晋西北丘陵风沙区人工植物群落优势种种间关系研究

文中在对晋西北丘陵风沙区人工植物群落进行样方调查的基础上,筛选了16个群落优势种,采用χ~2检验、Pearson相关系数、Spearman秩相关系数和聚类分析相结合的方法,对该16个优势种、共120个种对的种间关系进行了研究。结果表明:1)χ~2检验、Pearson相关分析和Spearman秩相关分析结果基本一致,晋西北丘陵风沙区人工植物群落优势种负关联种对数显著多于正关联的种对数;2)16个优势种种对间关联率较高,且正负关联比均小于1,说明该区大多数人工植物群落比较脆弱,群落结构简单,应加强其科学管护;3)正关联的种对主要体现了种对间生物学特性相近,对生境的生态适应性相似和相互重叠的生态位;而负关联的种对间往往具有不同的生物学特性,对生境条件的适应性相异或存在相互竞争。乔木层中小叶杨与油松,灌木层中乌柳与柠条锦鸡儿,草本层中沙生冰草与披碱草等种对间呈极显著负相关,在植被恢复中不宜混种。而不同层间的小叶杨和沙棘、沙生冰草,油松与达乌里胡枝子、新疆杨与柠条锦鸡儿、鹅观草等种对间呈极显著正相关,在植被恢复中适宜混种;4)根据Spearman秩相关系数聚类分析结果和植物种的生态习性及分布范围,将16个优势种划分为4个生态种组。     

银川平原湿地常见植物种间关系研究

在样方调查的基础上,应用校正χ²检验,结合Jaccard关联指数、Pearson 相关系数和Spearman 秩相关系数,研究了银川平原湿地植物群落的种间关系, 计算测定了33 种常见植物共528个种对的种间关联关系。结果表明: ① 3种检验方法表达的种间关系相似但不完全相同。 χ²检验共有24个种对正关联, 4个种对负关联,其中有12对极显著正关联,1个种对极显著负关联; Pearson 相关系数检验,有30 个种对正相关,其中有19个种对极显著正相关,无负相关种对; Spearman 秩相关系数检验,有50个种对呈正相关,8个种对呈负相关,其中有31个种对极显著正相关,1个种对极显著负相关。② 银川平原湿地33种常见植物可划分为4个生态种组,即水生植物种组、湿生植物种组、中生植物种组和旱生植物种组,组内植物间多为显著正关联,种组植物间多为负关联。③ 银川平原湿地植物群落存在独立分布格局,植物群落不够稳定, 尚处于不断的演替之中。     

人类活动对黑河水文过程的影响分析

本文以黑河流域年降水序列为参照,利用小波分析方法对黑河年径流序列的周期性变化进行分析,利用Spearman秩次分析法对比检验了黑河年径流序列的趋势性,利用有序聚类分析法推估了人类活动对黑河年径流序列的显著干扰年份。结果表明:黑河流域年降水序列和河流年径流序列存在着多时间尺度周期;距平累积分析表明,1965年以前黑河山口以上年径流序列的趋势性较显著,1971以后对河流入渭年径流序列的趋势性较显著;黑河入渭年径流序列显著突变年份在1979年。     

艾比湖湿地植物种间关系研究

应用X2检验、Pearson相关分析和Spearman秩相关分析研究了艾比湖湿地主要植物种的种间关系。总体关联度显示植物种间独立性较强;在19个主要植物种之间,呈显著正相关植物种对数较少,共计15对,为总种对的8.77%;显著负相关植物种对极少,Spearman秩相关检验中为5对,占总对数的2.92%,X2检验中只有1对;研究结果清楚地反映了植物种间关系以及它们在资源利用和生态位上的差异。     

