提供基础数据。     

南海黄斑蓝子鱼的目标强度测量研究

2008年10月在大亚湾人工鱼礁海域的渔排上,使用鱼类目标强度测量装置,包括分裂波束式Simrad EY60便携式水声学测量系统(120 kHz),采用"绳系控制实验法"对16尾黄斑蓝子鱼(Siganus oramin)逐尾进行单体鱼的目标强度测量.样品鱼为在大亚湾海域现场采用渔笼捕捞的单体活鱼样品,其叉长范围为7.3～19.5 cm,平均叉长为11.3 cm,体质量范围为4.6～135 g,平均体质量为33.2 g.结果表明,南海黄斑蓝子鱼目标强度(TS)与其叉长的关系式采用常规的20lgL形式为TS=20lgL-74.1分贝.本研究采用"绳系控制实验法"对16尾黄斑蓝子鱼逐尾进行单体鱼的目标强度测量,旨在为提高渔业资源声学调查与评估的准确性提供数据支持.     

New applications of hydroacoustic methods for monitoring shallow water aquatic ecosystems: the case of mussel culture grounds

The development of acoustics tools and methods for monitoring anthropized ecosystems represents a new field for the application of acoustics. Monitoring such an environment was not possible with single vertical echo sounders, due to the fact that the artificial structures and the natural targets were not distinguishable. Monitoring data were collected along the French Mediterranean coastline, during five short surveys of mussel culture longline areas. Both the Reson Seabat 6012 multibeam sonar (455 kHz) and the Simrad SR 240 omnidirectional sonar (23.75 kHz) were used for target detection. The former tools allow accurate allocation of the different types of echoes to artefacts, fish schools and scattered fish. The school characteristics collected included morphological, geographical (GPS, school location), and behavioural (connections with the longlines). An acoustic survey undertaken with the same hardware near the study area allowed the comparison of fish schools and the TS distribution of individual fish in the open sea and in the mussel area. These data permitted us to evaluate the ecological impact of a mussel culture on the ecosystem, in a context of predation behaviour of fish on these longlines. Finally, the acoustic data revealed the configuration of each concession and the level of charge of each line. We discuss the applicability of this technology for in situ real time monitoring for joint management of such ecosystems. The information can allow littoral cooperative management or incorporating it into an ecosystem approach.     

Target strength measurements of suspended live ommastrephid squid, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Todarodes pacificus</Emphasis>, and its application in density estimations

ABSTRACT:   Average target strength (TS) measurements of free-swimming Todarodes pacificus are required for calculating abundance estimations using the echo integration method. In this study, 31 live T. pacificus (18.0–28.4 cm dorsal mantle length; [ML]) were suspended with mantle tilt angles horizontally similar to free-swimming orientation, and their TS were measured using a 38 kHz split-beam echo sounder. Normalized TS by squared ML of T. pacificus ML was calculated as −73.1 dB: TS = 20 log ML −73.1 dB. The density of T. pacificus at their fishing ground off the northern Sanriku coast, Japan, was then estimated first using the echo integration method with the obtained normalized TS measurements, and then using commercial purse seine fishery CPUE (catch (tons) of squid per haul of purse seine) data. The density of T. pacificus aggregations near the continental shelf edge and upper continental slope was estimated as approximately 50–400 individuals/100 m² using both the echo integration method and CPUE data, both density results were similar. It was considered feasible therefore, to assess T. pacificus biomass directly using the echo integration method.     

海南陵水湾口海域不同季节鱼类资源声学探查

在2014年11月至2016年1月间的不同季节,利用便携式分裂波束科学探鱼仪对海南陵水湾口海域的鱼类资源进行了4次声学调查。通过回波积分方法并结合拖网采样对调查海域内渔业资源结构组成、数量密度、资源量密度及其空间分布进行了探查与评估。结果发现,2014年11月共捕获游泳生物和底栖无脊椎动物86种,其中55种声学评估种类平均资源数量密度和平均资源量密度分别为9.34×105尾/km2和5.08 t/km2。2015年8月共捕获游泳生物和底栖无脊椎动物114种,其中63种声学评估种类平均资源数量密度和平均资源量密度分别为1.12×105尾/km2和0.93 t/km2。2016年1月共捕获游泳生物和底栖无脊椎动物105种,55种声学评估种类平均资源数量密度和平均资源量密度分别为0.16×105尾/km2和0.32 t/km2。2015年5月共捕获游泳生物和底栖无脊椎动物56种,其中声学评估种类34种。2014年11月和2015年8月鱼类回波均匀分布于30 m以浅水层,2015年5月主要集中于10~20 m水层,2016年1月则主要分布于20 m以浅水层,20~30 m水层次之且略大于0~10、10~20 m水层的一半。调查海域内单体目标强度以小于–58 d B的小规格鱼类目标为主,目标强度有随水深增加而增大的趋势,且大于–50 d B的单体目标均分布于10 m以深水层。     

Target strength estimation of black porgy Acanthopagrus schlegeli using acoustic measurements and a scattering model

ABSTRACT:   Black porgy are hatched and released in marine ranching areas in Japan, Korea and Taiwan to maintain fisheries resources in coastal areas. If acoustic methods are used for field surveys, target strength ( TS ) information on the species is needed to convert acoustic data to biomass density. Target strength of black porgy ( Acanthopagrus schlegeli ) 15.5–32.9 cm fork length (nine individuals) was measured at 38 and 120 kHz (split beam) by ex situ measurements (cage and fishhook methods) of living fish, a tethered method with shock-frozen fish, and an acoustic scattering model, the Kirchhoff ray mode (KRM) model based on fish morphology. The ex situ TS -to-fork length ( FL , cm) relationships were TS _38kHz = 20log₁₀ FL  − 64.6 ( r  = 0.77) and TS _120kHz = 20log₁₀ FL  − 65.2 ( r  = 0.70). The values for the KRM model were TS _38kHz = 20log₁₀ FL  − 64.8 ( r  = 0.88) and TS _120kHz = 20log₁₀ FL  − 65.4 ( r  = 0.80). The agreement between the ex situ measurements and the KRM model for the mean TS was very good. In contrast, the results for the tethered method ( TS _38kHz = 20log₁₀ FL  − 69.3 [ r  = 0.42]) differed markedly from the other two methods, perhaps because of the effects of the shock-freezing procedure in air. The results of the ex situ measurements and scattering model provide basic information for studying TS and conducting acoustic surveys of black porgy, even though the tethered method must be modified.     

Hydroacoustic differentiation of adult Atlantic salmon and aquatic macrophytes in the River Wye,Wales

Split-beam hydroacoustic techniques have been used to enumerate adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) passage on the River Wye since 1994. Aggregations of aquatic macrophytes, principally Ranunculus fluitans, are seasonally present at the monitoring site. At high densities, these macrophytes return target strength (TS) values similar to those of adult salmon. Target direction-of-movement information readily resolves upstream-migrant salmon from static- or downstream-traveling macrophytes. However, Atlantic salmon are iteroparous, and downstream-migrant kelts must be factored into the acoustic estimates. Net upstream target movement and/or TS were not reliable indicators of salmon passage at the River Wye site when aquatic macrophyte aggregations were present. In 1995, a subset of data (n = 71) was selected from the ongoing monitoring program to determine the feasibility of resolving salmon from macrophytes using acoustic parameters other than target direction-of-movement or mean TS. Individual targets were visually identified as either salmon or macrophytes based on concurrent video records. Distributions of available acoustic parameters were statistically compared between the two target-types using a two-tailed t-test assuming equal variance (P = 0.05). Available acoustic parameters included echo position, pulse width (at –6, –12, and –18 dB power points), amplitude, beam pattern factor and target strength. Pulse width standard deviation (PWSD) measurements were determined to be the most effective individual parameters for discriminating macrophytes from salmon. Based on PWSD at the –6 dB echo power points, 77% of all macrophyte targets were removed from the mixed data set. Multiple selection criteria increased total target discrimination. Applying a combination of –6 and –12 dB PWSD, and Y–axis target slope criteria rejected 94% of all macrophytes, retaining all salmon targets.     

Typology and behaviour of tuna aggregations around fish aggregating devices from acoustic surveys in French Polynesia

Eighty-seven two-hour acoustic surveys (radius 0.8 nautical mile, vertical range 0–500 m) around 17 fish aggregating devices (FADs) were conducted in French Polynesia between December 1995 and February 1997. Associated tuna densities were calculated using two different techniques: echo counting when the fish had sufficient distances from each other and echo integration when the fish swam close together (in schools). No acoustic detection of tuna was observed during 27 of the 87 surveys, representing 81 % of all the nocturnal surveys and 15 % of the diurnal ones. The 60 other surveys showed three different classes of aggregations: (1) ‘deep scattered fish’, observed 45 times, (2) ‘intermediate scattered fish’, observed 16 times, and (3) ‘shallow schooling fish’, observed 16 times. Sometimes aggregations of different classes were observed beneath the same FAD. The size of the fish inside the aggregations (determined from target strength values), the distance between the individuals, and the depth of the fish all decreased from ‘deep scattered fish’ to ‘shallow schooling fish’ (100–300 m for ‘deep scattered fish’, 50–150 m for ‘intermediate scattered fish’, and above the depth of 50 m for ‘shallow schooling fish’). Fish densities also varied according to the class of aggregations: 7.3, 26, and 801 fish per km³ on average for ‘deep scattered fish’, ‘intermediate scattered fish’, and ‘shallow schooling fish’, respectively. The highest densities were observed during daytime, while night-time observations indicated a variety of situations, from the absence of individuals to large amounts of fish.