晋西皇姑梁小流域人工植物群落优势种生态位和种间关系研究

在野外102个样方调查数据和双向指示种分析法(TWINSPAN)分类的基础上,采用生态位宽度、生态位重叠、χ2检验和Spearman秩相关系数,对晋西皇姑梁小流域12个群落的12个优势种的生态位和种间关系进行了研究。结果表明:乔灌层Levins生态位宽度较大的种为油松、柠条锦鸡儿、沙棘。12个优势种组成的66个种对中,Pianka重叠指数≥0.4的种对占总对数的45.45%。呈极显著和显著关联的种对数较少,正负关联比均小于1。说明该小流域人工植物群落结构简单,种间资源竞争较激烈,仍处于演替的初、中期阶段。优势种华北落叶松与沙棘,沙棘与鹅观草呈显著正相关,它们均为地带性物种,生态适应性强,可作为皇姑梁小流域人工植被恢复的优选物种进行混种,而油松与小叶杨、小叶杨与沙棘或柠条锦鸡儿等种对间呈极显著负相关,在植被恢复中不宜混种。根据Spearman秩相关系数结果,将12个优势种划分为3个生态种组。     

科尔沁沙地流动沙丘-丘间低地过渡带植被分布特征及种间关联

运用Pearson相关检验、Spearman秩相关检验、CA群落多元统计分析等,系统研究科尔沁沙地流动沙丘与丘间低地过渡带物种的空间分布特征和种间关联性。结果表明：物种间表现出有选择性的种间积聚,但偏流动沙丘一侧沙蓬(Agriophyllum squarrosum)和乌丹蒿(Artemisia wudanica)的分布相对独立,说明沙蓬和乌丹蒿占有相对独立的生态位。丘间低地一侧黄柳[WTBX](Salix gordejevii)和小红柳(Salix microstachya[WTBZ] var. bordensis)主要分布于丘间低地北部,占有相似的生态位,而山竹岩黄蓍(Hedysarum fruticosum)主要分布于丘间低地南部,与前两个物种生态位相分离。Pearson相关性检验与Spearman秩相关检验的结果基本一致,负相关种对数高于正相关种对数,存在生态位分化,群落处于不稳定的演替阶段。     

近50年石羊河出山口径流对气候变化的响应

以石羊河支流杂木河为代表,采用Spearman秩次相关检验法、Mann-Kendall秩次相关检验法,对杂木河出山口近50年(1956-2007)的径流以及石羊河流域乌鞘岭、永昌、武威、古浪、民勤5个气象站近50年的气候要素进行了分析,建立了径流和气候因子之间的多元线性回归模型,并利用灰色关联分析法进一步计算了气候要素和径流之间的关联程度。结果表明:杂木河出山口径流呈下降趋势,与气候要素的相关性明显,受降水影响最大,蒸发的影响次之,受气温的影响较小,关联度分别为0.728,0.667,0.573。     

新疆艾比湖湿地自然保护区主要植物的种间关系

采用2×2列联表的χ2检验、方差比率(VR)法、Ochiai关联指数、Pearson相关系数和Spearman相关系数,对艾比湖湿地自然保护区典型群落的25个主要植物种进行种间关联和种间相关性分析。结果表明:①胡杨(Populus euphratica)、盐穗木(Halostachys caspica)、甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)分别为该地区乔、灌、草本层的优势种。②艾比湖湿地自然保护区内物种的总体联结性为不显著的负联结,大多数种对间呈不显著关联和无关联,物种趋向于独立分布。③相关性分析表明草本与其他物种的相关对数值高于乔灌木,结合Spearman相关系数、列联表的χ2检验值,可将研究区25种主要植物分为4个生态种组。     

河西走廊地下水位的趋势性与持续性分析——以黑河干流中游地区为例

依据河西走廊黑河干流中游地区地下水位观测点时间序列观测资料,利用Kendall秩次相关和Hurst指数分别分析了53个观测点1985~2007年地下水位的趋势性和持续性特征。结果表明:河西走廊戈壁带和绿洲区地下水位的趋势性和持续性各不相同,地下水位的年均值与月均值都通过了显著性检验,呈下降趋势,且戈壁带下降幅度大于绿洲区,并具有一定持续性。     

黄河源区水文水资源对气候变化的响应

气候变化是目前世界各国科学工作者关注的重要问题之一。以黄河源区为研究区,采用Mann-Kendall非参数检验和Spearman秩次检验相关法分析了过去60年降水、气温及径流的变化趋势;利用十套情景数据驱动大尺度分布式VIC模型,分析了黄河源区未来径流和土壤含水量的可能变化。结果表明:黄河源区年平均气温呈显著上升的趋势,高于全球地表平均升温速率;日最低气温比日平均气温和日最高气温增加显著;年降水量呈微弱增加趋势,年径流量呈微弱减少趋势,两者变化趋势都不显著;未来全球变化条件下黄河源区径流和土壤含水量将有可能呈减少态势,发生干旱的可能性进一步加大,将会对工农牧业生产构成威胁。     

A high-throughput glasshouse bioassay to detect crown rot resistance in wheat germplasm

A high-throughput and reliable seedling bioassay to screen wheat germplasm for crown rot resistance was developed. Single wheat seedlings were grown in square seedling punnets in a glasshouse and inoculated with a monoconidial Fusarium pseudograminearum isolate 10 days after emergence. The punnets were laid horizontally on their side and a 10- µ L inoculum droplet placed on the stem base. Seedlings were incubated at near-saturated relative humidity, and crown rot severity was assessed 35 days after inoculation. Studies on the duration of incubation period, inoculum concentration and temperature were carried out to optimize these parameters. Seedling growth at 25/15(±5)°C in a glasshouse and 48-h incubation at near-saturated RH in darkness gave the best results. When crown rot resistance rankings of 16 Australian cultivars from the bioassay were compared with their field performance, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was highly significant. This indicated that the seedling bioassay mimicked field resistance to crown rot in adult plants. A bootstrap resampling analysis showed little or no improvement in the coefficient of variation with an increasing number of replications, indicating a high level of precision and reproducibility. By detecting small but consistent differences in crown rot severity, the bioassay proved effective in large-scale screening for partial resistance: already over 1400 wheat genotypes have been screened. The high degree of precision makes this an invaluable tool in the understanding of pathogen aggressiveness, host specialization and parasitic fitness.     

Analysis of the association among three viruses infecting hop in Australia

Associations among Hop latent virus (HpLV), Hop mosaic virus (HpMV), and Apple mosaic virus (ApMV) were assessed in five hop cultivars at four commercial hop-growing regions in Victoria and Tasmania, Australia. The presence or absence of each virus was confirmed by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). Spatial patterns of virus-infected plants were characterized using the Spatial Analysis by Distance IndicEs ( sadie ) system of pattern analysis. The association among viruses (occurrence and covariation) was assessed using the Jaccard similarity index, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, and sadie . The spatial pattern of plants infected by HpLV and HpMV ranged from random to highly aggregated depending upon the cultivar infected and the mean disease incidence. The spatial pattern of plants infected by ApMV was aggregated in six of the seven plots where ApMV was present. A strong positive association between HpLV and HpMV was found in all cultivars at all locations. This association may be the result of the viruses sharing a common aphid vector species, the presence of one virus enhancing the ability of the aphid vector to acquire the other virus either through transencapsidation or influences on virus titre, or mixed infections within source plants. Significant associations, positive or negative, were found less frequently between HpLV and ApMV, and HpMV and ApMV.     

Analysis of the temporal and spatial disease progress of Bemisia tabaci-transmitted Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus and Cucumber vein yellowing virus in cucumber

Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) has been present in greenhouse-grown cucumber in Spain since 1992. However, in the autumn of 2000 Cucumber vein yellowing virus (CVYV) was introduced, leading to mixed infections of both Bemisia tabaci -transmitted viruses. The temporal and spatial spread of disease symptoms were monitored in experimental plastic-covered greenhouses during six consecutive cucumber plantings from 2000 to 2002. Using linear regression analysis of 46 disease-progress curves, the Gompertz model best described the CYSDV epidemics in 2000, whereas the logistic model best described the development of CYSDV and CVYV epidemics in 2001 and 2002. The fitted models were used to calculate the amount of degree Celsius-days at half-maximum infection in the greenhouses (° D _0·5). After multiple regression analysis, 56% of the variation in ° D _0·5 of CYSDV was related to the numbers of whiteflies infesting the cucumber crops, and was independent of the mean temperatures in the greenhouses. In contrast, 76% of the variation in ° D _0·5 of CVYV was related to both the numbers of vectors present and maximum temperature. Symptom expression in cucumbers mechanically inoculated with CVYV was most prevalent when plants were grown at regimes of at least 28°C day temperature. According to analysis of spread using Taylor's power law, beta-binomial distribution fitting, and the ordinary runs test, the prevalence of CVYV showed significant overdispersion, whereas that of CYSDV did not. The χ² test of independence and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used to measure co-occurrence and covariation, respectively, during the first half of the cultivation period. These results showed that the two diseases were not associated.     

Evaluation of carrot resistance to alternaria leaf blight in controlled environments

The objective of this study was to find a technique for plant resistance screening to alternaria leaf blight (ALB), caused by the fungus Alternaria dauci , in controlled environments. Glasshouse and laboratory screening methods were compared using three cultivars and F₂ genotypes segregating for ALB resistance evaluated against self-pollinated F₃ field-grown plants. Plant disease was assessed through a disease index obtained from the size and number of symptoms on carrot leaves. The results indicated the value of glasshouse evaluation and the inadequacy of detached leaf and hypocotyl assays for carrot screening for ALB resistance. Spearman's rank correlation, applied to results obtained with both F₂ plants and their progeny, indicated that the optimal evaluation stage for ALB resistance in carrot is 20 days after inoculation. This test was powerful enough to be used as a prescreening test in breeding programmes.     

Analysis of interspecific relationships in mesostigmatid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) in the nests of the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber, 1780))

An analysis is presented of a community of mesostigmatid mites from the nests of Clethrionomys glareolus found in the forest biotopes of Vsetínské Beskydy Mts. (North Moravia) throughout all seasons of the year. Main attention was paid to the structure of the nest community, relationships of mites to their host and interspecific relationships in the mites themselves. Primarily cluster and factor analyses based on correlation matrix were used for mathematical assessment. The particular elements of correlation matrix were Spearman's non-parametric correlation coefficients computed from frequencies of species in the nests studied.     

渭河陕西段水质评价及变化趋势分析

根据1997~2005年渭河陕西段3个断面的水体监测资料,采用超标倍数法和模糊综合评价法分别对1997~2005年3个断面的水质状况进行综合评价,接着运用秩相关系数法对3断面的水质在时间上的变化趋势进行定量分析。结果表明:在时间上,渭河陕西段的污染情况呈上升趋势,且有些污染物急剧上升;在空间上,咸阳公路桥断面污染最严重,渭南华县次之,而且两个地区的水质均已超过了三类水的标准,而宝鸡林家村断面的水质情况最好,基本上属于三类水。     

艾比湖自然保护区土壤酶活性及理化性质

以艾比湖自然保护区荒漠生态系统不同土壤类型为研究对象,分析各土壤类型酶活性及理化性质,探讨理化性质对酶活性影响的强度。结果表明：黑钙土酶活性较高,营养元素丰富,水分和盐分条件较好;而棕漠土、栗钙土酶活性相对较低,理化条件相对较差;灰钙土、灰漠土则表现为土壤酶活性极差,营养元素贫乏。从通径分析和决定系数得出：土壤有机质是影响该地区酶活性的主导因子;速效磷对过氧化氢酶活性的直接通径系数较大,较大程度影响过氧化氢酶活性;全氮对脲酶活性直接通径系数较大,是直接影响脲酶活性的主导因子;碱解氮对磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性有强烈的直接作用,是影响磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性的主导因子;土壤总盐对蔗糖酶存在较大的直接负效应,是制约蔗糖酶活性的主导因子。